非膨胀型防火涂料的等效热传导系数及其试验方法

热传导系数是表征非膨胀型防火涂料隔热性能最重要的参数,也是进行钢构件升温计算所必需的参数。非膨胀型防火涂料的热传导系数随温度升高有较大变化,采用常温下的热传导系数来计算钢构件在火灾下的温度将导致较大的误差。从工程应用角度,热传导系数采用一个常数可极大地简化计算,因此本文提出了等效热传导系数的概念及其试验方法。该方法基于非膨胀型防火涂料保护钢构件标准耐火试验,可综合反映涂料在火灾下的实际性能。试验与理论计算的对比表明,采用等效热传导系数可相当精确地模拟非膨胀型防火涂料保护钢构件在火灾下的升温。     

确定厚型防火涂料高温导热系数的实用方法

目前,厚型防火涂料高温导热系数的取值尚不清楚,因而无法准确地对厚型防火涂料保护的结构进行抗火理论分析和设计。针对这一问题,本研究将厚型防火涂料视为主要由粘结基料和隔热骨料所组成的复合物,利用并联和串联2种计算模型,分别建立了厚型防火涂料的高温导热系数计算公式;采用得到的高温导热系数值进行温度场分析,并将计算值与实测值进行对比。结果表明,利用并联模型公式得到的厚型防火涂料高温导热系数取值最为合理。据此,给出了确定厚型防火涂料高温导热系数的实用方法,为解决厚型防火涂料高温导热系数的取值问题提供了一条有效途径。     

纯弯荷载下厚型钢结构防火涂层破损的试验研究和数值分析

厚型钢结构防火涂层因其耐火性好、性能稳定而成为最常用的防火保护形式之一,但厚型防火涂层易在地震和冲击等作用下发生破损和脱落,这将影响钢结构的抗火性能。为了认识厚型钢结构防火涂层的破损模式,本文对涂有厚型防火涂料的钢板件进行了纯弯荷载试验,运用有限元分析软件AN SY S对试验全过程进行了模拟分析,并与试验结果相对比。结果表明：受弯构件压区涂层的破损模式主要为涂层-钢板界面破损,拉区涂层的破损模式与涂层厚度有关,当涂层厚度较薄时,主要为涂层内部拉裂,涂层厚度较厚时,主要为涂层-钢板界面破损;涂层厚度越厚,界面破损出现得越早;若在涂层上贴置应变片,会使涂层的界面裂缝和横向裂缝提早出现。     

钢管混凝土边框内藏钢板组合剪力墙正截面受弯性能分析

提出了钢管混凝土边框内藏钢板的组合剪力墙,进行了模型抗震性能试验,表明其抗震性能良好。为进一步分析该组合剪力墙的受力特点,基于试验研究,引入了平截面假定,提出了正截面受弯承载力简化计算模型,给出了用条带法计算受弯承载力的公式并编制了计算程序。计算分析了钢管壁厚、内藏钢板厚度、混凝土强度等级对剪力墙受弯承载力的影响,计算结果与实测值符合较好。研究表明:增大钢管壁厚,剪力墙抗弯承载力明显提高;增大内藏钢板厚度,剪力墙承载力提高,但比增大钢管壁厚提高的效率低;混凝土强度等级提高,剪力墙抗弯承载力有一定的提高,但提高幅度随着边框钢管壁厚增大而减小;钢管壁厚、内藏钢板厚度、墙体截面厚度、混凝土强度应合理匹配,以充分发挥该组合剪力墙的抗震效能。     

基于岩土纵向分层的中深层U型地埋管换热器取热性能研究

为探讨不同地质结构分层下不同影响因素对中深层U型地埋管换热器传热性能的影响,建立了基于岩土纵向分层的中深层U型地埋管换热器的数值传热模型,利用MATLAB软件,采用交替方向隐式法模拟了循环流量、入口温度、水平管长度、保温材料导热系数、回填材料导热系数对U型地埋管换热器传热性能的影响．结果表明：(1)当循环工质流量从10 m³/h增加到30 m³/h,取热量逐步提高,但提高入口温度会导致取热性能下降．为使热泵机组、地热换热器高效运行,需要综合考虑循环流量的选择以及根据实际工况调试出合理的入口温度;(2)增加水平管长度对于提升埋管换热器性能明显．在经济成本以及技术允许的情况下可适当增加水平管长度;(3)在上行管出口部分设置保温层后,取热量增加,但随着导热系数的降低,取热量增幅逐渐减小,因此采用低导热系数保温材料可以减轻逆向传热现象;(4)其他参数不变时,提高回填材料导热系数可以明显提高换热器出水温度,增大取热量,因此可以采用导热系数较高的回填材料来提高换热器取热能力．     

基于损伤塑性模型的砌体墙体非线性有限元分析

为了研究砌体墙体用钢结构加固后的力学性能,需要提供较准确的砌体墙体非线性计算,考虑到砌体与混凝土的材料性质具有相似性,将混凝土损伤塑性模型经修正后应用于砌体数值模拟,实现对砌体墙体的非线性有限元分析。通过与水平加载试验结果对比,验证了有限元模型的正确性。探讨了损伤塑性模型中的粘性系数、膨胀角、砌体本构关系中的初始弹性模量、受拉应力应变关系对计算结果的影响。结果表明：粘性系数和膨胀角对抗剪承载力、峰值位移及下降段性能均有较大影响,而对初始刚度影响很小;随着初始弹性模量的增大,砌体墙体抗剪承载力随之提高,但峰值位移无明显变化;受拉应力应变方程中待定系数的取值,对抗剪承载力及峰值位移影响较大。     

钢管混凝土边框内藏带斜肋钢板中高剪力墙抗震性能试验

提出了钢管混凝土边框内藏斜撑肋钢板组合中高剪力墙.为研究这种组合剪力墙的抗震性能,进行了5个不同构造的中高剪力墙模型低周反复荷载试验.分析了试件的损伤特征、承载力、耗能、滞回特性,提出了正截面抗弯承载力计算模型,计算结果与试验符合较好.研究表明:钢管混凝土边框内藏钢板组合剪力墙具有较高的承载力和良好的耗能性能;钢管混凝土边框内藏带斜撑肋钢板中高剪力墙,适于在墙体厚度小于钢管尺寸或内藏钢板厚度较薄的“强边框、弱墙体”情况下应用,可明显减轻钢管混凝土边框底部的损伤,延缓墙体性能退化,提高组合剪力墙的抗震能力.     

钢管混凝土-钢板深梁结构抗震试验与承载力计算

提出了钢管混凝土-钢板深梁结构,进行了4个钢管混凝土-钢板深梁结构模型试件的低周反复荷载试验,4个试件均由等截面钢管混凝土柱和等尺寸钢板深梁构成,各试件高宽比相同。4个试件的区别在于设置的钢板深梁道数不同,以重点研究钢板深梁对结构抗震性能的影响。分析了各试件的承载力、刚度及退化过程、延性、滞回特性、耗能和损伤与破坏过程等。基于试验,提出了承载力计算模型,计算结果与实测结果符合较好。研究表明:钢管混凝土-钢板深梁结构,具有良好的抗震性能;钢板深梁与钢管混凝土设计参数应合理匹配,以实现强钢管混凝土柱和弱钢板深梁的延性屈服机制;钢管混凝土-钢板深梁结构可用于结构抗震设计。     

双钢板高强混凝土组合剪力墙滞回性能模拟

以3个双钢板高强混凝土组合剪力墙的拟静力试验为依据,运用OpenSees软件,建立了双钢板组合剪力墙的纤维模型。计算结果与试验结果的对比表明:基于OpenSees的纤维模型能较好地反映双钢板组合剪力墙在往复荷载作用下的滞回性能,具有较高的计算精度和运算速度,适用于双钢板高强混凝土组合剪力墙的抗震分析以及性能设计。     

中深层同轴套管式地埋管换热器传热性能分析

为了探讨不同因素对中深层同轴套管式地埋管换热器传热性能的影响,采用了一种中深层同轴套管式地埋管换热器数值模型,利用交替方向隐式法和追赶法,并结合邯郸地区现场测试数据,对该模型进行了求解.分析了环腔流体流速、管径比、内管导热系数、回填材料导热系数、岩土导热系数及井孔深度对套管换热器换热量及出口水温的影响规律.结果表明,增加环腔流体流速、减小管径比、减小内管导热系数、增大回填材料及岩土导热系数、增加井孔深度,可提高换热量;减小管径比、减小内管导热系数、增大回填材料及岩土导热系数、增加井孔深度,可提高出口水温.因此,在实际工程中,应选择高热阻的管材作为内管、选择导热系数较大的回填材料、岩土导热系数较大的地区有利于地热能开发、选择管径之比较小的套管、环腔流体流速的大小在允许范围内宜取大、较深井孔宜作为地热开采井,同时要综合考虑换热量、循环水泵功耗、钻井成本和实际负荷需求及热泵机组性能匹配.     

水合物合成及导热系数测定

设计了一套实验装置，结合瞬态面热源法来测量混合气水合物导热系数及含混气水合物的沙子多孔介质的有效导热系数.在-10℃～5℃，压力66MPa下，含体积比甲烷9001%，乙烷503%，丙烷496%的混合气与0971mol/m3十二烷基磺酸钠水溶液生成的水合物的导热系数约为055W/(m·K)，并且其值随温度的上升而增高，呈玻璃体导热特性.由于“爬壁”效应的存在，混合气与饱含SDS水溶液的沙子多孔介质反应生成含混合气水合物的沙子多孔介质的有效导热系数（约12W/(m·K)）显著低于含四氢呋喃水合物的沙子多孔介质的值（约19W/(m·K)）.虽然本实验使用了SDS来加速和促进水合反应的进行，但是水合物样品中依然存在游离水，因此本研究采用了温度振荡法来进一步促进含SDS水溶液的水合反应进行，研究发现当浴槽温度在-10℃～4℃间周期变化时，游离水在水的相变温度区附近转变为水合物，通过几个周期的温度振荡，样品中的游离水被完全消耗掉.最后通过对含不同浓度SDS的四氢呋喃水合物导热系数测试，讨论了实验中加入SDS对水合物导热系数的影响，结果认为本实验中加入的SDS量对测试结果影响很小（±15%）.     

Porosity determinations and the thermal conductivity of rock fragments with application to heat flow on Cyprus

A standard core analysis technique has been modified to estimate porosities from measurements on rock fragments. For the range of rocks tested, chip-determined fractional porosities were within ±0.025 of the values measured on solid-core samples. This has enabled thermal conductivity measurements on rock fragments to be corrected for the effect of porosity, yielding agreement with conductivity determinations on solid core generally to better than ± 10%. The application of this is illustrated by the determination of heat flow in a 300-m borehole in western Cyprus (latitude 34°54′N, longitude 32°34′E, elevation 82 m). A decrease in temperature gradient with depth is almost completely compensated for by increasing thermal conductivity, and the best value for heat flow at this site is 23 ± 4 mW m^?2.     

含湿孔隙岩石有效热导率的数值分析

本文采用有限元方法研究含湿孔隙岩石的有效热导率,即随机划分网格并指定材料性质,建立三维含湿孔隙岩石的有限元模型,模型的上下表面施加不同的温度,侧面绝热,计算出总热流,然后结合上下表面的温度梯度计算出岩石的有效热导率.考虑到单个随机模型不一定具有代表性,对给定的孔隙率和饱和度均生成了200种矿物、水、空气随机分布的岩石模型,进行Monte Carlo实验和统计分析,统计分析结果与前人实验结果吻合良好.数值分析结果表明,孔隙岩石的有效热导率与岩石的孔隙率、饱和度、固体矿物组分及孔隙的分布情况有关,数值计算的误差随着网格数目的增加而减小.此有限元方法可以用来估算岩石的有效热导率,在已知组分性质的多矿物岩石物性计算方面有广阔应用前景.     

Oxygen isotope measurements of phosphate from fish teeth and bones

In situ measurements of lunar surface brightness temperatures made as a part of the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package at the Apollo 15 Hadley Rille landing site are reported. Data derived from 5 thermocouples of the Heat Flow Experiment, which are lying on or just above the surface, are used to examine the thermal properties of the upper 15 cm of the lunar regolith using eclipse and nighttime cool-down temperatures. Application of finite-difference techniques in modeling the lunar soil shows the thermocouple data are best fit by a model consisting of a low-density and low-thermal conductivity surface layer approximately 2 cm thick overlying a region increasing in conductivity and density with depth. Conductivities on the order of 1 × 10^?5 W/cm-°K are postulated for the upper layer, with conductivity increasing to the order of 1 × 10^?4 W/cm-°K at depths exceeding 20 cm. An increase in mean temperature with depth indicates that the ratio of radiative to conductive transfer at 350°K is 2.7 for at least the upper few centimeters of lunar soil; this value is nearly twice that measured for returned lunar fines. The thermal properties model deduced from Apollo 15 surface temperatures is consistent with earth-based microwave observations if electrical properties measured on returned lunar fines are assumed.     

中国铅芯夹层橡胶隔震支座各种相关性能及长期性能研究

本文详细地研究了各种相关因素对中国铅芯橡胶隔震支座力学性能的 影响，同时还研究了中国铅芯夹层橡胶隔震支座的长期性能。研究包括竖向压力、频率、剪切变形循环次数、温度对隔震支座刚度及阻尼等力学性能的影响；隔震支座的耐久性能诸如老化及徐变对隔震器刚度、阻尼特性及极限变形能力的影响。研究还包括水平剪切（200次）及竖向低周疲劳（10万次）试验对隔震器力学性能的影响。     

Conductivity of NaCl solution at 0.4–5.0 GPa and 25–500 °C

NaCI-H₂O is the most fundamental ternary system in geology. Until now, the measurements of electrical conductivity of NaCl solutions are still little at high pressures (> O.5 GPa) We measured the conductivity of 0.01 m NaCl solution at 0.4–5.0 GPa and 25-500°C. The results are consistent with that of Quist and Marshall (1968) at 0.4 GPa. The conductivity of NaCl solution increases with increasing temperature. The results also show that the conductivity of NaCl solution changes little with increasing pressure below 1.5 GPa and changes rapidly with increasing pressure above 1.5 GPa. The rapid increase of the conductivity of NaCl solution may play an important role in many geological processes (such as the genesis of ore deposits under hydrothermal condition) and other fields. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

Multiple parent bodies of ordinary chondrites

Thermal histories of chondrite parent bodies are calculated from an initial state with material in a powder-like form, taking into account the effect of consolidation state on thermal conductivity. The very low thermal conductivity of the starting materials makes it possible for a small body with a radius of less than 100 km to be heated by several hundred degrees even if long-lived radioactive elements in chondritic abundances are the only source of heat. The maximum temperature is determined primarily by the temperature at which sintering of the constituent materials occurs. The thermal state of the interior of a chondrite parent body after sintering has begun is nearly isothermal. Near the surface, however, where the material is unconsolidated and the thermal conductivity is much lower, the thermal gradient is quite large. This result contradicts the conventional “onion-shell” model of chondrite parent bodies. But because the internal temperature is almost constant through the whole body, it supports a “multiple-parent bodies” model, according to which each petrologic type of chondrite comes from a different parent body.     

复合填料热传导过程数值模拟

复合填料由废铸砂、粉煤灰、聚苯乙烯（EPS）颗粒、水泥和水按一定质量比例混合制成,具有低导热性、抗冻胀和轻质特性。根据热阻力法则和比等效导热系数相等法则,将材料视为由大量正方形单元体组成,其中心为一个球形EPS颗粒,这种单元体与总体的导热系数相等。运用AN SY S软件对复合填料单元体的传热过程进行了有限元模拟,根据瞬态法导热系数测试原理,推求不同EPS掺入比情况下的复合填料导热系数,分析EPS颗粒与导热系数的关系,发现材料导热系数随着EPS掺入比的增加而快速降低。将材料导热系数数值模拟与实测结果作比较,发现有限元模拟值与实测值接近,说明采用有限元方法可以实现对材料传热过程的模拟。     

Dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of frozen compacted sand subjected to freeze–thaw cycle under multi-stage cyclic loading

Frozen soil plays an important role on the stability of railway and highway subgrade in cold regions. However, the dynamic properties of frozen soil subjected to the freeze–thaw cycles have rarely been investigated. In this study, cryogenic cyclic triaxial tests were conducted on frozen compacted sand from Nehe, Heilongjiang Province in China which was subjected to the closed-system freeze–thaw cycles. A modified Hardin hyperbolic model was suggested to describe the backbone curves. Then, dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio versus cyclic shear strain were analyzed under the different freeze–thaw cycles, temperatures, initial water contents, loading frequencies and confining pressures. The results indicate that the freeze–thaw process plays a significant effect on the dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio, which slightly change after one freeze–thaw cycle. Dynamic shear modulus increases with increasing initial water content, temperature, loading frequency and confining pressure. Damping ratio increases with increasing initial water content, while decreases with increasing temperature and loading frequency. The effect of confining pressure on the damping ratio was found not significant. Furthermore, the empirical expressions were formulated to estimate dynamic shear modulus and damping ratio of the frozen compacted sand. The results provide guidelines for evaluating the infrastructures in cold regions.