特长公路隧道集中排烟方式研究

纵向通风排烟是我国长大公路隧道发生火灾时通风的主要形式,目前开始应用一种新型的特长公路隧道纵向通风集中排烟方式。本文借助CFD三维数值模拟技术,对两种排烟方式在火灾时的烟气控制效果进行了对比分析,研究了顶部设排烟道时,不同排烟开口大小和排烟口间距对隧道火灾时排烟效果的影响。研究表明：顶部设排烟道排烟较纵向通风排烟有较好的烟气控制效果,排烟口的设置间距和开口大小将影响隧道火灾时的排烟特性。     

排烟方式对大空间建筑火灾空气升温的影响

为了考察烟气排放对大空间建筑火灾温度场的影响,利用FDS程序仿真模拟了火灾场景,系统分析了不同排烟系统对温度场的影响。结果表明：烟气排放对温度的影响较大,最大降温幅度可达原最高温度的50%左右;降温幅度与建筑高度有密切联系;当建筑高度小于12m时,按规范设计的自然排烟系统下的火场温度低于机械排烟的火场温度;当建筑高度达到或超过12m时,自然排烟系统下的火场温度将接近或高于机械排烟的火场温度。     

半横向排烟下隧道火灾烟气控制效果试验研究

为了研究隧道火灾半横向排烟对烟气排放效果的影响参数,同时为半横向通风排烟下隧道火灾烟气蔓延情况的系统性研究提供试验数据支持,建立缩尺比例为1：10的水平模型隧道开展火灾试验,并对火灾半横向排烟时排烟阀和排烟道内的烟气流动进行理论分析。结果表明,水平公路隧道半横向排烟情况下,理论分析得出的排烟阀处烟气流速与模型试验结果基本吻合;在火源附近,冷空气与高温烟气掺混较少,温度较高;在靠近风机处,排烟阀烟气流速较大,但同时因远离火源,热量损失和掺混冷空气较多,因而温度较低;排烟阀开启个数、间距、单个面积以及排烟阀离风机的距离,均会对半横向排烟系统的排烟效果产生影响。     

公路隧道集中排烟系统流速分布规律数值模拟研究

采用火灾动态模拟软件FDS,对独立排烟道集中排烟模式在火灾条件下的排烟情况进行模拟计算,分别研究了集中排烟中双向排烟方式和单向排烟方式下不同排烟阀设置方案工况的排烟道流速和排烟阀流速分布规律。结果表明,双向排烟方式下,排烟阀流速与排烟道流速呈对称分布;单向排烟方式下,排烟阀流速与排烟道流速呈非对称分布;当排烟道横截面面积一定时,改变排烟阀设置方案对排烟道端部流速的影响不大;随着排烟阀开口面积的增加,离风机较近的排烟阀流速逐渐降低,而该排烟阀的排烟量却逐渐增大;排烟道和排烟阀流速的大小与排烟量、排烟阀设置方案、排烟道横截面面积等参数有关。本文研究可为集中排烟系统流速的合理设计提供依据。     

室外风对高层建筑外保温层火灾发展的影响研究

近年来,由外墙保温材料引起的高层建筑火灾频繁发生,使得高层建筑室外火灾已经成为当下防火安全工程研究的热点议题。高层建筑外墙火灾受室外风影响较大,本研究采用CFD（Computational Fluid Dynamics）火灾模拟软件FDS,针对当前典型高层住宅建筑进行室外风作用下外保温材料火灾特性的模拟研究,分析了不同风向风速作用下外墙保温材料的火灾燃烧性能,研究了室外风对火灾烟气温度、运动速度、CO体积分数、可见度、火灾热释放速率等参数的影响。研究结果表明：室外风对火灾热释放速率等火灾作用参数有着较大影响,并存在一定的规律性。研究成果对未来高层节能建筑的防火设计施工具有一定的借鉴意义。     

方钢管混凝土柱-钢梁平面框架耐火性能研究

建立了局部火灾下多层多跨矩形钢管混凝土柱-钢梁平面框架温度场和力学性能分析的有限元模型。在考虑楼板影响的基础上,研究了保护层厚度不同时钢管混凝土框架结构的温度场分布规律。研究了不同受火工况条件下钢管混凝土框架结构的变形和破坏规律、耐火极限状态、受火梁的内力状态以及结构耐火极限的规律。分析表明,梁保护层厚度影响钢梁温度分布形式;火灾下,框架结构发生了受火梁的整体屈曲破坏。     

考虑火灾全过程的钢管混凝土组合框架力学性能初步研究

为进一步研究真实火灾工况下钢管混凝土组合框架的抗火性能,基于有限元软件ABAQUS建立了单层单跨圆形钢管混凝土柱-组合梁平面框架经历火灾全过程的数值分析模型。通过合理选取热工参数,进行了组合框架在ISO-834标准升降温曲线下的热传分析,研究了组合框架钢管混凝土柱与组合梁截面温度场的变化规律;在热传模型的基础上,通过合理选取材料本构模型、单元类型、边界条件以及网格划分等,对经历常温加载、升温、降温以及火灾后的钢管混凝土柱-组合梁平面框架的力学性能进行初步探讨。结果表明,由于钢筋混凝土楼板在受火过程中的吸热与约束作用使组合框架在受火后仍具有较高承栽力。该方法可进一步完善钢管混凝土结构抗火分析理论,也可供实际工程应用参考。     

高层建筑典型外墙保温材料火蔓延特性数值模拟研究

有机保温材料被广泛应用于高层建筑外墙保温体系的同时,也可能增加高层建筑的火灾风险。本文通过计算机模拟,着重研究了保温材料之一的聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料（EPS）的火蔓延速率、失重速率及温度场分布等特性。研究结果发现：发生火灾后,外墙保温材料可以在很短的时间内自下而上蔓延至整个材料表面,并有表皮着火的现象。在火焰到达材料顶部之前,向上火蔓延占主导地位,材料中部区域明显燃烧脱落,火焰在材料两端上部继续燃烧,有向下加速蔓延的趋势;之后,火焰沿着材料中部内侧向下剧烈燃烧,材料呈V字型燃烧直至熄灭。在高层建筑外墙外保温材料火蔓延中,不同着火点情况下的燃烧速率随时间变化的趋势相似,且会形成两个波峰。     

城市交通隧道内火灾环境发展规律的数值模拟研究

为缓解城市地面交通压力,城市交通隧道在许多大城市中已经得到越来越多的应用。由于城市交通隧道具有特殊的交通特性、地理位置及建筑结构,其火灾安全问题受到了极大的关注。研究其内部的火灾环境,对于设置相应的防火安全设施来保证内部人员和隧道结构本身的安全至关重要。本文采用数值模拟的手段,对自然通风工况下,有坡度和无坡度隧道在火灾环境下的温度分布特性进行了研究。研究结果表明,2种隧道内的温度分布特性有很大差异;对于由烟囱效应导致的有坡度情况下的温度分布特殊性,在制定相应的防排烟措施时应充分考虑。研究结果对于隧道的结构防火设计、防排烟系统设计及火灾时的人员疏散方案制定有一定的参考价值。     

钢管混凝土组合柱在标准火与真实火中的行为比较

以实际工程中常用的钢管混凝土组合柱为研究对象,通过ABAQU S大型有限元软件模拟钢管混凝土组合柱在标准火和真实火中的截面温度分布、应力、变形、破坏形态、耐火极限等力学行为。其中标准火选用ISO-834标准火模型,真实火采用欧洲规范Eurocode 1 Part 1-2中的参数火模型来近似模拟真实火灾的温度—时间关系。研究发现,钢管混凝土柱在两种火场环境中的行为差异很大,真实火中的冷却过程对钢管混凝土的破坏起重要的影响。基于本研究,还初步得到火灾过程中环境温度的升温速度、柱火灾荷载比等对钢管混凝土组合柱的抗火性能的影响。     

ELECTROMETRIC OBSERVATIONS OF ANTIFILTRATIONAL CEMENTATION CURTAINS *

Creation of antifiltrational cementation curtains needed to prevent increased seepage from water reservoirs is a rather labour-consuming and costly measure. High cost of such curtains necessitates careful checking of the quality of cementation as well as the strength and stability of the solidified cement which is being formed in the pores and fissures of injected rocks. The traditional methods of control are rather labour-consuming and do not allow observations during process of cementation. The advantage of electrometric observations of cementation curtains lies in the possibility of making measurements on the surface from the moment of pumping slurry into a borehole up to the termination of cement hardening. The laboratory investigations carried out by the authors demonstrate an increase in the specific electrical resistivity of a cement in the course of hardening as well as the existence of a functional dependence between the electrical and strength parameters which allows to use the resistivity method for checking the cement strength. Methods of electrometric observations of cementation curtains are dependent on the particular features of cementation and the curtain dimensions. The observations are usually conducted in a network of profiles parallel to the curtain axis. The cement slurry spreading in the space is studied on the maps of ρ_a and geoelectrical sections obtained at different distances from the feed line. Zones of the strongest absorption of cement slurry are indicated by resistivity minima. The electrometric observations should be compared with the data on cement expenditure in the boreholes. The cement strengthening is monitored by comparing the results of control observations consecutively conducted in 1-2 months following the cementation, with utilization of the ρ_a maps and graphs. If the specific resistivities of the skeleton of the enclosing rocks and the filler of cavities are known, one can approximately evaluate the changes in the cement strength in absolute units (kg/cm²). By way of example, the authors give the results of electrometric observations conducted to evaluate the quality of an antifiltrational curtain on one of the high-mountain water reservoirs in Armenia.     

地铁车站挡烟垂壁对火灾烟气流动的影响分析

采用湍流数值模拟的方法,对火灾情况下,北京地铁一、二号线中的典型单层岛式车站公共区加装挡烟垂壁前后的多个工况进行了数值模拟,数值模拟几乎完全根据现有实际物理边界,而且考虑了列车和灯光发热、人员发热以及人员对流动的影响。通过数值模拟,得到了设置挡烟垂壁前后车站温度场和烟气的流动情况。结果表明,北京地铁一、二号线老式岛式车站设置挡烟垂壁后,能够抑制烟气流动和降低站台疏散通道温度,大大提高车站火灾时的安全性。     

特长公路隧道独立排烟道结构高温安全性研究

特长公路隧道的火灾安全尤其是火灾通风排烟问题日益受到特别的关注。苍岭隧道是一座长度超过7 km的公路隧道,根据多方咨询意见,其通风排烟系统采用带独立排烟道的纵向通风模式。为了判断排烟道顶隔板结构在火灾高温下的安全性,以火灾动态模拟软件FDS的分析结果为温度边界条件,通过ANSYS对火灾下与常温下顶隔板的内力及变形进行了对比分析,探讨了顶隔板在火灾下的破坏规律,得出了火灾下顶隔板的临界破坏温度及其沿隧道的纵向破坏范围。     

The application of fire spread and evacuation simulation technology in large stadium

Fire is a major danger in the large stadium due to fire accompanied with smoke flow and evacuation path. As a part of an effort to improve the life safety in large stadium, the simulation technology combined with fire spread and evacuation had been developed. Besides that, in order to decrease the rate of people death in the large stadium fire, the interface between fire and the evacuation people must be designed according to simulation results, based on the influence laws to human behavior by smoke temperature, CO concentration and extinction coefficient in fire condition. Therefore, the investigation of effect of fire spread on life safety is needed. In this paper, the dynamic changes of walking speed, route choice and mental state is obtained from automatic reading of fire data during the simulation of evacuation. The effect abruptly changes due to time-varying fire smoke parameters, especially local jamming and uneven efficiency of routes. From the simulation, the visual and tried evidences would be provided for safe evacuation in fire emergency in large stadiums.     

铁路隧道火灾中烟气逆流层长度的研究

以狮子洋隧道为工程背景,对不同火源热释放速率、不同通风风速、不同坡度及不同断面当量直径情况下的火灾进行了数值模拟。分析了隧道烟气逆流层长度的变化规律,并对模拟数据进行了拟合。结果表明,隧道烟气逆流层长度与通风风速、火源热释放速率、隧道断面当量直径的自然对数值拟合均符合直线关系,呈递增或递减变化;坡度对烟气逆流层长度的影响随通风风速的增大而减弱。在分析烟气逆流层长度变化规律的基础上,建立了烟气逆流层长度与火源热释放速率、通风风速及断面当量直径的关系式,通过对数据拟合获得了烟气逆流层长度公式,该公式推导合理,并有所创新。     

Impact of grout curtains on karst groundwater behaviour: an example from the Dinaric karst

Grout curtains are vertical grout walls installed in the ground. In karst terrains, their construction is primarily connected with dams and reservoirs. Their main role is to increase water tightness and to prevent progressive erosion, blocking possible seepage paths along karst fissures and conduits. In this article, changes in the behaviour of the groundwater level (GWL) and the water temperature in nine deep piezometers, which were caused by the construction of a grout curtain at the ?ale Reservoir on the Cetina River (Croatia), were analysed. The total length of the grout curtain is 3966 m. It spreads 120 m below the dam. The most analysed data are from the period after the dam had been built. Only few data and figures concern the comparison between pre‐ and post‐dam periods. The hourly data of the GWL and the water temperature were analysed for the period between 1 September 2008 at 02:00 h to 31 December 2009 at 23:00 h (11 687 h total) in six deep piezometers (marked in the text and figures as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6). For three piezometers (marked in the text and figures as A, B and C), some discontinuous measurements of the GWL and the water temperature were available for analysis. The construction of the grout curtain made strong, sudden and possibly dangerous changes to the characteristics of the aquifer and the circulation of groundwater in the local area. Special attention is paid to analyses of the behaviour of the hourly GWL data measured in the piezometers pairs (two neighbouring piezometers, one inside and the other outside of the grout curtain). During more than 80% of the analysed period, the GWL was higher in the piezometer inside the grout curtain than the one outside of it. The intensity and range of the dynamics of GWL was higher in piezometer outside the grout curtain than the inside ones. After the construction of the grout curtain, the maximum measured hydrostatic pressure on some parts of the grout curtain was approximately 40 m. It changes quickly in both time and direction. The water temperature was found to be similar in all of the measured piezometers, and it varies between 10.2 and 15.7 °C with an average value of 12.7 °C. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Simple Model for the Movement of Fire Smoke in a Confined Tunnel

Fires in tunnels are unfortunately frequent occurrences often with tragic outcomes. A recent example is the fire on the funicular train at the ski resort in Kaprun (Austria), which caused nearly 160 deaths. Design engineers and risk analysts require knowledge of the fluid dynamics of the fire and smoke movement to answer questions such as how much oxygen can access and feed the fire, and what concentration of smoke will the people be exposed to. As an example in the Austrian accident the geometry was a long tunnel with fire doors closed at one end, and with a fire initiated near the closed (lower) end. The hot smoke from the fire is a source of buoyancy; the smoke reaches the ceiling of the tunnel, and then develops along the ceiling as a wall-bounded plume. The motion of the smoke is driven by a buoyancy force, but at the same time, mechanisms of turbulent heat and mass transfer act as a brake to this motion. In this paper we present how a generic model describing a semi-enclosed buoyancy-driven flow can be interpreted and used in the modelling of fire smoke movement in a confined tunnel. A consideration of the net pollutant volume flux through the tunnel leads to predictions for the variation of concentrations along the tunnel. The smoke concentrations near the fire smoke source scale linearly with the length of the tunnel, with higher concentrations at the lower section of the tunnel, as could be expected. Similarly the concentration of oxygen making its way through to the fire source decreases linearly with the length of the tunnel. A lower bound estimate of the smoke residence time can be obtained based on smoke concentration predictions from the model.