2019年超强台风“利奇马”引发浙江特大暴雨过程分析

利用NCEP FNL 0.25°×0.25°的再分析资料和浙江省中尺度气象站降水资料,从产生强降水的条件来对“利奇马”特大暴雨过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:(1)强降水主要集中在近台风中心的西南部分及其稍远的北部,其中近台风中心为眼壁降水,北部为螺旋云带降水;(2)850~925 hPa水汽通量辐合中心与暴雨落区一致,水汽辐合强度差异是造成台风眼壁强降水落区差异的关键;(3)台风强度大时近中心上升运动强烈,正垂直螺旋度中心值的减小和中心下降对应强降水的发生,低层正螺旋度和高层负螺旋度中心的重叠区对对流性降水落区有一定的指示;(4)本次过程地形增益最明显地区在台州北部,在水汽条件处于劣势情况下出现降水副中心。     

台风“韦帕”(0713)引发华东暴雨过程的诊断比较

采用湿Q矢量、螺旋度、湿位涡对给华东造成严重灾害的超强台风"韦帕"(0713)强降水过程进行诊断比较分析,结果表明:登陆前,上述物理量均能提前指示强降水落区,湿位涡有更多提前指示时间,螺旋度次之,湿Q矢量最少;登陆后,三者均能表征台风主体云系降水,湿位涡、螺旋度与强降水有较好对应关系,而湿Q矢量指示强降水位置偏北,但湿位涡会出现一定程度空报现象;台风深入内陆后,螺旋度预报指示明显不如湿位涡、湿Q矢量好,螺旋度指示强降水位置偏东,而湿Q矢量指示强降水范围略偏小;对台风后部强降水,湿Q矢量和螺旋度均未能预报出降水落区,而湿位涡仍有较好的预报效果。从区域平均看,螺旋度与湿Q矢量的预报指示时效小于12 h,而湿位涡超过12 h。     

台风"灿都"造成云南强降水过程的水汽螺旋度诊断分析

利用地面加密观测、Micaps资料和NCEP1°×1°再分析资料对1003号"灿都"台风造成云南暴雨进行诊断分析。结果表明:台风低压为高温高湿且具有强对流不稳定的深厚系统。进入云南后除了自身携带的大量水汽和能量外,先后有副热带高压西侧强盛偏南急流和孟加拉湾西南气流卷入,使得台风低压在云南持久不衰,并产生全省性强降水。诊断量"水汽螺旋度"对暴雨落区和强度有较好的对应关系,强降水多发生在水汽螺旋度正值中心的偏南侧。"水汽螺旋度"随时间变化的两个影响因子"螺旋度通量散度"和"湿螺旋度散度"对强降水的落区和强度也有较好的指示作用。若是分别对两个因子进行诊断,再综合分析环流形势,将能达到更好的强降水预报效果。     

基于Ｔ／２分数间隔的ＳＥＩ双模式盲均衡算法

采用NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°最后分析资料（final analysis,FNL）计算“圣帕”台风螺旋度,探讨各垂直层上水平螺旋度与强降水时间演变的关系、水平螺旋度与强降水落区的关系以及垂直螺旋度时间演变与强降水发生、发展的关系。结果表明,700 hPa螺旋度最能反映强降水时间演变,正螺旋度大值中心附近与暴雨落区一致,同区域内螺旋度中心值的强弱与该区域内降水的强弱关系密切;若垂直方向上高低层的螺旋度同时由负值转为正值,则强降水发生,反之降水减弱、停止;对于预报台风强降水时效,水平螺旋度远比垂直螺旋度、散度、垂直速度具有更多有效预报时间;对于预报台风强降水落区,垂直螺旋度比水平螺旋度更具有优势,若能利用垂直螺旋度对水平螺旋度预报强降水作出订正可能将有助于提高台风强降水预报准确率。     

1513号“苏迪罗”台风残涡强降水分布特征研究

运用自动站6 h降水资料和NCEP/NCAR的0. 25°×0. 25°再分析数据,着重分析了1513号台风"苏迪罗"及其残涡影响江苏期间强降水落区的分布特征,以及强降水落区与风场、涡散度、水汽通量散度等要素的对应关系。分析结果表明:强降水多分布在台风低层环流中心东北侧,风场围绕环流中心非对称分布造成辐合和正涡度在此处集中,进一步导致水汽在同一地区辐合,动力条件和水汽条件在同一地区叠加是强降水区位于环流中心东北侧的直接原因。单一等压面上的负散度和正涡度均可以在一定程度上指示出强降水站点位置,不同层次涡散度场的涵盖范围有所不同,三层算术平均后的涡散度较单一层次的指示性更为准确。"苏迪罗"登陆后在北上过程中接近中高纬西风带系统,环境风垂直切变逐渐增强且方向稳定,强降水落区基本位于850 h Pa至200 hPa间切变矢量的顺切变左侧,这一特征对判断登陆台风强降水落区具有一定的指导意义。     

0908号台风“莫拉克”诱发浙闽暴雨的螺旋度分析

利用气象常规资料和NCEP同化资料,对0908号台风“莫拉克”登陆浙闽诱发的暴雨过程进行螺旋度诊断分析。结果表明：925hPa螺旋度与浙闽暴雨中心强降水演变一致;中低层水平螺旋度由负转正时,浙闽降水急剧增加,减少时则降水趋于结束;垂直螺旋度正极值区与强降水中心对应,预报台风强降水落区,垂直螺旋度比水平螺旋度更具有优势;垂直方向上,用中低层垂直螺旋度“由极大值减小”来判别“莫托克”暴雨结束时间,比水平螺旋度有更多有效预报时效;若能结合水平和垂直螺旋度预报强降水,将有助于提高台风强降水预报准确率。     

“海葵”登陆前后强度演变及造成浙江省强降水的诊断分析

利用湿位涡、螺旋度和湿矢量对"海葵"登陆前后强度变化及造成浙江省强降水诊断分析,结果表明,广阔的暖海面、高空急流的维持、弱纬向风垂直切变及暖心结构的增强为"海葵"在近海发展提供条件。TC中心附近mpv1负中心的出现及mpv2正值区的抬升,及此后mpv2由正转负的过程,分别对其发展和衰减有12~18 h的提前量。台风先增强后减弱的过程对其大风区内高层水平螺旋度负-正-负的转换存在12 h的响应时间。大气层结不稳定条件下,TC强度发展有利于中心附近能量积累,促使低层气流增强并携带丰富水汽输送至浙东沿海,形成暴雨。台风大风区内高层水平螺旋度的演变通过影响TC强度,促使低空水平螺旋度变化,850 hPa数值增加及减弱为零的过程分别对强降水的形成与减弱有9~12 h左右的预示,且中心阈值一定程度上可表征TC登陆前后降水强度与持续时间上的差异。湿矢量可预示雨带分布,其负值区大小对雨带范围的表征能力较强但负值中心相对降水中心偏北,且无法反映登陆前后降水强度的差异。     

台风“风神”暴雨落区的诊断分析

利用常规观测资料、气象卫星资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对0806号台风"风神"登陆后的暴雨强度和落区进行诊断分析。结果表明:台风暴雨主要发生在台风登陆后48 h内,水汽通量散度、垂直速度、绝对涡度的空间分布与强降雨落区有很好的对应关系;冷空气入侵低压环流西部触发不稳定能量释放,对降水起到了增幅作用;从湿焓及湿焓平流场上可以提前12 h做出能量累积和未来强降水落区的预报,高湿焓区是不稳定能量聚集区,而台风压能风对湿焓的平流较为准确地反应了24 h后的强降水落区。     

“05．8”十堰大暴雨的数值模拟与诊断分析

使用NCEP 1°×1°6h再分析格点资料和气象台站实测降水资料,采用WRF中尺度数值模式,对2005年8月14日20时至15日08时发生在十堰市的一次大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟与诊断分析,并着重分析了大暴雨的成因。结果表明：此次大暴雨是在西太平洋副热带高压、中高纬西风槽合理配置以及稳定有利的环流形势下发生的,同时与台风低压活动关系密切;东南风急流将低纬度地区暖湿气流输送到高纬度地区,使台风低压长时间维持,为强降水发生发展提供了水汽来源;低层辐合、高层辐散的配置有利于对流发展和低层水汽向高空输送;螺旋度正值中心的出现对未来3h强降水出现有一定的预示作用,螺旋度正值对暴雨落区有较好的指示性,主要暴雨区出现在螺旋度正值中心前方。     

两个路径相似台风暴雨过程的模拟分析

以两个路径相似的台风"海棠"和"凤凰"为研究对象,利用MM5模式对其二次登陆过程进行模拟并通过与实况的对比表明,模式对台风路径和暴雨的模拟是成功的。利用模式输出从动力、水汽、不稳定层结和地形等四方面对暴雨落区和强度进行诊断,结果表明:低层螺旋度正值区与未来12 h暴雨落区有良好对应关系,高层螺旋度负值区偏离暴雨区,螺旋度高低层耦合产生的倾斜上升气流是触发和维持台风暴雨的动力机制。在台风登陆过程中,浙南闽北一直有源源不断的水汽输入,登陆点北侧水汽输送大于南侧是造成台风降水非对称分布的重要原因。台风由暖洋面移入大陆"冷场"加强了不稳定层结,在"海棠"台风暴雨过程中,弱冷空气侵入台风环流,触发不稳定能量释放在暴雨增幅中起了重要作用,暴雨出现在相当位温等值线密集的向北倾斜锋区。地形对暴雨的增幅作用十分显著,迎风坡由于地形动力抬升有利于上升运动加强,使得对流发展旺盛,降水增加,形成暴雨中心。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on