铜陵矿山酸性排水及固体废弃物中的重金属元素

在调查中国铜陵凤凰山铜矿和新桥硫铁矿两种不同类型矿山固体废弃物特征的基础上,研究了矿山尾矿和废石产生酸性排水的可能性及其差异以及矿山固体废弃物中重金属元素的赋存形式。结果表明,凤凰山铜矿的尾矿基本不产生矿山酸性排水,而新桥硫铁矿采矿废石产生矿山酸性排水,并且凤凰山铜矿的尾矿和新桥硫铁矿采矿废石中重金属元素的赋存形式也有差异,前者重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Hg主要赋存于硅酸盐态中,而后者在还原态中有较高的含量,这反映了在地表条件下尾矿中大量重金属元素已经发生了迁移,而采矿废石已经开始氧化,且酸性排水的存在更有利于废石中重金属元素的迁移和扩散,进而导致矿区周围环境的污染。     

Glauconitic greensand: A possible filter of heavy metal cations from polluted waters

Experiments using distilled water, spiked with heavy metal cations and passed through a filtration system composed of greensand containing 80% glauconite at a rate of 2–4 ml/min, showed: (1) starting fluids containing Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, Ni, Ag, or Zn had an average of 90% of the contaminating cation removed from acidic solutions and an average of 84% removed from the basic solutions; and, (2) filtration through greensand tended to neutralize both acidic and basic solutions. The removal of the contaminant cation from starting fluids containing K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Si, or Al (the principal constituents of glauconite plus Ca from shell material) is not as consistently effective as for the first named metals.     

模拟雨水浸泡生活垃圾重金属浸出特征研究

采用3种不同酸碱度的模拟雨水对生活垃圾进行浸泡实验,使用ORP测定仪和电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定了3种不同浸泡介质浸泡下的6个不同时段的浸出液的pH值和重金属浓度,通过分析、计算,研究了生活垃圾重金属的迁移特征。结果表明,重金属元素的动态浸出整体随pH值下降而升高,但相关性不明显,浸出浓度与时间整体上呈负相关关系;浸出总量效果较好的元素为Fe、Mn、Zn、As,较差的为Pb、Sn、H鼽Cd,其他元素中等;阶段浸出率较高的元素有Ni、Co、Cr、Mn、Cd、Cu,较低的元素有Fe,Sn、zn介于中间水平;累积浸出率和累积浸出强度较高的元素有Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Zn,较低的元素为Fe,Cu、Cd、Sn居于中间水平。利用非线性函数拟合生活垃圾中重金属随时间浸出的浓度,函数拟合相关系数在0．9以上,可对重金属的浸出浓度和浸出总量进行预测。     

有色矿山废物利用大有可为

以寿王坟铜矿开发利用尾矿砂、废石做原料 ,建成尾矿砼小型空心砌块和高级彩色光亮室外地坪砌块新型建材生产线为例 ,论述黏土砖逐渐被淘汰 ,新型建材日益受宠且受到国家政策扶持 ,国内市场潜力巨大 ,经济效益可观 ,有色矿山利用废弃物开发新型建材的可能性     

苏北典型污染耕地土壤-植物系统中重金属元素的分布特征

基于前期调查,采集水稻籽实样品共50件,在选定的3处地块采集9组土壤和水稻组合样品,每组样品包括根系土、水稻根系、水稻茎和籽实,分析其各部位的重金属元素含量,探究重金属元素在植物不同部位的迁移与富集机理。研究区水稻不同部位的元素富集规律为根系富集系数F(As)＞F(Cu)＞F(Cd)＞F(Zn)≈F(Hg)＞F(Cr)≈F(Ni)≈F(Pb),茎部富集系数F(Hg)＞F(Zn)≈F(Cu)＞F(Cd)＞F(As)＞F(Cr)＞F(Ni)＞F(Pb),籽实富集系数F(Zn)＞F(Cu)＞F(Cd)＞F(Ni)＞F(As)≈F(Cr)＞F(Pb),水稻植株内重金属元素含量分布规律为根系＞＞茎＞籽实。重金属元素在该系统中的迁移系数和迁移模式可分为4类。研究结果对土壤环境修复与合理利用等有一定的借鉴意义。     

Heavy metal distribution in soil and plant in municipal solid waste compost amended plots

A field study was carried out to evaluate long-term heavy metal accumulation in the top 20 cm of a Tunisian clayey loam soil amended for four consecutive years with municipal solid waste compost at three levels (0, 40 and 80 t/ha/y). Heavy metals uptake and translocation within wheat plants grown on these soils were also investigated. Compared to untreated soils, compost-amended soils showed significant increases in the content of all measured metals: cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc in the last three years, especially for plots amended with municipal solid waste compost at 80 t/ha/y. Wheat plants grown on compost-amended soils showed a general increase in metal uptake and translocation, especially for chromium and nickel. This heavy metal uptake was about three folds greater in plots amended at 80 t/ha/y as compared to plots amended at 40 t/ha/y. At the end of the experimental period, the diluting effect resulting from enhanced growth rates of wheat plants due to successive compost applications resulted in lower concentrations in the plants (grain part) grown on treated plots. On the other hand, chromium and nickel were less mobile in the aerial part of wheat plants and were accumulated essentially in root tissues. Plant/soil transfer coefficients for compost-amended treatments were higher than threshold range reported in the literature, indicating that there was an important load/transfer of metal ions from soils to wheat plants.     

金矿区农田土壤重金属污染的环境效应分析

通过对比研究小秦岭某金矿区土壤重金属综合污染区和对比区内的小麦、玉米籽粒中重金属的含量,结果表明污染区内小麦籽粒中汞、铅、镉累积程度显著高于土壤对比区对照样,铬、砷、铜、锌与对照区几乎没有差异,汞、铅、镉、锌、铜的超标率分别为86.67%、60%、33.33%、6.67%、20%。在污染区,玉米中铅、镉、铬较对照区明显累积,但仅有汞超标,超标率为15.15%。同一采样地点,金矿区小麦籽粒比玉米更易吸收累积重金属。小麦中重金属含量与立地土壤重金属污染程度存在较好的相关性。与1990年比较,小麦中汞、镉累积效应非常显著。研究区土壤重金属污染已经造成了小麦严重污染。     

A geochemical and statistical approach for assessing heavy metal pollution in sediments from the southern Caspian coast

The nearshore marine environment of the Caspian sea is a major repository for toxic metals originating from various sources. Since the persistent toxic metals pose serious health risks this research concentrated on investigating the concentrations and spatial distribution of metals in the nearshore sediments along the Iranian coast of the Caspian sea. Fourteen sampling sites were selected along the coast and approximately 400 g of surficial sediments were obtained. Samples were sieved and three grain size fractions from each sample plus fourteen bulk samples were selected for the analysis of metals. Laboratory analysis of the samples utilized the Cold Acetic protocol, followed by Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The statistical techniques were used to analyze all obtained data. Linear regression analysis demonstrated that grain size of the sediments was not a major factor controlling the concentrations and spatial distributions of heavy metals. Box and Whisker plots emphasized that metal concentrations were not homogeneously distributed. Discriminant analysis was also proved to be useful in identifying geographic areas where heavy metal concentrations occur along the coast.     

Contents of hepatic and renal metallothioneins in Hyposarcus pardalis: for construction of biomarker for heavy metal contamination in environments

The pollution of water by heavy metals is one of the most serious problems in the developing countries, where watercourses play important roles in transport and economic activities. The aim of this study was to examine whether Hyposarcus pardalis, a fish species widespread in the freshwater environment in Indonesia, could be used as a biomarker for environmental pollution by metals. To this effect, the concentrations of metallothioneins and metals in the livers and kidneys of H. pardalis were measured. In addition, to clarify the relationship between metallothionein concentrations and metal exposure, the concentrations of metallothioneins and metals were determined in the liver and the kidney of fish exposed to 50 and 500 ppb Cu and 500 ppb Mn, compared with those kept in clean water. Sufficient concentrations of metallothionein were detected in fish captured from Lake Rawakalong located in an industrial area in the suburbs of Jakarta. The results of exposure experiments suggested that H. pardalis retained a history of pollution in its organs for a long duration, and the metals bound to metallothioneins in the liver and kidney could be replaced with Cu following exposure. In conclusion, the hepatic and renal metallothioneins in H. pardalis are a useful candidate biomarker for monitoring heavy metal contamination.     

Use of solid phase characterisation and chemical modelling for assessing the behaviour of arsenic in contaminated soils

A soil, containing waste material from an industrially contaminated site, was found to be heavily contaminated with several heavy metals and As. A risk assessment for As leaching from this material has been carried out in several stages, collation and examination of historical records, solid-phase characterization and chemical modelling. The historical record indicates that the most probable source of As was arsenopyrite. However, the solid phase characterization of the soil, using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive microanalysis (EDAX), did not yield any direct evidence for pyritic phases, although there was clear evidence of known pyrite-weathering products, such as jarosite. The relative stability of pyrite and arsenopyrite have been modelled for the range of acidity and redox potentials likely to be encountered on the site. For adsorption modelling, a surface complexation model was used to predict arsenate desorption as a function of pH. It was assumed that the principal reactive adsorbent for As was hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) and this assumption was supported by the results of direct and indirect measurements and by the mineral stability calculations. This approach was successful at predicting the increased mobility of As at increasingly alkaline conditions. The modelling predictions were supported by results from batch equilibration experiments. Thus, it was possible to link direct observations of mineralogy, mineral stability calculations and adsorption models in order to predict the mobility of As. The success of this approach was dependent on identifying the reactive phase in this particular soil and having the appropriate data required for the adsorption modelling.     

Spatial distribution,mineralogy, and weathering of heavy metals in soils along zinc-concentrate ground transportation routes: implication for assessing heavy metal sources

We investigated the source of heavy metals in soils at a site in South Korea, where a ground transportation of zinc-concentrates (ZnS, sphalerite) occurs daily. Seventy soil samples were collected at the site and analyzed for residual concentrations of heavy metals, as well as their chemical and mineralogical properties. Enrichment factor was calculated based on local geochemical background level of metals in soils and confirmed the contamination of soils in the area by an anthropogenic source. The concentration data were also subjected to a Pearson correlation analysis to determine the possible influences of anthropogenic sources and identify the primary source. A slight negative correlation between heavy metals and Al, and a weak correlation between heavy metals and Fe implied that the heavy metals originated from anthropogenic inputs rather than a geogenic source. A strong positive linear correlation between Zn and other heavy metals (i.e., As, Cd, Cu, Pb, r ≥ 0.96, p ≤ 0.001) suggested the influence of a single anthropogenic source of zinc-concentrates containing all of these heavy metals. Zinc-concentrate oxidation and leaching experiments, which mimicked physical and chemical weathering in the environment, indicated that zinc-concentrate could be transformed to zinc oxides and release Cd and Pb upon precipitation. The findings in this study provide an insight into the fate of the Zn that the original form of zinc-concentrate would not remain in the soil after long-term weathering, which should be considered when source of heavy metals is identified.     

江苏典型地区河流沉积物重金属元素分布特征及其污染来源

通过对河流沉积物等地表沉积物中重金属元素分布等环境地球化学调查数据的统计分析,总结了江苏典型地区河流沉积物中重金属元素的分布特点与规律:江苏局部地区河流沉积物中,Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cu、Ni、Hg等相对富集趋势明显,Cd最大富集倍数 100;不同河流沉积物的重金属元素分布存在差异,与其污染来源密切相关;工业排放是导致河流重金属污染的主要原因,使用含Cd的颜料作为调色剂导致部分河流出现严重Cd污染;与土壤等其他地表沉积物相比,河流沉积物中重金属元素的分布更不均衡。查明河流沉积物的重金属元素分布可为相关农产品安全性预测、确定重金属污染来源、追踪涉重产业的发展历程、防治局部耕地重金属污染等提供科学依据。     

Multi-matrix environmental monitoring to assess heavy element distribution around a municipal solid waste landfill in Italy

Multi-matrix environmental monitoring was used to evaluate the influence of a municipal solid waste landfill (Ginestreto, Emilia Romagna, Italy) on the level and distribution of heavy elements in the surrounding environment (air, soil and soil biota). Concentrations of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl and Zn were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry in transplanted lichens, topsoils and isopods. The highest accumulation levels found for Cd, Cr, Pb, Sb and Zn in lichens transplanted within the Ginestreto landfill. However, similar concentrations of these heavy elements were also found in lichens exposed in monitoring sites influenced by other man-made sources, such as vehicle traffic and truck movements. The fallout of heavy elements emitted by the landfill had low impact on their levels in topsoil: Cd, Cr, Pb, Sb and Zn showed higher contents in topsoil collected close to the landfill and a slight decrease in concentrations with increasing distance from the landfill. There was no variation in heavy element accumulation in isopods in relation to distance from the landfill. The results of this study indicate that the Ginestreto municipal solid waste landfill had limited impact on the environmental distribution of heavy elements, since accumulation and enrichment in lichens and topsoils were only detected close to the landfill, up to about 100 m from its border.     

Assessment of the physicochemical parameters and heavy metals toxicity of leachates from municipal solid waste open dumpsite

Heavy metals and physicochemical characteristics of the different sites of the municipal solid waste dumpsite at Olusosun Landfill, Lagos, Nigeria, were investigated. The dormant site of the landfill has the potential of being a source of immediate environmental risk compared to the active and abandoned site, with the active site exhibiting tendency to be a likely source of Pb, Cd and Zn pollution. Zn was the most abundant metal in the area (0.264–0.947 mg/L) while Cd concentration was the lowest (0.001–0.022 mg/L). Pb, Cd, Zn were from anthropogenic sources and correlated significantly with chemical oxygen demand and oil and grease. Cu and Cr were more abundant in the dormant site and are attached to the solids as indicated by their significant correlation with TS and SS. The physicochemical characteristic of the leachate from the landfill indicate that they were more alkaline in nature, with TA range of 2354 to 7946 mg/L while the chemical oxygen demand values was also high 518.14 to 725.01 mg/L. The comparative analysis of the dormant site with other dormant site reveal a moderate concentration of the parameters measured but could contaminate the neighboring groundwater if not checked.     

Comparison of different methods for assessing heavy metal contamination in street dust of Xianyang City, NW China

Street dust is one of the important indicators that reflect the status of urban environmental pollution. There are many studies of heavy metals contamination of street dust in capital cities; however, little attention has been paid to this kind of study in medium cities, including China. The dust samples were collected in the district of traffic crossroads in Xianyang city, Shaanxi Province. Pb, Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr and Mn concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). The results indicate that the concentrations of heavy metals are higher than the background values of soils in Shaanxi Province. The contamination level of heavy metals is assessed by potential ecological risk index (E _r), geoaccumulation index (I _geo), enrichment factor (EF) and pollution index (Pi). The low I _geo, EF, E _r, Pi and PI_n (integrated pollution index) for Mn in street dusts indicate an absence of distinct Mn pollution. The high EF, Pi and PI_n of Cu and Zn indicate that there is considerable Cu and Zn pollution. It is suggested that more attention should be paid to heavy metals contamination of Cu and Zn. The assessment results of Pi and PI_n suggest that Pb, Ni and Cr present strong pollution; however, their EFs indicate that they cause moderate pollution and their I _geo indicates that they are unpolluted to moderately polluted. The contamination class value with different assessing methods is of the order: Pi ≈ PI_n > EF > I _geo > E _r.     

Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils around chromite mining areas, Nuggihalli, Karnataka, India

Toxic heavy metals represent one of the possible environmental hazards from mine lands, which affect many countries having historic mining industries. The primary aim of the study was to investigate the degree of soil pollution occurring near chromite mines, and make a systematic evaluation of soil contamination based on geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor and pollution index. This paper presents the pollution load of toxic heavy metals (As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn and Zr) in 57 soil samples collected around three different active (Tagdur), abandoned (Jambur) chromite mining sites as well residential zone around Chikkondanahalli of the Nuggihalli Schist Belt, Karnataka, India. Soil samples were analyzed for heavy metals by using Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Results indicated that elevated concentrations of Cr, Ni and Co in soils of the study area exceed the Soil Quality Guideline limits (SQGL). The high enrichment factor for Cr, Ni Co obtained in the soil samples show that there is a steady increase of toxic heavy metals risk in this area, which could be correlated with the past mining activity and post abandoned mining in the area. The data was also treated to study the geoaccumulation index, pollution index and spatial distribution of toxic elements. Emphasis need to be put on control measures of pollution and remediation techniques in the study area.     

Mine waste dumps and heavy metal pollution in abandoned mining district of Boccheggiano (Southern Tuscany, Italy)

 Mining activity in the Boccheggiano-Fontalcinaldo area (Southern Tuscany) dates back at least to the 16th century AD and lasted up to very recent times. Copper-rich hydrothermal veins, massive pyrite deposits, and their gossans were exploited. Two mine waste dumps (Fontalcinaldo, Fontebona), one flotation tailings impoundment (Gabellino), and one roasting/smelting waste dump (Merse-Ribudelli) in the study area were selected to ascertain the environmental effects of such protracted mining activity. Primary waste mineralogy is mainly characterized by pyrite, gypsum, quartz, carbonates, chlorites, and micas. Secondary oxidation mineralogy includes Fe and Cu sulfates and hydroxy sulfates, Cu carbonates, Fe and Al oxyhydroxides, and other phases [neogenic cassiterite at Fontalcinaldo; probable calkinsite, (Ce,La)₂(CO₃)₃· 4H₂O, at Fontebona]. Mine waste samples show extremely variable contents of toxic elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Bi, Cd, As), with average values in the order of hundreds to thousands of parts per million (except for Bi and Cd). In some samples, the abundance of proper minerals of these metals cannot account for the entire metal load. Conceivably, either solid solution substitutions or adsorption processes contribute to the intake of released metals into newly formed minerals. Release and transport of pollutants was affected to variable degrees by acid-neutralization processes. The highest metal and acid concentrations occur close to the investigated wastes and rapidly decrease moving downstream some hundreds of meters or less, with the partial exception for Mn and Fe. Other than dilution effects, this phenomenon may be ascribed to metal adsorption and precipitation of solid phases. Received: 16 April 1995 · Accepted: 14 December 1995     

广西某铅锌矿区废水汇集洼地土壤重金属污染调查与评价

对某铅锌矿废水汇集的岩溶洼地土壤重金属镉、铜、铅、锌、铬、砷和汞的含量进行调查分析,运用单项污染指数与综合污染指数相结合的方法对土壤环境质量状况和采用Hakanson潜在生态指数法对土壤重金属污染潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明,该区块土壤受到重金属镉、锌、汞、铅的严重污染,其污染指数均大于1,尤其是镉污染指数高达88.4,其后依次为锌和汞,铅最小;剖面上,A、B、C层,即0~30 cm、30~60 cm和60~90 cm土壤,均已受到不同程度的重金属污染,而且污染程度A层>B层>C层,其综合污染指数分别为67.0、11.9和8.8,各自的潜在生态风险指数分别为2 921.0、543.4、421.2,对应的潜在生态风险程度分别为极强、强、强。由此可见,该岩溶洼地土壤不仅镉、锌、汞、铅污染严重,而且其生态风险也很大,但土壤中基本没有受铜、铬、砷污染。在该洼地土壤重金属污染物没有清除前,建议禁止种植食用农产品,而改为种植非食用型经济作物。