Characteristics and cause analysis of heavy haze in Changchun City in Northeast China

Northeast China has been reported as having serious air pollution in China with increasing occurrences of severe haze episodes. Changchun City, as the center of Northeast China, has longstanding industry and is an important agricultural base. Additionally, Changchun City has a long winter requiring heating of buildings emitting pollution into the air. These factors contribute to the complexity of haze pollution in this area. In order to analyze the causes of heavy haze, surface air quality has been monitored from 2013 to 2015. By using satellite and meteorological data, atmospheric pollution status, spatio-temporal variations and formation have been analyzed. Results indicated that the air quality in 88.9% of days exceeding air quality index(AQI) level-1 standard(AQI 50) according to the National Ambient Air Quality Standard(NAAQS) of China. Conversely, 33.7% of the days showed a higher level with AQI 100. Extreme haze events(AQI 300) occurred frequently during agricultural harvesting period(from October 10 to November 10), intensive winter heating period(from Late-December to February) and period of spring windblown dust(April and May). Most daily concentrations of gaseous pollutants, i.e., NO_2(43.8 μg/m~3), CO(0.9 mg/m~3), SO_2(37.9 μg/m~3), and O_3(74.9 μg/m~3) were evaluated within level-1 concentration limits of NAAQS standards. However, particulate matter(PM_(2.5) and PM10) concentrations(67.3 μg/m~3 and 115.2 μg/m~3, respectively) were significantly higher than their level-1 limits. Severe haze in spring was caused by offsite transported dust and windblown surface soil. Heavy haze periods during fall and winter were mainly formed by intensive emissions of atmospheric pollutants and steady weather conditions(i.e., low wind speed and inversion layer). The overlay emissions of widespread straw burning and coal combustion for heating were the dominant factors contributing to haze in autumn, while intensive coal burning during the coldest time was the primary component of total emissions. In addition, general emissions including automobile exhaust, road and construction dust, residential and industrial activities, have significantly increased in recent years, making heavy haze a more frequent occurrence. Therefore, both improved technological strategies and optimized pollution management on a regional scale are necessary to minimize emissions in specified seasons in Changchun City, as well as comprehensive control measures in Northeast China.     

Magnetic properties of tree leaves and their significance in atmospheric particle pollution in Linfen City, China

Fifty-one tree leaves were sampled in the industrial area,residential area,and Fenhe River ecological zone,for the purpose of a magnetic study on atmospheric pollution in Linfen City,Shanxi Province,China.Measurements of mass-specific magnetic susceptibility(χ) show a significant variation range(from 11.6 × 10-8 m3/kg to 129.7 × 10-8 m3/kg).Overall values of magnetic susceptibility decline in the following sequence:industrial area > residential area > Fenhe River ecological zone.The relatively elevated concentration-related magnetic parameters(saturation isothermal remanent magnetization,anhysteretic remanent magnetization and magnetic susceptibility) appear in the industrial area,with their highest values in the vicinity of Linfen Steel Mill.Magnetic particles are dominated by multidomain,magnetite-like minerals.Magnetic particle concentration and grain size both decrease with the increasing distance from industrial area,indicating the industrial area,especially Linfen Steel Mill,is the main source of atmospheric particle pollution.Residential area and Fenhe River ecological zone are also affected by industrial emission to a certain extent.The results of this study indicate that magnetic measurements of tree leaves are practicable for monitoring and determination of atmospheric pollution in Linfen City.     

LAND RECLAMATION PROCESS IN NORTHEAST CHINA SINCE 1900

Landuse/coverchange(LUCC)isafocalthemeandemergingissueinthestudyofglobalenvironmentalchange.Humanmodificationsandalterationstotheenvironmentcauseimpactsonthesurfaceoftheearth,threatenglobalsustainabilityandlivelihoodsystems,andcontributetochangeinthebiogeochemicalcyclesoftheearth,whichinturnaffectatmosphericlevelsofgreenhouseandothertracegases.ConsequentlytheInternationalGeosphere-BiosphereProgram(IGBP)andtheInternationalHumanDimensionsProgram(IHDP)initiatedLUCCProgramtodevelopabette…     

Spatial-temporal evolution pattern of agricultural productivity in northwestern sichuan plateau

Currently, the agricultural growth in developed countries mainly relies on the improvement of productivity, which is also the target for China. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to describe the spatial-temporal evolution pattern of agricultural productivity, to reveal changes in total factor productivity in 2000–2010, and analyze the impact of these changes in northwestern Sichuan plateau, China. Using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and the Malmquist Index, an in-depth study was conducted on agricultural productivity and changes in total factor productivity of 31 counties in northwestern Sichuan plateau. Results indicated that: (1) geographically, counties with optimal efficiency were mainly located in the north of northwestern Sichuan plateau and those with the lowest efficiency, in the south; (2) relative to pure technical efficiency, scale efficiency was the dominant factor in determining agricultural productivity; (3) the redundancy rate of input factors in 2010 was slightly lower than that in 2000, thereby indicating an improved utilization of input factors to a certain extent and a great potential for further improving such utilization; (4) during the 2000–2010 period, the agricultural total factor productivity had an average annual growth rate of 8.3%, but the growth rates in various regions differed widely; (5) technical progress was the dominant factor promoting the improvement of total factor productivity in agriculture. The disparities in spatial distribution may be due to the differences of natural conditions, former level agricultural productivity between counties. The findings are valuable for the government to make sustainable development policies for agriculture and improving agricultural development in northwestern Sichuan plateau.     

The higher grain production,the more social deprivation? A case study of Henan province in traditional agricultural areas of China

This paper examines the spatial-temporal dynamics of inequality from the perspective of social deprivation in the context of continuous growth of grain production using national census data from 2000 and 2010 for Henan province, China. Our analytical results show an overall level of social deprivation that is high and a widening social deprivation gap at the county level. The social deprivation shows great spatiotemporal heterogeneity, the higher deprived counties are mainly distributed in central and eastern Henan province, while counties with lower social deprivation are clustered in northwestern regions, formed a belt-shape spatial differential between the south (higher deprived counties clustered) and northwest (low deprived counties clustered) Henan in 2000, and changed toward a core-periphery semi annular spatial structure in 2010, the low deprived counties surrounded by high deprived counties. The social deprivation shows a “west low and east high” spatial pattern, similar to the grain production in Henan province. Socioeconomic development level was low in most counties in Yudong plain despite of keeping the continuous increase of grain production, meaning the higher grain output did not result in the more social development expected in Chinese traditional agricultural areas, and the regional disparity is expected to increase in the near future if development conditions are not changed, which could inspire more targeted rural governance options.     

辉县百泉泉水断流原因分析

辉县市百泉自１９７９年以来出现数次断流干枯现象,严重制约了旅游资源的开发利用。文章从地下水的补给、迳流、排泄及泉水的动态等方面分析了百泉泉水断流的主要原因是大气降水的减少和人工过量开采地下水。     

临沂市低丘缓坡土地开发利用的实践与思考

临沂市创新低丘缓坡土地开发利用和管理模式,通过开展低丘缓坡土地的开发利用试点工作,提高了土地利用效率;增加了农民收入、改善了农业生产条件;有效保护和改善了生态环境。但项目实施过程中存在开发、立项要求高、试点县区少、规模小等问题。低丘缓坡土地开发利用过程中应做到:搞好顶层设计、稳步推进试点工作、开发与保护并重等举措,为其他地区提供借鉴。     

Using 137Cs tracing methods to estimate soil redistribution rates and to construct a sediment budget for a small agricultural catchment in the three gorges reservoir region, China

Soil erosion and associated off-site sedimentation are threatening the sustainable use of the Three Gorges Dam.To initiate management intervention to reduce sediment yields,there is an increasing need for reliable information on soil erosion in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region(TGRR).The purpose of this study is to use 137 Cs tracing methods to construct a sediment budget for a small agricultural catchment in the TGRR.Cores were taken from a pond and from paddy fields,for 137 Cs measurements.The results show that the average sedimentation rate in the pond since 1963 is 1.50 g cm-2 yr-1 and the corresponding amount of sediment deposited is 1,553 t.The surface erosion rate for the sloping cultivated lands and the sedimentation rate in the paddy fields were estimated to be 3,770 t km-2 yr-1 and 2,600 t km-2 yr-1,respectively.Based on the estimated erosion and deposition rates,and the area of each unit,the post 1970 sediment budget for the catchment has been constructed.A sediment delivery ratio of 0.5 has been estimated for the past 42 years.The data indicate that the sloping cultivated lands are the primary sediment source areas,and that the paddy fields are deposition zones.The typical land use pattern(with the upper parts characterized by sloping cultivated land and the lower parts by paddy fields) plays an important role in reducing sediment yield from agricultural catchments in the TGRR.A 137 Cs profile for the sediment deposited in a pond is shown to provide an effective means of estimating the land surface erosion rate in the upstream catchment.     

区域尺度农田氮磷非点源污染与模型应用分析

分析了农田非点源污染对生态环境的危害性,并阐述农田氮、磷非点源污染的机理及其在不同自然条件下的影响因素和监测方法。同时,对农田非点源污染的定量化、应用效应等进行了对比分析。此外,结合农田非点源污染与相关模型作了应用实例分析。     

山东省滨州市地下水污染现状研究

水资源是人类赖以生存的不可替代的物质基础,在全球经济和社会可持续发展过程中占有相当重要的地位。近年来,随着工业和农业的快速发展以及城镇人口的快速增长,随之而来的石油类污染、纺织印染污染、城市垃圾和生产生活污水的不合理处置以及农业生产农药、化肥的大量使用,造成本来有限的地下水污染状况日趋加重。以20世纪80年代时期地下水水质测试资料为背景,利用2015年以及近年来取得的大量水质测试资料,采用"污染指数法",对山东省滨州市进行区域地下水污染综合评价。研究表明:滨州市地下水无机污染以硝酸根、亚硝酸根、氯化物和硫酸盐为主,有机污染以二氯甲烷、三氯乙烯、1,1-二氯乙烯、三氯甲烷为主。相比而言黄河以北地区因地下水水位埋藏较浅,包气带岩性以砂岩为主,而且化工和皮革鞣质加工企业较多,因此受到有机污染危害更大一些。     

Characteristics and mechanism of agricultural transformation in typical rural areas of eastern China: A case study of Yucheng City,Shandong Province

Rural off-farm employment, rapid loss of agricultural land, and advanced technology popularization had led agricultural production in Chinese typical rural areas come at a critical transformation and upgrade stage. Based on sample survey data gathered from 401 households in Yucheng City, Shandong Province, this paper focuses on the characteristics and mechanism of agricultural transformation in typical rural areas of the eastern China. It was found that 74.3% of households surveyed kept at least one member engaging in off-farm employment, and 57.1% looked forward to expanding the operational scale of arable land, while just 13.7% had actually transferred their agricultural land. Since growing off-farm employment does not result in the collapse of traditional subsistence agriculture, therefore, agricultural production in Yucheng City is at an incomplete transformation phase from traditional small-holder farming to modern scale economy. It is caused by both macro environments and family characteristics, while urban-rural dual structure, imperfect rural development policy and agricultural technology popularization make peasant economy strengthen upon maintenance, and small-holder farming becomes peasant’s natural response owing to pluriactivity, local off-farm employment, reverse elimination, etc. In order to achieve smooth agricultural transformation of typical rural areas in the eastern China, it needs to promote professional differentiation among peasants, under clear policies adopted by central government. Providing comprehensive services for agricultural production and improving production skills and knowledge of farmers who are still living in the countryside will effectively stimulate the process of agricultural transformation.     

Distribution and accumulation characteristics of heavy metals in sediments in southern sea area of Huludao City, China

The southern sea area of the Huludao City, Liaoning Province might be polluted by heavy metals because it is close to the Jinzhou Bay, one of the heaviest sea area polluted by heavy metals in China. The undisturbed modern sediment core can be used to analyze the accumulation and source of the pollutants using 137 Cs and 210 Pb ex . Thirty-five samples of surface sediment and two core sediments were collected from the southern sea area of Huludao City. The concentrations of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), chrome (Cr), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) in the surface sediments as well as Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, 137 Cs and 210 Pb ex in the core sediments were determined to research the spatial distribution and accumulation characteristics, and to analyze the sources and the potential risks of heavy metals. The results show that the pollution levels of Zn and Hg are serious, and 26 stations are at moderate or heavy ecological risks. The concentrations of the heavy metals increase from east to west, as well as from open sea to offshore marine area. The concentrations of heavy metals are not high in the sediments adjacent to the Jinzhou Bay, and the influence caused by the seawater exchange with the Jinzhou Bay is little. The concentrations of the heavy metals in the core sediments show low-high-low characteristic, and it coincides with the pollution history of Huludao City. The atmospheric deposition of heavy metals from the Huludao Zinc Plant is likely to be the main source of pollution without direct discharge of wastewater. The high concentrations of heavy metals appear on the upper sediment of 20 cm. The shallow sediment with high heavy metal contents might be exposed to surface when it was disturbed by the ocean engineering and big storm surge, then cause risk to the safety of aquaculture and human healthy.     

DESIGN AND COMPILATION OF AGRICULTURAL ELECTRONIC ATLAS AT COUNTY-LEVEL

１ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＷｉｔｈｔｈｅｒａｐｉｄｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｎｅｗｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓｓｕｃｈａｓｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒｃａｒｔｏｇｒａｐｈｙｈａｓｅｎｔｅｒｅｄｔｈｅ２１ｓｔｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ′ｓｄｉｇｉｔａｌｐｅｒｉｏｄｆｒｏｍｃｏｍｐｕｔｅｒａｓｓｉｓｔｍａｐｐｉｎｇｉｎｔｈｅ１９７０ｓｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｍａｐｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎｈａｓｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍｅｄｆｒｏｍ２Ｄｍｏｎｏｍｅｄｉｕｍｓｔａｔｉｃｉｎｔｏ３Ｄｍｕｌｔｉｍ…     

Land use change and effect analysis of tideland reclamation in Hangzhou Bay

Since the beginning of the 20^th century, tideland reclamation as a huge project has continuously extended from inland to the sea for the socioeconomic development, like Zhejiang, Jiangsu and other coastal regions in China. The increase of land area alleviated the contradiction of supply and demand between human and land, which provided the guarantee for agricultural production and industrial development. However, marine ecological environment has been seriously damaged due to the increasing scale of tideland reclamation. This paper took the Hangzhou Bay in the Yangtze River Delta as a study area to explore the evolution law, socioeconomic effect and eco-environmental effect of reclaimed land from 1985 to 2015. The result showed that as follows: (1) The area of tideland reclamation was 460.67 km² with 16.57% cultivated land and 15.93% construction land, and its land use was inefficient; (2) Land use change has spatial and temporal difference, the speed of tideland reclamation had been increasing from 1985 to 2015 in time and the scale of reclaimed land in the southern (84.07%) of Hangzhou Bay was larger than the northern region (15.93%) in space; (3) The evolution law of land use was from tideland to swampland and coastal waters to agricultural facility land, to cultivated land to industrial-mining land to idle land, rural-urban construction land, and formed obviously hierarchical structure; (4) Effect analysis of land use change found that the socio-economic effect had increased but the eco-environmental effect had decreased from 1985 to 2015, it reflected socioeconomic effect was acquired through sacrificing ecoenvironmental effect; (5) It pointed out the existing problems on land extensive inefficient, environmental degradation and economy excessive growth without scientific planning, and offered some suggestions in land comprehensive improvement project, industrial transformation and upgrading and scientific planning and legal safeguard to promote sustainable development in the Hangzhou Bay in the new period.     

Dynamics of saline-alkali land and its ecological regionalization in western Songnen Plain,China

As the important reserve land resources for food production,saline-alkali land should play a significant role to ensure the national food security in the context of global food crisis. The western Songnen Plain is one of main distribution regions of saline-alkali land in China,with great potential in agricultural development. In this study,the extent,transformation,spatial distribution and temporal change of saline-alkali land in the western Songnen Plain during 1954–2005 were investigated by using remote sensing and GIS spatial analysis methods. Saline-alkali land change was detected from a temporal series of topographic maps in 1954,satellite images of Landsat MSS in 1976,Landsat TM/ETM in 1988,2000 and 2005 through artificial visual interpretation. The results indicated a significant expansion in saline-alkali land area and aggravation in salinization. The area of saline-alkali land had increased from 401.48×103 ha in 1954 to 1 097.45×103 ha in 2005. While the ratio of light,moderate and serious salinized land areas changed from 6.72︰2.92︰1.00 to 1.25︰1.06︰1.00 in the study period. Grassland,cropland,swampland and water body were the major land use and land cover types from which saline-alkali land transformed. And the secondary salinization occured mainly in Da′an City,Tongyu County,Changling County,Daqing City,Dorbod Mongolian Autonomous County and Zhaoyuan County. Finally,seven large ecoregions and 14 corresponding sub-ecoregions were delineated out based on spatio-temopral dynamic characteristics of saline-alkali land and geo-relational environmental attributes. According to the results,measures of amelioration and ways of development of saline-alkali land in the western Songnen Plain were put forward.     

四川省农业资源开发利用现状及可持续利用对策

采用系统、综合分析法,全面、系统、科学的分析评价了四川农业资源开发利用现状及其发展变化趋势,针对四川耕地面积不断减少、人地矛盾日趋尖锐、水土流失严重、水资源利用率低、水资源污染日趋严重等制约四川经济社会可持续发展的主要因素,提出了切实保护耕地、加强生态环境保护和建设、防治水资源污染、提高水资源利用率和供水能力等一系列实现农业资源可持续利用的对策和措施.     

Anthropogenic,detritic and atmospheric soil-derived sources of lead in an alpine poor fen in northeast China

Ombrotrophic bogs are faithful archive of atmospheric metal deposition,but the potential for fens to reconstruct environmental change is often underestimated.In this study,some new data on the Pb depositional history in northeast China were provided using two 210Pb-dated peat sequences from a poor fen in the Fenghuang Mountain of Heilongjiang province.Anthropogenic,detritic and atmospheric soil sources were discriminated using a two-step sequential digestion(weak acid leaching to liberate mobile Pb which is often regarded as anthropogenic Pb,especially for recent samples)and a ratio of unsupported 210 Pb and supported 210 Pb with the logic of that the 214 Pb mainly represents the residual detritus(constant throughout the core)and the unsupported 210 Pb arises from atmospheric fallout.A higher 210Pb/214 Pb suggests more contributions from atmospheric deposition to the Pb content in the peat,and a ratio of 10 was defined to indicate the boundary between detritic input and atmospheric deposition.The detritic Pbwas estimated to be 10~(-1)3 mg·kg~(-1),the anthropogenic Pb ranged from 10-80 mg·kg~(-1),and the atmospheric soil-derived Pb ranged from 5 mg·kg~(-1) to 30mg·kg~(-1).The history of anthropogenic Pb pollution over the last 150 years was reconstructed,and the calculated Pb deposition rate(AR Pb) ranged from 5to 56 mg·m-2·yr~(-1).Using Ti as a reliable reference,the enrichment factor of Pb(EF Pb) relative to the upper continental crust was calculated.Both AR Pb and EF Pb increased with time,especially after the foundation of the People's Republic of China.This is consistent with increasing industrialization and coal burning in the last 60 years in northeast China.The present record of anthropogenic Pb deposition was consistent with the previous reports and an increasing trend of environmental pollution due to anthropogenic activities,in contrasts to Europe and North America which have experienced a major environmental cleanup.For the first time,this work estimates atmospheric Pb deposition via a minerotrophic peat core in China.This will enhance the use of peat archives for studies of environmental change.     

乐陵市特色农业地质探析

通过分析区内特色农业种植区的地形地貌、包气带岩性结构、土壤质地类型等农业地质背景条件及浅层地下水水位、水质、水量等农业水文地质条件,总结工作区土壤盐渍化、土地沙化、水土污染、土壤肥力衰减等农业环境地质问题及其分布规律,查明了工作区土壤的地球化学特征及其与特色农产品之间的关系,并进行特色农业地质环境质量综合评价,研究特色农产品与农业地质环境的关系,提出了农业种植区发展区划与建议。     

Assessment of economic development for Three Gorges Reservior Area

ＡＳＳＥＳＳＭＥＮＴＯＦＥＣＯＮＯＭＩＣＤＥＶＥＬＯＰＭＥＮＴＦＯＲＴＨＲＥＥＧＯＲＧＥＳＲＥＳＥＲＶＩＯＲＡＲＥＡ①ＣｈｅｎＧｕｏｊｉｅ（陈国阶）ＣｈｅｎｇｄｕＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＭｏｕｎｔａｉｎＨａｚａｒｄｓ＆Ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ,ｔｈｅＣｈ...