楚科奇海-加拿大海盆表层沉积物中的粘土矿物

楚科奇海-加拿大海盆表层沉积物中主要存在3种粘土矿物组合:1)伊利石-高岭石-绿泥石-蒙皂石,仅见于加拿大海盆北部;2)伊利石-绿泥石-蒙皂石-高岭石,主要见于楚科奇海中部;3)伊利石-绿泥石-高岭石-蒙皂石,普遍见于研究区内除上述两海区以外的广大区域.就各粘土矿物的区域变化而言,总体上由楚科奇海向加拿大海盆,伊利石和高岭石呈含量增加趋势,绿泥石和蒙皂石含量呈减少趋势.根据粘土矿物的质量分数和粘土矿物间比值的区域变化,可大体以(74°30′N,175°W)和(71°30′N,150°W)两点连线为界,将研究区分为南、北两个明显不同的粘土矿物分区:南区以绿泥石和蒙皂石含量较高为主要特征,其中S/I和S/K普遍较高、而K/I和K/CH则普遍较低;北区则以伊利石和高岭石含量较高为主要特征,其中S/I和S/K普遍较低,而K/I和K/CH则普遍较高.粘土矿物的这种分布格局和区域变化表明,在北冰洋的楚科奇海-加拿大海盆海域,不论是粘土矿物的来源还是其分布变化的控制因素,都存在着明显的南、北之别:在该海域的南部,粘土矿物主要来源于阿拉斯加的岩石风化产物、育空河的入海物质以及东西伯利亚海沿岸主要河流的入海物质,其分布主要受来自太平洋的水流结构和西伯利亚沿岸流所控制;而在该海域的北部,粘土矿物则主要来源于加拿大马更些河的入海物质和由北冰洋欧亚海盆扩散而来的细粒物质,其分布主要受北冰洋的跨极漂流、来自大西洋的水流结构以及波弗特涡流等所控制.     

Physical and Acoustic Properties of Gas-bearing Sediments in Jinhae Bay,the South Sea of Korea

High-resolution seismic survey and sediment core sampling were conducted to investigate acoustic characteristics of gas-bearing sediments in Jinhae Bay, the southeast of Korea. The sediment in Jinhae Bay is mostly homogenous mud deposited after the Holocene transgression. Along with the 410 km of chirp seismic profiling, five piston core samples were collected on the track lines.

Gassy sediments are common and occur widely in the bay. Core samples were analyzed for sediment texture, physical properties (porosity, water content, bulk density, and grain density), acoustic properties (compressional wave velocity and attenuation), and electrical resistivity. X-radiograph image analysis was also performed to observe the shape of degassing cracks. There is no significant downcore variation on physical and sediment textures regardless of existence of gas bubbles. However, compressional wave velocity dramatically decreases from average 1480 to 1380～739 m/s for the cores that penetrate the gas-bearing zones. This is probably due to degassying cracks that developed by escaping gases and free gas bubbles that are still trapped in the cores. Electrical resistivity is the only geotechnical property that increases in the gas-bearing zone where compressional wave velocity abruptly decreases. This indicates the possibility of using both electrical resistivity as an index variable as well as to compressional wave velocity to identify gassy sediment microstructure because there are little changes in texture and composition of sediment.     

Reservoir characterization of gas hydrate in the Northwestern part of the Ulleung Basin,East Sea

An analysis of 3D seismic data from the northwestern part of the Ulleung Basin, East Sea, revealed that the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) consists of five seismic units separated by regional reflectors. An anticline is present that documents activity of many faults. The seismic indicators of gas hydrate occurrence included bottom simulating reflector (BSR) and acoustic blanking in the gas hydrate occurrence zone (GHOZ). By the analysis of the seismic characteristics and the gradient of the sedimentary strata, the GHOZ was divided into four classes: (1) dipping strata upon strong BSR, (2) dipping strata below strong BSR, (3) parallel strata with acoustic blanking, and (4) parallel strata below weak BSR. Seismic attributes such as reflection strength and instantaneous frequency were computed along the GHOZ. Low reflection strength and high instantaneous frequency were identified above the BSR, indicating the occurrence of gas hydrate. A remarkably high reflection strength and low instantaneous frequency indicated the presence of free gas below the BSR. Considering the distribution of the gas hydrate and free gas, two gas migration processes are suggested: (1) stratigraphic migration through the dipping, permeable strata and (2) structural migration from below the GHSZ along faults.     

琼东南盆地南部早中新世碳酸盐岩台地的地震解释

The southern uplift of the Qiongdongnan Basin is a deepwater area in which no wells have beens drilled. The Miocene-Quaternary strata in the Xisha Islands, which are located 40–100 km to the south, are composed of carbonate reef formations. Paleotectonic and paleogeographic analyses of the basin suggest that the southern uplift experienced favorable geological conditions for the development of carbonate reefs during the Miocene.The high-impedance carbonates have high amplitudes and low frequencies on seismic profiles. The reefs are distributed on paleotectonic highs and are thicker than the contemporaneous formations. A forward model of the variation in carbonate thickness based on lithological and velocity information from wells in nearby regions can simulate the seismic response of carbonates with different thicknesses. We identified several important controlling points for determining the thickness of carbonates from seismic profiles, including the pinchout point,the λ/4 thickness point, and the λ/2 thickness point. We depict a carbonate thickness map in the deepwater area of the southern Qiongdongnan Basin based on this model. The carbonate thickness map, the paleotectonic and paleogeographic background, and the seismic response characteristics of reefs suggest that the carbonates that developed on the southern uplift of the Qiongdongnan Basin during the Miocene were mainly an isolated carbonate platform peninsula and ramp deposits. It consisted of gentle ramp platform, steep slope platform,platform depression, gravity flow, and reef bank facies.     

加拿大海盆与楚科奇海表层沉积物中硫酸盐还原菌丰度分布状况

对中国第2次北极科学考察海洋表层沉积物(0～1 cm)中硫酸盐还原菌进行4℃、25℃的培养实验,结合首次北极科学考察海洋沉积物硫酸盐还原菌研究成果,研究了研究区硫酸盐还原菌丰度的分布。结果表明,4℃培养得出硫酸盐还原菌丰度为0～2.4×104个/g(湿样),平均3 433个/g(湿样),并呈现有规律的分布趋势:低纬区的高于高纬区的,浅水区的高于深水区的。本区硫酸盐还原菌丰度高于中国东海、南海和黄海部分海区沉积物中的,低于胶州湾以及西北冰洋某些海区中的。25℃培养时硫酸盐还原菌丰度为0～2.4×104个/g(湿样),平均4 062个/g(湿样),在1 880 m以浅水域其丰度与4℃培养时的一致,而在1 880 m以深水域其丰度高于4℃培养时丰度。     

Seismic stratigraphy of Late Quaternary sediments of western Mersin Bay shelf, (NE Mediterranean Sea)

High-resolution shallow seismic-reflection profiles obtained from the western Mersin Bay have revealed the existence of the two distinct depositional sequences (C and B) lying on a narrow and relatively steeply-sloping continental shelf which mainly receives its sediments from the ephemeral rivers. The upper Holocene sedimentary sequence (C) is characterized by stratified (simple to complex) to chaotic reflection configurations produced by the development of a prograding wedge of terrigenous sediment. Particular occurrences of slope- and front-fill facies and the lack of a sharp boundary, which has, however, been observed on the western shelf of this bay, between the Early Holocene and latest Pleistocene deposits are related to possible movement of underlying deposits due to local gravity mass movements or synsedimentary tectonics due to adjustment of the underlying evaporites in adjacent basin. The maximum thickness of the topmost sequence C is associated with the Tarsus–Seyhan delta, which lies to the northeast of the area and is prograding along the shelf. Other variations in thickness (5–40 m) of this topmost sequence are related to the variable sediment discharge along the coast, and the distance from the coast. It is at a maximum (40 m) in the nearshore area just west of the Lamas river mouth and at a minimum (5–15 m) in the offshore area.

The lower depositional pre-Holocene sequence (B) is characterized by continuous to wavy reflection configurations and how some cyclicity, suggesting coarse, heterogeneous sediments deposited under high energy conditions (fan-deltas) of Plio-Pleistocene age.

The combined interpretation of seismic reflection profiles with the available bore-hole data reveals the existence of a widespread Miocene acoustic basement (A) off the Susanoğlu–Tırtar coasts and Karapınar–Gilindirez rivers mouths. Unusual features in some profiles suggest the escape of coastal freshwater into the accumulating sediment.     

Time-series of surface water CO2 and oxygen measurements on a platform in the central Arkona Sea (Baltic Sea): Seasonality of uptake and release

High resolution measurements of carbon dioxide and oxygen were made in surface waters of the central Arkona Sea (Baltic Sea) from May 2003 to September 2004. Sensors for CO₂ partial pressure (pCO₂^w) and oxygen (O₂) concentration were mounted in 7 m depth on a moored platform which is used for hydrographic and meteorological monitoring. The pCO₂^w data were obtained in half hour intervals and O₂ was measured each hour as an average of a 10 min measurement. To check the performance of the sensors, pCO₂^w and O₂ were determined by shipboard measurements on a research vessel which visited the site in 1–2 month intervals. In addition, pCO₂^w was measured on a “volunteer observing ship” (VOS) passing the platform each second day at a distance of about 25 km. Minima of 220 to 250 μatm of pCO₂^w were observed at the time of the spring bloom and a cyanobacteria bloom in mid-summer. During winter the pCO₂^w was mostly close to equilibrium with the atmosphere but maxima of 430 to 530 μatm were also observed. The seasonality of oxygen and pCO₂^w showed an opposing pattern. From a multiple regression analysis, we concluded that two processes primarily controlled pCO₂^w during our study: biological turnover and mixing. A parameterization, based on apparent oxygen utilisation (AOU) and salinity (S) only (pCO₂^w = 1.23 AOU + 43 S), reproduced the seasonality of pCO₂^w in surface water reasonably well. Based on our pCO₂, salinity, and temperature data set, we attempted to separate processes changing total inorganic carbon concentrations (C_T) by using an alkalinity–salinity relation for the area. The contribution of CO₂ gas exchange and mixing were calculated and from this the biological turnover was deduced to reveal the calculated C_T changes.The net annual uptake of CO₂ in the central Arkona Sea was estimated to be about 1.5 Tg (1.5·10¹² g) which was approximately balanced by a net oxygen release considering the uncertainties of the flux calculations. Near-coast CO₂ emission due to episodic upwelling partly compensated the uptake of the central part of the Arkona Sea reducing the overall magnitude of the CO₂ uptake.     

Seismic evidence and formation mechanism of gas hydrates in the Zhongjiannan Basin,Western margin of the South China Sea

An analysis of 3D seismic data from the Zhongjiannan Basin in the western margin of the South China Sea (SCS) reveals seismic evidence of gas hydrates and associated gases, including pockmarks, a bottom simulating reflector (BSR), enhanced reflection (ER), reverse polarity reflection (RPR), and a dim amplitude zone (DAZ). The BSR mainly surrounds Zhongjian Island, covering an area of 350 km² in this 3D survey area. The BSR area and pockmark area do not match each other; where there is a pockmark developed, there is no BSR. The gas hydrate layer builds upward from the base of the stability zone with a thickness of less than 100 m. A mature pockmark usually consists of an outside trough, a middle ridge, and one or more central pits, with a diameter of several kilometers and a depth of several hundreds of meters. The process of pockmark creation entails methane consumption. Dense faults in the study area efficiently transport fluid from large depths to the shallow layer, supporting the formation of gas hydrate and ultimately the pockmark.     

Depositional conditions and organic matter distribution in the Bornholm Basin,Baltic Sea

Information on grain-size distribution and total organic carbon (TOC) content of surface sediment and cores from the Bornholm Basin, together with dating of cores using the ²¹⁰Pb method and shallow seismic chirp profiling, has been analysed to elucidate long-term accumulation patterns. The presence of non-depositional areas with lag sediments and low TOC content below the wave base indicates that inflows of dense bottom water originating in the North Sea and associated near-bottom currents have strong influence on the depositional patterns of bulk sediment and organic matter in this deep basin. The general fining in mean grain size towards the northeast corresponds to the direction of inflow currents and prevailing winds. Recent and previously found ²¹⁰Pb-based mean accumulation rates vary greatly within the basin, between 129 and 1,144 g m⁻² year⁻¹. The accumulation rate may vary by a factor of three even between stations located only 3–4 km apart. Rates recorded close to a seismic profile are consistent with the variation in Holocene sediment thickness. This variation reflects a depositional system controlled by near-bottom inflow currents, consisting of a large-scale channel and a wedge-formed sediment package. The spatial variation in TOC content depends partly on water depth, presumably due to generally poorer degradation in the deepest part of the basin because of less frequent oxygen supply by inflow water. Moreover, there is a tendency of higher TOC contents in the southern part of the basin, which may be due to the input of sediments originating from the Oder River. Compared to values for the central, deep Baltic Sea, TOC contents show lower values of 4–6% and insignificant temporal variations. This may be due to the Bornholm Basin being located much closer to the source of the more oxic inflow water, resulting in more favourable degradation conditions.     

Seismic stratigraphic framework and depositional sequences in the Santos Basin,Brazil

The Santos Basin, situated offshore southern Brazil, is one of nine marginal rift basins in the equatorial South Atlantic. It formed by the collapse of a thermal dome in the late Jurassic and by subsequent rifting and opening of the South Atlantic in the early Cretaceous. Rifting was accompanied by immense volcanic outpouring seen at the surface today throughout the onshore Paraná Basin and thought to underlie the entire Santos Basin, and the adjacent São Paulo Plateau. Vulcanism was followed by subsidence of up to 10 km from Aptian to Recent time, and a coastal hingeline coincides with the Serra do Mar uplift. The basin depocentre, which is 700 km long, is bounded to the north and south by basement and volcanic highs, respectively. A restricted water circulation in the ocean basin, which prevailed up to the Santonian stage, has important repercussions for the hydrocarbon potential of the area. The nine genetically related basins have collective reserves of ≈ 5 billion barrels of oil and associated gas. A stratigraphic framework, based largely on seismic data, has been erected for the Santos Basin. Seven regional unconformities, or ‘R’ reflections, can be traced throughout the basin and form the boundaries for seismic sequences. Isopaching the seismic sequences defines the principal depositional units in the basin and also shows how the basin depocentre shifted with time. Limited well control has enabled the seismic sequences to be correlated with litho-environmental sequences which more fully reflect the geological evolution and provide a working exploration model. Finally, an attempt has been made to recognize and map seismic facies within the seismic sequences and to predict the lithofacies in areas away from well control     

珠江口盆地碳酸盐岩下构造深度校正探讨

地震资料显示, 高速层的存在会对下部地层产生上拉现象, 影响下部地层成像的准确性, 甚至产生构造假象, 给油气勘探带来预测难点。文章尝试从理论模型出发, 通过研究产生上拉的影响因素, 建立上拉系数量版法, 定量分析上拉幅度, 进而还原下部地层构造。研究表明: 上拉幅度受控于高速体速度、厚度和围岩速度, 交会量版说明上拉系数与高速体速度基本呈线性关系。在此基础上建立相应地质模型, 并进行实例解剖, 表明了此种方法对局部构造深度预测是有效的。     

Meiobenthic Organisms as Indicators of Mixing Processes in the Baltic Surface Sediments*

Abstract. Two sediment cores were collected in the southern Baltic Sea and sliced into 1.0cm-thick layers. Sediments of each layer were analysed for activities of ²¹⁰Pb, ¹³⁷Cs, ¹³⁴Cs and for the density of meiobenthic organisms (meiofauna). Zones with the rapid mixing occur in the uppermost layers (0–3 cm) of the cores based on ^I34Cs profiles. The extent and density of meiofauna confirmed the rapid mixing and revealed layers with slow mixing (4–8 cm). Sedimentation rates were derived from ²¹⁰Pb profiles below the mixing zones (1.21 and 1.72 mm a-^I) and were confumed by ¹³⁷Cs distribution. Of twenty-one major meiofauna taxa commonly found in the Baltic sediments, three were present in the cores.     

Seismic study of the Ulleung Basin crust and its implications for the opening of the East Sea (Japan Sea)

The Ulleung Basin (Tsushima Basin) in the southwestern East Sea (Japan Sea) is floored by a crust whose affinity is not known whether oceanic or thinned continental. This ambiguity resulted in unconstrained mechanisms of basin evolution. The present work attempts to define the nature of the crust of the Ulleung Basin and its tectonic evolution using seismic wide-angle reflection and refraction data recorded on ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs). Although the thickness of (10 km) of the crust is greater than typical oceanic crust, tau-p analysis of OBS data and forward modeling by 2-D ray tracing suggest that it is oceanic in character: (1) the crust consists of laterally consistent upper and lower layers that are typical of oceanic layers 2 and 3 in seismic velocity and gradient distribution and (2) layer 2C, the transition between layer 2 and layer 3 in oceanic crust, is manifested by a continuous velocity increase from 5.7 to 6.3 km/s over the thickness interval of about 1 km between the upper and lower layers. Therefore it is not likely that the Ulleung Basin was formed by the crustal extension of the southwestern Japan Arc where crustal structure is typically continental. Instead, the thickness of the crust and its velocity structure suggest that the Ulleung Basin was formed by seafloor spreading in a region of hotter than normal mantle surrounding a distant mantle plume, not directly above the core of the plume. It seems that the mantle plume was located in northeast China. This suggestion is consistent with geochemical data that indicate the influence of a mantle plume on the production of volcanic rocks in and around the Ulleung Basin. Thus we propose that the opening models of the southwestern East Sea should incorporate seafloor spreading and the influence of a mantle plume rather than the extension of the crust of the Japan Arc.     

南海中建南盆地速度资料分析与应用

在大量速度谱解释的基础上,分别计算了南海中建南盆地的层速度、时深转换和砂岩百分含量,并对盆地5套地层的层速度平面图进行了分析。结果表明,中部坳陷的层速度最大,北部坳陷和南部坳陷次之,北部隆起的层速度最小,反映了地层的构造走势;利用砂岩百分含量资料进行岩性分析,发现西北部和西南部的砂岩百分含量大于75%,属于砂岩相沉积,推测盆地的物源主要来自西北和西南方向,为沉积相解释和油气资源评价提供了依据。     

Seismic geomorphology,architecture and genesis of Miocene shelf sand ridges in the Pearl River Mouth Basin,northern South China Sea

Multiple stages of large-scale shelf sand ridges, including the shoreface-attached and the offshore types, have developed in the Miocene successions on the mid-shelf region of the Pear River Mouth Basin, northern South China Sea. Utilizing a high-quality 3D seismic data set, accompanying 2D seismic profiles and well logs, the morphology, architecture and genesis of these shelf sand ridges have been systematically investigated in this study. The ridges are of very large scale, with the largest one having a maximum height of 64 m, a width of more than 20 km and a length of 37 km within the 3D survey area. Being mound-shaped, they also display obvious asymmetry character, with the ridge crest preferentially located on the SE side. Three main internal components, including the ridge front, central ridge and the ridge tail, have been recognized through careful anatomy analysis of the two most well-imaged ridges, each displaying distinct expressions on seismic amplitudes and geometries. In the plan view, most of the shelf sand ridges are generally NE–SW oriented and widening to the SW direction. Scouring features can also be clearly observed along the SW direction, including scour depressions and linear sandy remnants. On well logs, the shelf sand ridges are represented by an overall coarsening-upward pattern. Intervals with blocky sandstones are preferentially present on higher locations due to a differential winnowing process controlled by shelf topography.Plenty of evidence indicates that these ridges were primarily formed by the reworking of forced regressive or lowstand deltaic deposits under a persistent southwesterly flowing current during the subsequent transgression. This very current is a composite one, which is speculated to consist of winter oceanic current, SCSBK (South China Sea Branch of Kuroshio) intrusion onto the shelf and internal waves propagating from the Luzon Strait. Tidal currents might have contributed to the SE growth of the ridge. In response to the reglaciation of Antarctic ice-sheet and the closure of Pacific-Indian ocean seaway in the middle Miocene, the intensification of the North Pacific western boundary current was considered to have potential links to the initiation of the shelf sand ridges at ∼12 Ma. The development of shelf ridges was terminated and replaced by rapid deltaic progradation at ∼5.5 Ma.     

南海南部北康盆地中新世碳酸盐台地地震响应及分布特征

以大量高精度2D地震资料分析为基础,对北康盆地碳酸盐台地地震反射特征、演化期次及分布特征开展了系统研究。北康盆地碳酸盐台地自早中新世开始发育,中中新世广泛分布,而从晚中新世开始衰退淹没。中新世碳酸盐台地多为孤立台地,台地边缘常发育断层,台地顶部在地震剖面上多呈现为两条平行和亚平行强反射轴,内部呈杂乱和亚平行空白及弱反射轴,底部则多为一条光滑的平行和亚平行弱反射轴。北康盆地中新世碳酸盐台地发育可以划分为3个期次,第1期台地发育范围大且厚度较薄;第2期台地范围缩小,受到断层控制明显;第3期台地范围进一步缩小直至被淹没。北康盆地中新世碳酸盐台地主要为北东向和北西向,这与周边盆地和现今碳酸盐台地走向一致,其平面分布受到构造隆起和断裂的控制。     

Synoptic variability of the currents in the Gotland Basin of the Baltic Sea

The series of long-term observations of synoptic-scale currents obtained by instrumental measurements at the moorings in the Gotland Basin of the Baltic Sea are analyzed. The results of the statistical analysis of the currents reveal their wave structure. The characteristics of the low-frequency waves received on the basis of the cross-spectral analysis show that, in the range of periods from 2 to 20 days, they propagated in the southwestern, southeastern, and northwestern directions with phase speeds of 0.02–2.08 m/s and have lengths from 28 to 431 km. It is suggested that the distinguished wavelike perturbations of the synoptic-scale currents are related to topographic waves. The analysis of the meteorological conditions and the results of the numerical hydrodynamic modeling of the Baltic Sea free low-frequency fluctuations led us to conclude that the most possible mechanism of the generation of the intense wave-like oscillations of synoptic-scale currents in the Gotland Basin is the resonance between the anemobaric forces and the relatively slow-moving anticyclones over the open Baltic Sea and the eigenmode of the basin.     

Geotechnical Properties of Surface Sediments in the INDEX Area

Abstract

As a part of the environmental impact assessment studies, geotechnical properties of sediments were determined in the Central Indian Basin. The undrained shear strength and index properties of the siliceous sediments were determined on 20 box cores of uniform dimension collected from various locations in five preselected sites. The maximum core length encountered was 41 cm and most of the sediments were siliceous oozes consisting of radiolarian or diatomaceous tests. The shear strength measurements revealed that surface sediments deposited in recent times (0–10 cm) have a shear strength of 0–1 kPa; this value increases with depth, reaching 10 kPa at 40 cm deep. Older sediments have greater strength because of compaction. Water content varies in the wide range of 312–577% and decreases with depth. The clay minerals such as smectite and illite are dominant and show some control over water content. Wet density, specific gravity, and porosity do not indicate any notable variation with depth, thereby indicating a uniform, slow rate of sedimentation. The average porosity of sediments is 90.2%, specific gravity 2.18, and wet bulk density 1.12 g/cm³. Sediments exhibit medium to high plasticity characteristics, with the average plasticity index varying between 105% and 136%. Preliminary studies on postdisturbance samples showed an increase in natural water content and a decrease in undrained shear strength of sediments in the top 10- to 15-cm layer.     

东海陆架盆地西湖凹陷孔雀亭区油气来源及运移方向

孔雀亭区是西湖凹陷油气勘探重点区带,油气来源及运移方向不清限制了勘探的进一步拓展。基于油气特征及分布研究,通过开展烃源岩及原油生物标志化合物特征对比分析、天然气成熟度计算,综合厘定了油气来源;结合油气运移效应分析明确了原油及天然气运移方向。结果表明,孔雀亭区原油主要来自平湖组下段和宝石组烃源岩,平湖组中段及上段少量贡献,原油自斜坡内生油次洼向高部位运移,是原油优势运聚方向;天然气具有斜坡带本地烃源岩及西次凹双重来源,以西次凹贡献为主,天然气自斜坡低带向高带侧向运移,并沿断层与斜坡带烃源岩自生天然气混合呈现垂向运移特征,斜坡低部位是天然气勘探有利区带。