海洋原甲藻与三角褐指藻混合培养条件下的种群生长与氮磷营养盐变化

以三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohl)和海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum mi-cans)为实验种研究了硅藻与甲藻在混合培养的环境中其各自的种群密度变化以及相应水体中氮磷营养盐变化。结果显示,在单独培养或与海洋原甲藻共同培养的条件下,三角褐指藻均表现出明显的营养盐吸收优势,种群生长迅速。相对而言,海洋原甲藻对营养盐的吸收速率明显较低,而且在与三角褐指藻共同培养的水体中一直处于竞争劣势;但有海洋原甲藻存在的水体中,三角褐指藻较单独培养时具有更高的生长速率和高的生物量,海洋原甲藻的存在可能促进三角褐指藻的生长。     

三角褐指藻与东海原甲藻间的他感作用研究

本文主要探究了东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)与三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)之间的他感作用。在实验室模拟条件下,分别研究了添加比例为10%、40%、60%、90%、100%的三角褐指藻无藻细胞滤液的培养基对东海原甲藻生长的影响,以及相同比例的东海原甲藻无藻细胞滤液培养基对三角褐指藻生长的影响。结果表明,低浓度三角褐指藻滤液对东海原甲藻(P.donghaiense)的生长表现为促进作用,高浓度则抑制其生长,因此,不同浓度的三角褐指藻藻液对东海原甲藻生长表现出两种相反的他感作用效果;而东海原甲藻滤液对三角褐指藻(P.tricornutum)的生长没有显著影响,说明东海原甲藻并未对三角褐指藻表现出他感作用。     

光质对三角褐指藻光保护过程的影响

光能一方面驱动光合作用固定二氧化碳,另一方面当光能过剩就会对光合细胞产生氧化性损伤,甚至导致细胞死亡。硅藻等光合生物通过叶绿素荧光非光化学淬灭(NPQ)把过剩的光能转化为无害的热,达到保护细胞的目的。硅藻NPQ的诱导受硅甲藻黄素循环调节,并且与众多环境因子密切相关。作者通过对海洋环境的模拟,研究了不同光质下三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)受到的影响测定并比较了红、绿、蓝3种单色光处理的三角褐指藻响应高光胁迫时的NPQ及硅甲藻黄素循环的差异。叶绿素荧光的结果显示,在相同的胁迫性强光和胁迫时间内,蓝光下处理的三角褐指藻形成的NPQ更高,而且胁迫阶段淬灭的荧光在低光阶段恢复的更快。色素测定的结果显示,3种单色光下处理的三角褐指藻的硅甲藻黄素循环的环脱氧比(DEPS)与对照组没有显著差异。实验结果表明,蓝光对三角褐指藻响应高光、形成NPQ至关重要。     

苯并[α]芘胁迫对三角褐指藻抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环活动的影响

以三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)为材料,在连续4d内,以100、400、700μg/L 3个剂量的苯并[α]芘(B[α]P)对三角褐指藻进行胁迫试验,分析苯并[α]芘对三角褐指藻的毒性效应,测定三角褐指藻的抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环非酶成分、含量及酶活性。研究表明:随着B[α]P浓度的提高和胁迫时间的延长,B[α]P对三角褐指藻的生长抑制作用逐渐增强;藻细胞内丙二醛(MDA)含量及总抗氧化能力(TAOC)显著升高,两者与胁迫强度的相关性系数分别为0.960和0.894;同时,AsA-GSH循环中的非酶成分抗坏血酸(AsA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量增加,相关酶谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和单氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MHAR)活性普遍增加,其中,GSH含量、GR、APX和DHAR活性与藻细胞内MDA含量相关性系数分别为0.744、0.852、0.652和0.600。结果表明:AsA-GSH循环是三角褐指藻细胞对抗苯并芘胁迫、猝灭活性氧、降低膜脂过氧化的重要方式;细胞内AsA含量、GR活性及APX活性对苯并芘胁迫响应迅速、变化显著,是潜在的生物指示物。     

三角褐指藻滤液提取物对东海原甲藻和盐藻生理特性的影响

在实验室培养条件下,利用流式细胞仪从细胞生长、细胞大小、细胞膜完整性、酯酶活性等方面分别研究了三角褐指藻（Phaeodactylum triconutum）滤液提取物对东海原甲藻（Prorocentrum donghaiense）和盐藻（Dunaliella salina）为期6 d生物培养过程中生理特性的影响。结果表明,三角褐指藻滤液乙酸乙酯提取物对东海原甲藻表现出强烈的生长抑制作用,荧光检测显示,其能刺激细胞体积的增大,导致部分藻体细胞膜受损,酯酶活性在短时间内增强,随后受到显著抑制。而提取物对盐藻的生长抑制并不明显,盐藻细胞体积没有受到影响,细胞膜保持了高度完整,酯酶活性在第6天时才受到抑制作用。以上分析表明,东海原甲藻对三角褐指藻滤液乙酸乙酯提取物更加敏感,特殊的细胞内部结构特征有利于化感物质进入东海原甲藻的体内,直接导致藻细胞的死亡。化感物质引起的不同的生理响应中,酯酶活性指标具有更好的敏感性,是在环境压力下生物自我保护的一种应急方式。     

温度、盐度对具齿原甲藻生长的影响及其与中肋骨条藻的比较

在无菌条件下,单种培养具齿原甲藻以研究温度和盐度对其生长的影响。实验设计了5个温度梯度和6个盐度梯度,并计算了不同培养条件下藻细胞在指数生长期的比生长率。实验结果表明：具齿原甲藻生长的最适温、盐范围分别为22℃和25～31。温度对藻类生长的影响比盐度的要明显得多,而且藻生长的最适盐度有随着温度升高向低盐度偏移的趋势。同时,实验研究了同样条件下中肋骨条藻的生长情况,并与具齿原甲藻进行了比较,以试图探讨东海大规模爆发具齿原甲藻赤潮的原因。     

6种赤潮甲藻对荧光标记藻类的吞噬行为研究

选取6种在中国沿海广泛分布的赤潮甲藻米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)、链状亚历山大藻(Alexandrium catenella)、东海原甲藻(Prorocentrum donghaiense)、海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans)、微小原甲藻(Prorocentrum minimum)和锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea),采用经5-(4,6-二氯三嗪基)氨基荧光素(DTAF)标记灭活的荧光饵料藻进行投喂,观察目标甲藻是否存在吞噬行为,研究光照、营养盐条件对目标甲藻的吞噬行为的影响。结果发现,链状亚历山大藻能吞噬旋转海链藻(Thalassiosira curviseriata),东海原甲藻能摄食球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana),但其摄食概率非常低,且不受光照和营养盐条件的影响。实验中,未观测到米氏凯伦藻、海洋原甲藻、微小原甲藻和锥状斯氏藻的吞噬行为。在黑暗中培养48-72h后,目标甲藻均出现不同程度的死亡,尤其是东海原甲藻和链状亚历山大藻。虽然东海原甲藻和链状亚历山大藻具吞噬行为属于混合营养生物,但光合自养是目标甲藻获取营养、维持生长最主要的方式。     

浮游植物对海水溶油净化作用的初步研究

本文研究了海水中溶油对骨条藻、角毛藻,三角褐指藻、金藻、甲藻、杜氏盐藻的生长影响。结果表明杜氏盐藻、三角褐指藻、甲藻等在含油海水中9天左右达到最高含量,且在17天左右仍维持最高含量,表明这些藻的耐油性较好。这些耐油藻使海水中石油含量下降3—6倍,表明它们对海水中溶油有净化作用。     

温度和光照对三角褐指藻的生长及岩藻黄素含量的影响

岩藻黄素(fucoxanthin)是一种特殊的类胡萝卜素,具有许多显著的功效和很高的应用价值。三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)是一种海洋硅藻,是一种可用于提取岩藻黄素的合适材料。作者以三角褐指藻的生物量、光合活性和岩藻黄素含量为指标,研究了不同的温度(20℃、25℃、30℃)、不同的光照强度(12800 lx、7200 lx、4000 lx)和不同光质(红光、蓝光、绿光)对三角褐指藻的生长及岩藻黄素含量的影响。实验结果表明,25℃对三角褐指藻的生长没有影响,但提高了岩藻黄素的含量,30℃对三角褐指藻的生长及岩藻黄素积累均有抑制现象;12800 lx、7200 lx的光照强度都可促进三角褐指藻的生长及岩藻黄素含量的升高,其中,7200 lx的光照强度对三角褐指藻的生长及岩藻黄素含量的提高更加显著;红光条件可促进三角褐指藻的生长和提高三角褐指藻的岩藻黄素含量,而绿光和蓝光抑制三角褐指藻的生长,并导致三角褐指藻的岩藻黄素含量降低。因此,25℃、7200 lx和红光的培养条件是三角褐指藻生长和岩藻黄素积累的最适宜条件。     

铜藻在紫外胁迫下的抗氧化应激响应

紫外辐射增强常导致藻类体内活性氧成分的产生,从而损伤藻类光合器官,引起藻类光抑制。马尾藻（Sargassum）金潮近些年在世界多地频繁暴发,金潮暴发时,漂浮于海面的藻体接受更多的紫外辐射,但金潮藻应对这种紫外胁迫的生理学机制尚不明确。本研究以中国金潮种——铜藻（Sargassum horneri）为研究对象,在实验室条件下,以太阳模拟器提供光源,设置P（光合有效辐射,Photosynthetically active radiation, PAR, 400～700 nm, 200 W/m²）、PA (PAR+UVA （紫外线A, Ultraviolet A）, 320～700 nm)和PAB (PAR+UVA+UVB （紫外线B, Ultraviolet B）, 280～700 nm),探讨了紫外辐射下铜藻的光合活性变化和抗氧化应激响应。结果显示,3种光辐射处理下,藻体光合活性均受到抑制,最大光化学量子产量（F_v/F_m）都随辐射时间延长而逐渐降低,降低幅度为PAB>PA>P。后继的240 min低光P（PAR...     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.