Are spatial distributions of major elements in soil influenced by human landscapes?

The present study attempted to evaluate the influence of human activity on major elements (Na₂O, MgO, Al₂O₃, SiO₂, K₂O, CaO, Fe₂O₃), and to find a method to explore correlations between major elements and human disturbances, according to geospatial theories and methods. The study results indicate that landscapes influence major elements in diverse ways: Al₂O₃ is closely related to road and mine landscapes; strong relationships exist between MgO, Fe₂O₃, CaO, and SiO₂ and roads; Na₂O, SiO₂, and Fe₂O₃ are unrelated to city landscapes; and Na₂O is unrelated to road and mine landscapes.     

黔北务川瓦厂坪铝土矿床元素迁移规律研究

黔北务正道地区铝土矿矿床属古风化壳沉积型,成矿母岩具多源性,但主要来源于下覆的中下志留统韩家店组。本文依据Grant提出的质量平衡方程和图解法,对瓦厂坪矿床在成矿过程中元素迁移的富集、贫化（亏损）规律进行了定量研究。结果表明,主要成矿母岩韩家店组砂、页岩一中间产物铝土质页岩、粘土岩是主要元素A12O3、TiO2显著富集...     

A comparison of automatic and manual wet chemical analysis of rocks

Many modern geochemical studies require large numbers of analyses. An automatic scheme for the analysis of SiO₂, TiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, Na₂O, K₂O, P₂O₅, CaO, MgO and MnO is described using a commercially available autoanalyser and an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Data on the precision is compared to that obtained using conventional rapid methods of analysis. The results show that the automated procedures offer at least a threefold increase in production with little or no loss in precision.     

The chemistry of gabbro/amphibolite transitions in South Norway

Sixteen gabbro (hyperite)/amphibolite pairs were collected from geological situations where it seems clear that the amphibolite formed from material similar in composition to that of the adjacent hyperite.Major element analyses show that the hyperite to amphibolite transition was not an isochemical one. K₂O, H₂O, P₂O₅ and Fe₂O₃ were increased strongly. CaO and FeO were diminished; SiO₂ may have been also. TiO₂, total iron, MgO, MnO and Na₂O were static; so probably was Al₁O₃.     

The garnets of the eastern area of the Sierra de Guadarrama,Sistema Central,Spain

Electron-probe microanalysis of a series of garnets in metapelitic rocks of the chloritoid staurolite, kyanite and sillimanite metamorphic zones, eastern area of the Sierra de Guadarrama, Sistema Central, Spain, manifest the well-known cryptozonation commonly observed in these minerals, with MgO and FeO increasing and MnO and CaO decreasing from the center to the outer rim of the crystals.The differences in composition of the garnets, from one metamorphic zone to another, is mainly a result of small differences in composition of the host-rock, since: (1) the amounts of MnO in the garnet are controlled by the amounts of SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and FeO present in the host-rock; and (2) the percentages of MnO and MgO of the parent-rock influence in some way the concentration of CaO in the garnet, and those of MnO, Al₂O₃ and CaO influence the concentration of FeO. Nevertheless, the amount of FeO in the garnet is finally controlled, due to the diadochy, by the concentration of MnO + CaO in this mineral.     

Quantitative phase petrology of cordierite–orthoamphibole gneisses and related rocks

Cordierite–orthoamphibole gneisses and rocks of similar composition commonly contain low‐variance mineral assemblages that can provide useful information about the metamorphic evolution of a terrane. New calculated petrogenetic grids and pseudosections are presented in the FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O (FMASH), Na₂O–CaO–K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O (NCKFMASH) and Na₂O–CaO–K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O–TiO₂–Fe₂O₃ (NCKFMASHTO) chemical systems to investigate quantitatively the phase relations in these rocks. Although the bulk compositions of cordierite–orthoamphibole gneisses are close to FMASH, calculations in this system do not adequately account for the observed range of mineral assemblages. Calculations in NCKFMASH and NCKFMASHTO highlight the role of minor constituents such as Ca, Na and Fe³⁺ in the mineral assemblage evolution of such rocks and these systems are more appropriate for interpreting the evolution of natural examples.     

Subsolidus segregation of quartz in metamorphic differentiation of metasedimentary rocks

Thermodynamic modeling of the SiO₂–TiO₂–Al₂O₃–Fe₂O₃–MnO–MgO–CaO–Na₂O–K₂O–P₂O₅–H₂O (STAFMMCNKPOH) system at 600°C, 5 kbar has been applied to investigate dissolution and re-precipitation of quartz. Comparing silica molality in the STAFMMCNKPOH and SiO₂–H₂O systems, there is seen to be no effect of mineral assemblage on quartz solubility. From quantitatively estimated water/rock ratio required to dissolve quartz completely, one can deduce that the segregation of quartz appears to be due to diffusive transport of silica in inner pore fluid rather than to advective transport (in fluid flow).     

Climate implications of major geochemical elements in the Holocene sediments of the North and East China monsoonal regions

Two Holocene sediment cores were retrieved respectively from the enclosed Lake Daihai in the monsoon/arid transition zone of North China and the Taihu Lake coast in the monsoonal area of the Yangtze delta, Eastern China. Distribution of major geochemical elements and their ratios were employed to reveal the characteristics of Holocene climate and associated environmental implications in the two regions. It is suggested that the temporal distribution of major elements serve as a useful indicator to denote the variations of monsoon effective precipitation for the enclosed lake area. High values of resistant elements such as Al₂O₃, SiO₂, TiO₂, (FeO + Fe₂O₃), MnO in the lake sediments correspond to the depressed chemical weathering and weakened mon-soon effective precipitation, while the highs of mobile and easy soluble elements such as MgO, CaO, Na₂O reflect the enhanced chemical weathering and increased monsoon effective precipitation in the lake basin. In comparison, the behaviors of the major elements in sediments of the Taihu Lake coast were largely controlled by the changes both in sea transgression in the different Holocene time periods and the monsoon precipitation. The relatively highs of Al₂O₃, TiO₂, (FeO + Fe₂O₃), in marine-influenced sediments suggest relatively strong coastal hydrodynamics and chemical weathering, and vice versa. Meanwhile, the lows of SiO₂, Na₂O and CaO in the non-marine-influenced sediments also denote relatively strong hydrodynamics and chemical weathering due to enhanced monsoon precipitation, and vice versa. Sedimentary environment should be taken into account when achieving a full understanding of their climate implications.     

The influence of aluminium industry and bedrock lithology on the oxide content in the urban soil of Sibenik, Croatia

The content of major element oxides (Al₂O₃, SiO₂, CaO, MgO, Fe₂O₃, P₂O₅, K₂O, TiO₂, and MnO) in soil surrounding the light metal factory (TLM), which was producing aluminium from 1937 till 1991, was investigated by EDXRF and XRD. The evaluation of a possible aluminium pollution linked to the industrial activity was studied by a comparison of soil around the TLM with control soil samples. Taking into account natural variations caused by bedrock lithology, control samples were taken in the soil developed upon the Upper Cretaceous limestones and Middle Eocene flysch deposits, while the TLM soil was sampled over the Upper Cretaceous and Early to Middle Eocene limestones; that way the samples constituted four groups, each containing five to seven samples. Control soil overlying flysch deposits differed strikingly from the other three groups by its increased CaO values, and decreased content of Al, Fe, Mn, and Ti-oxides, confirming the overall geochemical imprint of bedrock lithology on the analysed soils. However, a specific mineral composition (presence of alumina) of the TLM soil, together with peculiar correlations among Al₂O₃ and other oxides indicates a certain extent of aluminium pollution of the investigated area.     

Origin and geochemistry of Pan-African granitoid rocks in the Gabal Um Shomer area,Southwestern Sinai,Egypt

Geological, petrological and geochemical studies indicated that there are two distinct types of granitoid rocks: older quartz diorites to granodiorite assemblage and younger granitoids, the latter occurring in two phases. The older granitoids have a meta-aluminous chemistry and a calc-alkaline character, with high MgO, Fe2O3, TiO2, CaO, P2O5, Sr and low SiO2, K2O, and Rb. Their major and trace elements data, together with low 87Sr/ 86Sr ratios (0.7029±0.0008) are indicative of I-type affinities. The second-...     

Geochemistry and Origin of Megacrystic Granitoid Rocks from Eastern Ghats Granulite Belt

The Eastern Ghats Granulite Belt (EGGB) forms part of a continuous Precambrian metamorphic terrain in Gondwana. It is characterised by widespread development of an Archaean khondalite suite of metasedimentary rocks, Archaean to Late-Proterozoic charnockites and Late Proterozoic anorthositic, granitic and syenitic emplacements. A 1900 Ma megacrystic granitoid suite, containing varying proportions of charnockites and granites, forms an important and widely distributed litho-unit in the central khondalite and eastern migmatite zones of the EGGB. It contains metasedimentary enclaves, megacrystic K-feldspar, quartz, plagioclase ovoids, biotite, garnet (porphyroblasts and coronas), apatite, zircon, ilmenite, magnetite, etc. Hypersthene is present in the charnockite phase. Monazite is present in some garnet-free granites. It is characterised by low Na₂O/K₂O ratios, high alumina saturation index, CaO, MgO, and ÝREE, negative correlation of TiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃^t, MgO, MnO, CaO, P₂O₅, Ba, Sr, Zr and V with SiO₂, positive correlation of K₂O, REE, Th and Rb with SiO₂, fractionated LREE, relatively flat HREE and negative Eu anomalies.The data suggest S-type nature of the suite. Fractionation of the granitic magma and local variations in pH₂O and fCO₂ caused the formation of megacrystic charnockites. Formation of the corona garnet is related to the reworking of the suite during late Proterozoic (ca. 1250 Ma) isothermal decompression associated with channelised CO₂-rich fluid flux along narrow shear zones.     

The role of acidity–basicity in evaporating refractory inclusions in chondrites

When melts of Ca–Al inclusions in chondrites, which are dominated by the oxides SiO₂, MgO, CaO, and Al₂O₃, evaporate at high temperatures, the SiO₂ and MgO fugacities are inverted: SiO₂, which is more volatile than MgO, becomes less volatile when melts rich in refractory CaO and Al₂O₃ evaporate. This fugacity inversion can be realistically explained within the framework of D.S. Korzhinskii’s theory of acid–base interaction between components in silicate melts. According to this theory, an increase in CaO concentration in the melt increases its basicity, and this, in turn, increases the activity (and hence, also fugacity) of MgO and decreases those of SiO₂. In the real compositions of the Ca–Al inclusions in chondrites, the MgO/SiO₂ ratio systematically decreases with an increase in the CaO concentration under the effect of acid–base interaction.     

Geochemistry of Vellayani lake sediments: Indicators of weathering and provenance

The Vellayani lake, located on the west coast, Kerala, South India, is a natural fresh water lake. In order to understand the source and nature of the sediments; thirteen lake floor sediment samples were collected from the Vellayani lake at different intervals along the S-N transects covering the entire surface area of the lake. Textural studies indicate that lake floor sediments are dominant in sand (55.39%) followed by clay (30.57%) and silt (14.04%) fractions. Coarse components are dominant at the inlet ofthe stream into the lake. The geochemical content of the sediments reveals low SiO₂, MnO, CaO, MgO, Na₂O, K₂O, and P₂O₅ content while TiO₂, Fe₂O₃ and Al₂O₃ are high when compared with Post Archean Australian Shale (PAAS) and Upper Continental Crust (UCC) values. SiO₂ is high in coarse fractions while Al₂O₃ is strongly associated with fine sediments. Major oxide contents supported by Rare Earth Element (REE) data reveal a distinct negative Eu anomaly reflecting a dominant cratonic origin of the sediments. Detailed geochemical data indicate a mixed source, predominantly, the lateritic soils, sedimentary and metamorphic bedrocks exposed around the lake and in the catchment area.     

Volatility inversion of silicon and magnesium oxides during the evaporation of HASP glasses on the moon

An inversion of SiO₂ and MgO volatility occurs during high-temperature melt evaporation in the CaO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂ (CMAS) system. This results in that SiO₂, which is usually more volatile than MgO, becomes less volatile during the evaporation of melts enriched in the refractory oxides CaO and Al₂O₃. The volatility inversion is adequately explained within the theory of acid–base interaction of silicate melt components developed by D.S. Korzhinskii. The compositions of high-Al₂O₃ and SiO₂-poor glasses (known as HASP glasses) from the lunar regolith show a systematic decrease in MgO/SiO₂ with increasing CaO content, which is a direct consequence of the influence of acid–base effects.     

On “Birthmarks” in rare-metal granites of the Losevka pluton,northern Kazakhstan

The Losevka pluton of rare-metal albite granite, which was explored as a possible source of columbite-zircon-malacon ore, is composed of quartz, sodic plagioclase, potassium feldspar, annite, protolithionite, lepidomelane, and Li-muscovite. The average chemical composition of this rock is as follows, wt %: 74.14 SiO₂, 0.04 TiO₂, 14.07 Al₂O₃, 1.05 Fe₂O₃, 0.78 FeO, 0.15 MnO, 0.09 MgO, 0.47 CaO, 4.65 Na₂O, 4.11 K₂O, and 0.03 P₂O₅. The accessory minerals are zircon, malacon, and cyrtolite (874 ppm); apatite (18 ppm); ilmenite (114 ppm); xenotime and monazite (119 ppm); and Nb-columbite (463 ppm). The black inclusions up to 15 cm in size, which are observed in this granite and called “birthmarks” by local geologists, consist of the same rock-forming minerals as the surrounding granite, but are enriched in MnO, MgO, CaO, TiO₂, and F and depleted in SiO₂ relative to the light granite. The black granite is also distinguished by much higher Sr and Ba contents and lower La, Rb, Y, Nb, REE, Cs, Ta, Th, and U contents. The black color is caused by enrichment in manganese oxides, manganoilmenite, and Mn-annite. All rock-forming minerals are pervaded by thin veinlets of Mn-oxides. In addition, bastnaesite, Y-and Th-fluorides, zircon, and malacon have been identified. Aggregates of black-colored minerals are not the products of the fractionation of the initial magma or immiscibility effects, because the structure of the albite-potassium feldspar-quartz-mica matrix is the same both in black and light granites. The percolation of a deep-sourced fluid enriched in Mn and F into a granitic melt might be a more probable origin.     

云南武定地区核桃箐铁铜矿热液活动特征及其与迤纳厂铁铜矿的异同

核桃箐铁铜矿位于滇中武定断陷盆地内,与迤纳厂铁铜矿同属于滇中地区的IOCG型矿产。野外地质调查发现其成矿地质背景和矿床特征虽与迤纳厂铁铜矿有一定相似性,但富集的成矿元素类型和蚀变特征等方面却与迤纳厂不同。核桃箐矿区主要的赋矿地层为落雪组(Pt_2l),成矿元素只大量富集Fe元素,局部富集Cu元素,没有富集Au元素。矿石类型以致密块状磁铁矿石为主,围岩蚀变类型较少但具有一定的分带性,与矿化关系最为密切的蚀变是硅化。岩相学和地球化学研究发现,从围岩到蚀变岩,核桃箐矿区内主要的迁入元素是SiO_2、Al_2O_3、MnO和Na_2O,主要的迁出元素是CaO、MgO、H_2O和CO_2,表明核桃箐矿区内的硅化与去碳酸盐化是同时进行的,而钠化则与其同步或者稍晚于硅化。岩矿地球化学研究表明,核桃箐含矿围岩的n(SiO_2)/n(Al_2O_3) 3. 6,n(Al)/n(Al+Fe+Mn) 0. 5,n(Al_2O_3)/n(Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3)=0. 12～0. 36,反映其形成于拉张环境、成岩时海水深度较浅的成岩特征。     

An approach to modeling trace component activities in silicate melts: NiO

This report presents a model predicting activities for NiO in a wide range of silicate melts that include the components SiO₂, TiO₂, Al₂O₃, MgO, FeO, CaO, Na₂O, and K₂O. The conceptual simplicity of this model, combined with its success in modeling complex variations in activity with melt composition, suggests that the approach may provide insight into the character of trace components in the melt. The model presented in this report considers NiO to exist as Ni²⁺ and O^2? in the melt, and predicts the activity of NiO by modeling variations in both aNi²⁺ and aO^2?. Activities of Ni²⁺ are modeled assuming that NiO mixes randomly with a hypothetical ‘mixing pool’ of cations dominated by cations of similar size and charge to Ni²⁺, mainly Fe²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Ni²⁺. aO^2? is modeled as a function of total oxygen ? 2·network-forming cations, with the understanding that O^2? in silicate melts exists in equilibrium with bridging and non-bridging oxygens through reactions of the type Si–O–Si + O^2? → 2 Si–O. For illustration, the model is applied to reduced mafic lunar samples that may have equilibrated with a Ni-bearing metal phase.     

Minor element abundances in olivines of the Sharps (H-3) chondrite

Olivine crystals in 21 chondrules from the Sharps (H-3) chondrite were analyzed for CaO, Al₂O₃, Cr₂O₃, MnO, TiO₂, NiO, and Na₂O. The chondrules studied include representatives of all major types found in Sharps, and the mean fayalite contents of their olivine range from 1 to 28 %. Those olivines which contain less than 18 mol.% fayalite typically contain or occur with metallic nickel-iron; the others are metal-free.Na₂O is below detectability (0.01 wt.%) in all cases, and the abundances of Al₂O₃, NiO and TiO₂ are also typically very low. MnO varies simply and directly with FeO.Cr₂O₃ varies widely (0.03–0.21%) and several lines of evidence suggest that Cr is dominantly trivalent. It is concluded that F_{O 2} was rarely less than 10^–11 atm. during the crystallization of the chondrules in Sharps.     

Petrography and major elements geochemistry of microgranular enclaves and neoproterozoic granitoids of south Khasi,Meghalaya: Evidence of magma mixing and alkali diffusion

Neoproterozoic (690±19 Ma) felsic magmatism in the south Khasi region of Precambrian northeast Indian shield, referred to as south Khasi granitoids (SKG), contains country-rock xenoliths and microgranular enclaves (ME). The mineral assemblages (pl-hbl-bt-kf-qtz-mag) of the ME and SKG are the same but differ in proportions and grain size. Modal composition of ME corresponds to quartz monzodiorite whereas SKG are quartz monzodiorite, quartz monzonite and monzogranite. The presence of acicular apatite, fine grains of mafic-felsic minerals, resorbed maficfelsic xenocrysts and ocellar quartz in ME strongly suggest magma-mixed and undercooled origin for ME. Molar Al₂O₃/CaO+Na₂O+K₂O (A/CNK) ratio of ME (0.68–0.94) and SKG (0.81–1.00) suggests their metaluminous (I-type) character. Linear to sub-linear variations of major elements (MgO, Fe₂O₃ ^t, P₂O₅, TiO₂, MnO and CaO against SiO₂) of ME and SKG and two-component mixing model constrain the origin of ME by mixing of mafic and felsic magmas in various proportions, which later mingled and undercooled as hybrid globules into cooler felsic (SKG) magma. However, rapid diffusion of mobile elements from felsic to mafic melt during mixing and mingling events has elevated the alkali contents of some ME.