形形色色的冰雹

形形色色的冰雹大千世界，五彩缤纷，无奇不有，它犹如魔术大师一般，以冰雹而言就有：最大的冰雹：１９２９年５月１１日降落在印度某地的一个冰雹，重达１０００克，堪称为世界之最。彩色的冰雹：秘鲁的安第斯山，下过一场红色和浅蓝色的冰雹。原因是：下冰雹前，空气中...     

新疆冰雹天气的气候特征分析

根据1961～1999年新疆90个气象观测站的地面观测资料，统计分析了新疆冰雹的时空分布特征，并以分钟为单位给出冰雹的日变化和持续时间。新疆冰雹主要出现在西部和中部山区，集中出现在4～10月。降雹一般出现在下午，傍晚是高峰期，有60％的冰雹持续时间在6分钟以内。进一步普查39年冰雹天气资料，得到76次系统性冰雹天气过程和1279次局地冰雹天气过程，局地冰雹天气过程的发生远远多于系统性冰雹天气过程。冰雹天气过程与地形密切相关，主要发生在山区。冰雹天气过程以1天为主，多发生于夏季，系统性冰雹天气过程均由中尺度高压造成。     

新疆冰雹天气过程的基本特征

通过对新疆39a冰雹天气资料的普查，得到76次系统性冰雹天气过程和1279次局地冰雹天气过程，局地冰雹天气的发生远远多于系统性雹天气。冰雹天气过程与地形密切相关，主要发生在山区，冰雹天气以1天为主，多发生于夏季，系统性冰雹天气均由中尺度高压造成。     

新一代天气雷达冰雹探测算法及在业务中的应用

利用新一代多普勒雷达资料，基于美国NEXRAD的新一代冰雹探测算法的主要思路，编写了冰雹算法的程序，利用该程序对16次观测到的冰雹个例进行了分析。结果表明冰雹探测算法对冰雹有比较好的识别能力，并且，针对误报率比较高的现象提出了解决的方法。     

陕西初夏冰雹天气气候特征及预报

根据我省多年冰雹预报工作研究成果，归纳出我省初夏冰雹天气气候规律，有利冰雹形成的天气形势和物理量、卫星云图、雷达回波特征，为我省初夏冰雹天气预报提供依据。     

满城冰雹微结构的观测研究

根据河北满城１９８６—１９９０年４０００多个冰雹样品和８４３个冰雹切片的观测资料，对冰雹微结构特征（即冰雹胚胎、层次、冰晶和气泡）进行了统计分析，并推论出冰雹生长（即环境温度和海拔高度）的情况。     

北京地区一次降雹过程和冰雹微物理特征

对2000年5月17日降雹现场进行了实地考查，同时收集了部分冰雹样品，进行了冰雹切片实验，分析研究了雹谱、雹击带和冰雹的微物理结构特征。应用天气图、雷达探测冰雹云回波和探空资料，分析了冰雹云形成的天气条件、大气层结和冰雹云回波结构。     

乐山初夏冰雹特点浅析

利用气象资料统计分析了乐山冰雹的特点，初夏连晴高温下容易出现冰雹灾害性天气。用雷达探测冰雹的发生、发展情况，并对提高雷达监测冰雹的能力提出了参考建议。     

新疆冰雹云研究综述

冰雹灾害是困扰新疆经济发展的主要因素，防雹减灾的关键在于对冰雹云的判识与预警。通过总结新疆1959—2021年的人工防雹发展历史、冰雹云的空间分布特点，冰雹云团的移动路径和冰雹发生的大气环流特征、雹云的微物理特征、气流结构以及气象卫星、雷达和闪电定位仪及数值模拟技术在冰雹云研究领域中的应用。对新疆冰雹云研究中存在的问题，提出相关对策与建议，为今后的研究提供依据和参考。     

青海省东部农业区冰雹天气特征分析及预警指标研究

采用青海省东部农业区14个地面气象站冰雹观测资料，对2003-2017年青海东部农业区冰雹天气进行特征分析，利用天气雷达、高空、雷电观测资料对2003-2017年青海东部农业区20例典型冰雹天气个例进行分析研究。得出：(1)冰雹和雹灾集中出现在每年5-9月，冰雹天气7月最多，冰雹成灾8月最多。(2)0 ℃层高度变化对冰雹融化作用不明显；高空垂直风切变比对流有效位能更有指示意义。(3)冰雹雷达回波顶高普遍大于10 km，冰雹直径与回波顶高的线性相关强于冰雹直径与强回波中心高度的线性相关；垂直累积液态水含量普遍大于20 kg?m-2且垂直累积液态水含量增量大于10 kg?m-2时易发生雹灾；风暴顶部辐散正负速度差值对雹灾预警有指示意义，但与冰雹直径无明显相关性。(4)不同冰雹云产生的闪电频次差别很大，同一雹云相同时间内正闪次数越多，则降雹直径越大。利用以上结论统计得出冰雹预警指标、权重和预警区间，通过对预警指标进行历史回代和预报检验，历史回代拟合率达86.9％，预警准确率为80％。     

Biological and Temporal Variations of Trace Element Concentrations in the Moss Species Scleropodium purum (Hedw.) Limpr.

Over a period of one year, the moss Scleropodium purum was sampled every two weeks in a French rural area to determine the levels of Li, Na, Al, Si, P, Ca, V, Mn, Fe, Zn, Ba, Hg, and Pb. The element distribution in the moss shoot was studied throughout the year. An apical bioconcentration was discovered for Na, P, Ca, Mn, and Zn, whereas higher levels were found in the basal fraction for Li, Al, Si, V, Fe, Ba, Hg, and Pb. A significant variation of element concentrations was observed during the sampling period. In the apical part Li, Al, Si, V, Fe, Ba, and Hg show maximum levels in the summer and minimum in the autumn. The same pattern was found with Ca and Mn in the whole plant, whereas Na showed opposite fluctuations.     

雷电灾害调查鉴定软件系统及其应用

通过Delphi编程语言、Paradox文件数据库、BDE数据连接引擎三者合一,编程构建计算机软件管理平台,完成雷击事件的录入登记、调查分析、结论鉴定以及过程中的文档、影音、图片等一系列资料的分析处理和整理归档。该软件平台系统建立后台数据库,具有雷电灾害资料数据的输入、保存、检索、排序、备份等功能,系统能够自动生成各种数据表格、分析报告,把查询、分析、统计的结果等直接导入到Word或Excel文档中,查询、打印和日常管理等非常方便。该系统针对性强、易于操作、方便快捷,交互界面良好,具有较强的实用性。     

Astronomical frequencies for climate research at the decadal to century time scale

Short-term variations of the elements representing the Earth's motion around the Sun and its rotation have been analyzed over the last 6000 years using 1-year steps. Their low-frequency part is compared first to the values obtained from a secular theory of the planetary long-term motion showing that they can be considered reliable enough to represent adequately the motion of the Earth over the last 5000 years. Spectral analysis of these values shows that the main periodicities are 2.67, 3.98, 5.26, 5.93, 7.9, 9.8, 11.9, 14.7, 15.8, 29, 42, 61, 122, 165 and 250 years for the eccentricity as well as for the climatic precession, with an additional component at around 930 years for the eccentricity and around 840 years for the climatic precession. Periodicities at 2.67, 3.8, 5.9, 8.0, 9.3, 11.9, 14.7, 18.6, 29, 135, 250 and 840 yr are also shown for the obliquity. Spectral analyses of the daily July mid-month insolation at 65°N show essentially the same periodicities as the climatic precession and the obliquity, i.e. 2.67, 3.98, 5.92, 8.1, 11.9, 15.7, 18.6, 29, 40, 61 and around 900 years. Finally a wider analysis of the insolation pattern was performed related to the large periodicity band of the insolation time series for the solstices and the equinoxes for 7 different latitudes. In equatorial latitudes the insolation variance is largely explained by precession. But precession dominates everywhere with the obliquity signal being stronger at polar latitudes at the solstices. The amplitudes of the insolation change at these frequencies is of the order of 0.2 Wm^–2 at the maximum. Offprint requests to: A Berger     

边界层参数化方案对“莫兰蒂”台风（1614）登陆阶段影响的数值模拟研究

利用中尺度数值模式WRF v3.8中的YSU、MYJ、QNSE、ACM2、UW、GBM、Boulac七种不同边界层参数化方案,采用高分辨率（1.33 km）数值试验的方法研究了不同边界层方案对模拟台风“莫兰蒂”（1614）登陆减弱阶段的移动路径、强度、结构、降水量、近地层有关物理量场分布等方面的影响,结果表明:（1）“莫兰蒂”台风登陆减弱阶段,不同边界层方案对台风路径、强度、降水量模拟影响显著,24 h内模拟台风路径、最低气压、最大风速及24 h累积降水量极值的最大差异分别达80 km、11 hPa、27 m s?1及241 mm;（2）Boulac方案模拟台风路径与实况最为接近,GBM、YSU和MYJ方案分别次之,ACM2和UW方案再次之,而QNSE方案最差;UW和QNSE方案模拟的最低气压以及MYJ和QNSE方案模拟的最大风速与观测最为接近;不同边界层方案均模拟出台风登陆阶段最低气压逐渐升高以及其升高速率在台风登陆后大于登陆前的特征,这与实况一致,但台风登陆前各方案模拟最低气压升高速度均大于实况,而台风登陆后却又不及实况;（3）Boulac方案模拟的24 h降水分布、强降水落区、结构、强度和各量级降水TS评分均最优,MYJ方案次之;而QNSE、UW和ACM2方案雨带向西北方向推进过快,各量级降水TS评分均较差;（4）综合台风路径、强度和降水模拟,Boulac和MYJ方案相对最优,其中Boulac方案在台风路径和降水模拟上更优,而MYJ方案在台风强度模拟上更优;YSU和GBM方案次之,而QNSE、UW和ACM2方案相对较差;（5）不同边界层方案计算的近地层潜热通量、感热通量显著不同,进而影响台风路径、强度、降水量模拟存在显著差异。比较而言,QNSE方案潜热通量相对异常偏高,MYJ和Boulac方案量值适中,其余方案相对偏低;QNSE方案感热通量相对略偏高,MYJ方案适中,其他方案则相对显著偏低;（6）不同边界层方案模拟降水区边界层热、动力结构显著不同,其中Boulac方案具有较明显优势,尤其是对日间边界层结构的模拟。     

Explaining the stickiness of supply chain relations in the Brazilian soybean trade

The global trade of agricultural commodities has profound social-ecological impacts, from potentially increasing food availability and agricultural efficiency, to displacing local communities, and to incentivizing environmental destruction. Supply chain stickiness, understood as the stability in trading relationships between supply chain actors, moderates the impacts of agricultural commodity production and the possibilities for supply-chain interventions. However, what factors determine stickiness, that is, how and why farmers, traders, food processors, and consumer countries, develop and maintain trading relationships with specific producing regions, remains unclear. Here, we use data on the Brazilian soy supply chain, a mixed methods approach based on extensive actor-based fieldwork, and an explanatory regression model, to identify and explore the factors that influence stickiness between places of production and supply chain actors. We find four groups of factors to be important: economic incentives, institutional enablers and constraints, social and power dimensions, and biophysical and technological conditions. Among the factors we explore, surplus capacity in soy processing infrastructure, (i.e., crushing and storage facilities) is important in increasing stickiness, as is export-oriented production. Conversely, volatility in market demand expressed by farm-gate soy prices and lower land-tenure security are key factors reducing stickiness. Importantly, we uncover heterogeneity and context-specificity in the factors determining stickiness, suggesting tailored supply-chain interventions are beneficial. Understanding supply chain stickiness does not, in itself, provide silver-bullet solutions to stopping deforestation, but it is a crucial prerequisite to understanding the relationships between supply chain actors and producing regions, identifying entry points for supply chain sustainability interventions, assessing the effectiveness of such interventions, forecasting the restructuring of trade flows, and considering sourcing patterns of supply chain actors in territorial planning.     

Spinning in circles? A systematic review on the role of theory in social vulnerability,resilience and adaptation research

An increasing number of publications focus on social vulnerability, resilience, and adaptation (SVRA) towards natural hazards and climate change. Despite this proliferation of research, a systematic understanding of how these studies are theoretically grounded is lacking. Here, we systematically reviewed 4432 articles that address SVRA in various disciplinary fields (e.g. psychology, sociology, geography, mathematics) for various hazards, including floods, droughts, landslides, storm surges, wildfires, tsunamis, earthquakes, and volcano eruptions. We focus on the extent to which these studies explicate the frameworks, theoretical constructs or theories they rely on. Surprisingly, we found that about 90% of the reviewed studies do not explicitly refer to a theoretical underpinning. Overall, theories focusing on individuals’ SVRA were more frequently used than those focusing on systems, society, groups, and networks. Moreover, the uptake of theories varied according to the hazard investigated and field of knowledge, being more frequent in wildfire and flood studies and articles published in social science journals. Based on our analysis, we propose a reflexive handling of theories to foster more transparent, comparable, and robust empirical research on SVRA.     

基于气候变化的稻纵卷叶螟在我国的风险区预测与分析

气候条件与病虫害生命活动关系密切,是决定病虫害分布的主要因素之一。稻纵卷叶螟(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee)属螟蛾科,是危害水稻的世界性害虫之一。研究表明,其暴发原因与气象因素密切相关,因此有必要分析气候变化影响下该虫适生区的变化。利用稻纵卷叶螟地理分布信息和环境数据,借助最大熵生态位模型(Max Ent)和Arc GIS,评估稻纵卷叶螟"当前时段"的分布状态,预测2020年时段稻纵卷叶螟在我国的风险区变化。结果表明:稻纵卷叶螟在中国的极高风险区为上海、浙江大部、江苏南部、安徽大部、湖北中东部、湖南东部、四川西南部、广西中部等地;高风险区为贵州、广东、福建、江西、重庆、广西大部。2020年时段A1b情景下极高风险区在中国分布范围变化不大,高风险区面积变化亦不明显;A2a情景下分布范围变化显著,浙江、江西、湖北、湖南等省极高风险区面积大幅度减少,高风险区面积显著增加;B2a排放情景下风险区变化情况与A2a情景类似,极高风险区面积明显减少。     

中国电线积冰灾害研究进展

电线积冰灾害是导致电力系统发生事故的重要自然灾害之一.基于已有研究成果,从电线积冰相关概念与分类出发,对电线积冰的影响与危害、时空分布、成因、影响因子、预报模型、风险评估以及预防措施等方面进行归纳.我国电线积冰灾害以雾凇型积冰和雨凇型积冰为主,主要环境成因包括准静止锋、大气垂直结构和逆温层,同时还受到地形、高度和导线自...     

强热带风暴“碧利斯”（0604）极端降水研究回顾

强热带风暴“碧利斯”于2006年7月14日在我国福建省登陆,登陆后一路西行,在福建、浙江、湖南、江西、广东、广西多个省份产生强降水,其陆上维持时间之长、影响范围之广、降水极端性之强,在历史上极为罕见。“碧利斯”引发的降水主要有三个极值中心,分别对应着降水的三个阶段,其中第二阶段降水极端性最为突出,在湖南、江西和广东交界处发生了暴雨增幅,造成严重的洪涝灾害。为了更加全面地认识此次过程,本文对“碧利斯”产生极端降水的机制做了回顾总结,分别从有利的大尺度形势、中尺度系统的影响、地形作用、云微物理过程以及动力因子的诊断分析五个角度进行,最后对“碧利斯”极端降水区别于其他极端降水个例的机理以及进一步可能的研究方向进行了讨论。     

大气对流层重力波研究进展

重力波对暴雨等强对流天气有着触发机制的作用,甚至影响着大气环流、大气结构和演变.综合近50年来国内外有关大气对流层重力波的研究成果,为重力波的进一步研究提供参考.多年研究表明：暴雨等强对流系统、山脉地形等为对流层重力波波源;重力波强度与风垂直切变、背景绝对涡度成正比,传播速度与波的振幅、水平波宽成正比,重力波在稳定大气中得到了加强,潜热加热有利于重力波的形成;重力波的探测手段为微压器、卫星、雷达观测等,通过重力波探测目前基本掌握了重力波的日、月、季节的活动规律.