江苏中部沿海潮滩对台风暴潮的响应

通过近年来对江苏沿海有影响的台风暴潮作用前后的滩面高程观测,结合台风浪资料分析,探究了江苏中部沿海潮滩对风暴潮的响应过程。结果显示:潮滩剖面在风暴潮期间呈现"低滩侵蚀、沿岸输运、高滩稳定",明显区别于沙质海岸在台风浪作用下"高滩侵蚀、离岸输运、低滩淤积"的演变特征。应用Delft3D平面二维水沙动力数学模型,模拟了正常天气和台风浪情况下的滩面演变,从动力学角度解释了潮滩间不同区域演变特征差异的原因,论证了台风浪对地貌演变的短历时"插曲式"作用,阐明了涨潮优势流是风暴侵蚀后泥沙沿岸向输运的主控因子。     

Heavy metals on tidal flats in the Yangtze Estuary, China

 Five short cores were used to examine heavy metals on tidal flats in the Yangtze Estuary, China. Statistically insignificant trends in lead-210 and most metals with core depth are primarily due to high sedimentation rates. Metal contents are correlated with percent aluminum, which reflects the clay contents in the sediment, and they are also affected by proximity to sewage outlets and local industry. National standards for copper are exceeded in four cores, zinc in one core, and arsenic in all cores. Heavy metal contents are generally lower on the Yangtze tidal flats compared to most other estuaries because high sediment loads dilute metal inputs. Received: 1 June 1999 · Accepted: 15 August 2000     

无人机技术在潮滩地貌演变研究中的应用

随着海平面上升和人类活动加剧,潮滩正面临着严重威胁,掌握其形态变化规律是研究潮滩系统对外在条件响应的直接手段。以江苏斗龙港潮滩为研究对象,利用无人机倾斜摄影测量技术,结合运动恢复结构(Structure from Motion,SfM)算法,重建潮滩三维点云,生成数字高程模型和正射影像,分析潮滩滩面及潮沟系统年内变化规律。研究结果表明:潮滩高程测量精度优于9 cm,水平精度优于2 cm;高程年内变化较大,变幅高达±0.5 m;潮沟短历时变化剧烈,无明显季节性变化特征;潮沟发育过程中,宽深比范围为10~25。无人机技术不仅可以监测粉砂淤泥质潮滩滩面变化趋势,还可以观测到卫星难以捕获的中小型潮沟短历时发育过程,可为监测河口海岸短周期动力地貌过程提供有力的技术支持。     

Historical changes in heavy metals in the Yangtze Estuary, China

A 6-m-long core was used to examine historical changes in heavy metals on tidal flats in the Yangtze Estuary, China. Over the last 100 years, human impact was minimal. However, over the last few decades, vertical metal concentrations have been affected by human activities such as local industrialization, urbanization and construction of major sewage outlets. Copper, lead and arsenic were identified as contaminants in the Yangtze Estuary on the basis of national pollution standards and a comparison of metals in the upper core with those in the lower core.     

Detecting areal changes in tidal flats after sea dike construction using Landsat-TM images

The main objective of this study was to estimate changes in the area of tidal flats that occurred after sea dike construction on the western coast of South Korea using Landsat-TM images. Applying the ISODATA method of unsupervised classification for Landsat-TM images, the tidal flats were identified, and the resulting areas were quantified for each image. The area of tidal flats from a topographic map published in one year differs significantly from that shown in another, which appears to be attributable to the tide levels at the time of aerial photography. During the study period, the area of tidal flats, as estimated from Landsat-TM images, increased by 4.57 km² per year in the study areas. The tidal flats in the inner sea of Chunsu Harbor area increased by 200 m² per zone, while the accumulation for a number of inner sea areas within Asan Harbor area occurred at over 50m² per zone. The results of this research may serve as the basis of an environmentallyfriendly development plan for tidal flats.     

潮汐沉积与含煤建造

本文论述了陆表海障壁海岸环境是我国南方晚古生代含煤建造的主要古地理条件,潮汐沉积是含煤建造的重要组成部分,一些煤层形成于潮汐流为主要水动力条件的泥炭坪环境中。论文提出了泥炭坪属于潮坪环境,而不是泥炭沼泽的论点;探讨了泥炭坪的成因标志及其所形成的煤层特点;最后指出了这些特点将成为煤田的普查、勘探、开采和利用的重要标志。     

海相成煤论进展

海相成煤论的提出与深化,必将带来含煤沉积学诸多领域的新变革与新进展。本文从泥炭坪海相成煤模式、现代热带红树林潮坪比较沉积学研究、关于含煤建造中的潮汐沉积与陆表海性质、台地、堡岛及其复合的含煤建造沉积体系、聚煤盆地的地质事件及其沉积记录、煤田岩相古地理研究方法论及巨型聚煤盆地的整体研究诸领域论述了所取得的成果与新时展,从而丰富和深化了海相成煤论.为重新认识我国晚古生代巨型聚煤盆地,探求新的聚煤规律,扩大新的煤炭资源奠定基础.     

潮间带滩涂沉积物与水体热通量模拟

为了揭示滩涂对近岸水温影响,开展潮间带滩涂沉积物与海水之间热量交换研究。以韩国西南海岸的滩涂为例,建立滩涂沉积物温度模型,模拟不同潮汐状态下沉积物垂向剖面温度以及沉积物与水体间的热通量,并分析了季节、滩涂位置、潮位-太阳辐射相位对热通量的影响。研究表明:模拟出的沉积物温度与实测值吻合较好。沉积物与水体存在大量热量交换,且集中在淹没后的前3 h,最大热通量可达398.7 W/m2。冬季月份海水向滩涂净传热。夏季月份滩涂向水体净传热,且当滩涂淹没时刻发生在当地正午或正午过后3 h内,滩涂传递给水体的热量相对较大,达2.0 MJ/（m2·d）;累积热通量随滩涂干滩率的减小而减小。研究成果为进一步深入研究滩涂影响下近岸水温变化提供了技术支撑。     

Cambrian wave‐dominated tidal‐flat deposits,central Wisconsin,USA

In central Wisconsin, Cambrian strata of the Elk Mound Group record deposition on open‐coast, wave‐dominated tidal flats. Mature, medium‐grained quartz arenite is dominated by parallel‐bedding with upper‐flow regime parallel‐lamination, deposited during high‐energy storms that also produced three‐dimensional bedforms on the flats. Abundant wave ripples were produced as storms waned or during fair weather, in water depths ≤2 m. Indicators of variably shallow water (washout structures and stranded cnidarian medusae) and subaerial exposure (adhesion marks, rain‐drop impressions and desiccation cracks, including cracked medusae) are abundant. Parallel‐bedded facies preserve a Cruziana ichnofacies, similar to other Cambrian tidal‐flat deposits. Flats were dissected by small, mainly straight channels, the floors of which were grazed intensely by molluscs. Most channels were ephemeral but some developed low levées, point bars and cut‐banks, probably reflecting stabilization by abundant microbial mats and biofilms. Channels were filled with trough cross‐bedding that is interpreted to have been produced mainly during storm runoff. The strata resemble deposits of open‐coast, wave‐dominated tidal flats on the east coast of India and west coast of Korea. Ancient wave‐dominated and open‐coast tidal flats documented to date appear to have been limited to mud‐rich strata with ‘classic’ tidal indicators such as flaser bedding and tidal bundles. The Cambrian (Miaolingian to early Furongian) Elk Mound Group demonstrates that sandy, wave‐dominated tidal flats also can be recognized in the stratigraphic record.     

潮滩沉积物重金属累积特征研究进展

在分析总结国内外潮滩重金属研究现状和成果的基础上，指出潮滩重金属来源的定量分析尚很不完整；沉积物的物质组成、粒径、水动力作用、潮滩生物、河流输入量、人类活动等都对重金属在潮滩的分布有着重要影响。在垂岸方向，重金属从高潮滩到低潮滩含量逐渐降低，反应了水动力以及粒径对潮滩重金属的分布的控制；沿岸方向，淤涨岸段，重金属含量低，排污口严重影响着重金属的沿程分布，重金属含量随离排污口的距离增大而呈指数减少；垂向方向，在许多地方重金属分布与人类活动、经济发展状况相吻合。生物活动使潮滩重金属的累计特征变得复杂，改变了潮滩局部的微环境。与国内外河口重金属研究相比，潮滩重金属的研究远远不足。沉积物中重金属常用研究方法，如Tes sier地球化学相连续提取法、Meso cosm模型，以及数值和现场模拟的方法的应用，对潮滩重金属的研究将有很大帮助。在潮滩重金属的污染评价中，生物标准较其它标准更为适合。     

长江口现代潮滩沉积物粒度特征及其在沉积相识别中的应用

本研究通过对长江口现代潮滩6个柱状样沉积物的粒度精细分析,试图提取研究区潮滩沉积相识别的粒度敏感指标,并通过对长江三角洲南部平原一个全新世钻孔(SL67孔)潮滩沉积物的粒度研究,检验现代沉积粒度敏感指标在全新世钻孔潮滩沉积相识别中的应用。研究显示,长江口现代高潮滩和中潮滩的黏性颗粒(8μm)和粗粉砂(32~63μm)含量差异显著,可以成为区分高潮滩和中潮滩的敏感组分;在开敞型的中、低潮滩之间,砂(63μm)和细粉砂含量(8~32μm)也差异明显。长江口现代潮滩沉积物的粒度频率曲线及众数值也可以有效协助区分高潮滩、中潮滩和低潮滩沉积物。利用上述粒度敏感组分和众数指标检验SL67孔全新世早中期在海平面波动控制下的潮滩演替过程,并揭示了7.5 cal ka BP前后的一次海平面加速上升事件。     

Evolution of tidal flats in China and ecological exploitation of tidal flat resources

Tidal flats play a tremendous role for solving the problem of land use because of the crisis of population increments. Many coastal countries have carried out reclamation projects near seas in various degrees for a long time. China currently has about 2.13?million?hm² of tidal flats that are mainly scattered in the delta plains and coastal regions near medium- to large-sized rivers. The tidal flats in China are reserves featuring dynamic growth and a capacity for continuous expansion; the tidal flat area undergoes an annual increase of over 20,000?hm². In recent years, countries around the world have paid much attention to the marine ecological environment and have taken measures to restrict the scale and range of sea reclamation. Although widespread reclamation of tidal flats in China has taken place, such activities have also brought some negative effect: (1) water overdraft, seawater intrusion, (2) tidal gates and channel silting, (3) environment pollution, unbalanced ecosystem, and (4) loss of wetlands and threats to the survival of species. This paper examines the mechanisms associated with tidal flat dynamic growth, and points out that artificial siltation can greatly increase the growth speed of tidal flats, and the actual measured annual siltation thickness may reach 0.5?C2.7?m. At present, this paper proposes a theory relating to the ecological exploitation of this ecosystem as follows: (1) the principle of adjustment to local conditions; (2) the principle of three-dimensional distribution; (3) the principle of ecological balance; (4) the principle of green and environmental protection. In practical terms, this dynamic growth may play a significant role in mitigating conflicts relating to land use demands in coastal areas.     

基于植被和潮动力作用的潮滩剖面演变数值模拟

为研究多因子共同作用下的潮滩演变机制,开发了基于植被生长和潮动力作用的潮滩剖面演变数学模型。在不考虑植被作用下,模拟得到了潮滩中长期演变后的上凸形剖面特征;泥沙供给是决定潮滩宽度的因素,供给越充分,潮滩宽度越大。模型考虑植被过程时,结果表明不同的植被生物量分布形式对潮滩水动力的影响程度不同,在潮间带上部,生物量抛物线分布时的减流效果强于生物量线性分布形式;而在潮间带下部则相反。模拟结果显示盐沼和光滩之间出现陡坎,且随着滩面的逐步淤高,陡坎逐步向海移动。     

滇东老厂煤田晚二叠世聚煤环境剖析与成煤模式

通过对滇东老厂煤田形成的地质背景和晚二叠世含煤地层沉积特征的综合分析,剖析了典型的潮坪聚煤环境和三角洲聚煤环境及其成煤作用。该区晚二叠世的海陆过渡环境演化顺序为:局限碳酸盐台地—泻湖潮坪—浅水三角洲聚煤环境,其中从龙潭中期末至长兴期各种聚煤条件配合最有利于聚煤。所以,后期的潮坪和浅水三角洲是该区最重要的聚煤环境。据此,初步建立了该区晚二叠世聚煤期的环境演化与成煤模式      

长江三角洲南汇潮滩沉积速率及其影响因素

近100余年来,南汇潮滩尤其是中、高潮滩,以淤涨为主,使岸线迅速向海推进。但潮滩沉积并 非连续,而是以冲、淤相间,长期净淤积的方式进行。潮滩沉积剖面主要由风暴成因的小型层序组成,粗、细 粒交替分别代表风暴与平静天气的产物。潮滩沉积环境的不稳定性使其难以满足两种常用来计算210Pb沉积速率 的方法---CIC （稳定的初始比度） 模型和CRS（稳定的沉降通量） 模型的前提条件。在实验时,如果只选择 代表平静天气沉积的细颗粒层进行210Pb活度分析,则可能得到一组相对符合CIC模型的数据,利用此方法计算 出南汇潮间带环境的平均沉积速率为6.11~6.23 cm/yr。对历史海图数字化建立的数字高程模型（DEM） 分析 表明,中、高潮滩近50余年的平均沉积速率为1.91~2.05cm/yr,不及210Pb沉积速率的一半。造成这种差异的 原因有：（１） DEM法在高程推算过程中使用简单的潮滩纵剖面模型,导致计算的沉积速率偏低;（２）210Pb法受 到沉积过程中强烈的物理混合作用和沉积后的生物扰动、化学迁移作用等影响,使计算的沉积速率偏高。推断 近50余年来,南汇中、高潮滩的沉积速率为4～5cm/yr。     

渤海湾盆地北部奥陶纪岩相古地理

渤海湾盆地北部主要包括黄骅坳陷、沧县隆起、冀中坳陷和下辽河坳陷,区内奥陶系厚 6 0 0～ 80 0m,主要由石灰岩和白云岩组成。下奥陶统分为冶里组和亮甲山组,中奥陶统分为下马家沟组、上马家沟组和峰峰组,上统缺失。其中下马家沟组、上马家沟组和峰峰组又进一步划分为下段和上段。早奥陶世冶里期和亮甲山期,本区以局限海环境为主,其内散布着一些潮坪和滩。中奥陶世,本区岩相古地理面貌变化旋回极为明显,下马家沟期早期潮坪广布,晚期以局限海为主;上马家沟期早期又是潮坪广布,晚期以开阔海为主;峰峰期早期潮坪广布,晚期又以开阔海为主。在奥陶纪,本区经历了 4个大的海侵-海退旋回,其中上马家沟期晚期是本区乃至整个华北地台的最大海侵期。     

An ephemeral turbidity maximum generated by resuspension of organic-rich matter in a macrotidal estuary, S.W. Wales

An ephemeral estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) occurs at high water in the macrotidal Taf estuary (SW Wales, United Kingdom). A new mechanism of ETM formation, due to resuspension and advection of material by flood tidal currents, is observed that differs from classical mechanisms of gravitational circulation and tidal pumping. The flood tide advances across intertidal sand flats in the main body of the estuary, progressively entraining material from the rippled sands. Resuspension creates, a turbid front that has suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) of about 4,000 mg I⁻¹ by the time it reaches its landward limit which is also the landward limit of salt penetration. This turbid body constitutes the ETM. Deposition occurs at high slack water but the ETM retains SSC values up to 800 mg I⁻¹, 1–2 orders of magnitude greater than ambient SSC values in the river and estuarine waters on either side. The ETM retreats down the estuary during the ebb; some material is deposited thinly across emergent intertidal flats and some is flushed out of the estuary. A new ETM is generated by the next flood tide. Both location and SSC of the ETM scale on Q/R³ where Q is tidal range and R is river discharge. The greatest expression of the ETM occurs when a spring tide coincides with low river discharge. It does not form during high river discharge conditions and is poorly developed on neap tides. Particles in the ETM have effective densities (120–160 kg m⁻³) that are 3–4 times less than those in the main part of the estuary at high water. High chlorophyll concentrations in the ETM suggest that flocs probably originate from biological production in the estuary, including production on the intertidal sand flats.     

江苏淤泥质潮滩剖面演变现场观测

为探究江苏中部沿海双凸型剖面演变特性,在江苏盐城川东港南侧潮间带布设了10个水准观测站,2012年9月至2013年11月对该潮滩剖面演变过程开展了现场观测.结果表明:该潮滩剖面呈现出双凸型特征,平均高、低潮位线附近的滩涂形成淤积率较高的地形凸点;潮间上带受潮流影响小,滩面高程相对稳定;平均高、低潮位之间的区域滩面高程季节性变化明显,总体呈现冲刷状态;潮间下带冲刷显著,滩面坡度增大.全剖面自岸向海呈现"稳定—淤积—稳定—淤积—冲刷"的双凸型剖面特征.     

Occurrence and spatial distribution of metals in intertidal sediments of a temperate estuarine system (Bahía Blanca,Argentina)

Intertidal sediments of the inner and middle zone from the Bahía Blanca estuary were sampled for geochemical and environmental assessment of metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Ni, Cr and Fe). Results indicate that both the organic matter content and the sediment grain size plays an important role in controlling the differential concentrations of the metals found in sediments from both zones. For most of the elements (except Mn), sediment metal concentrations were greater in the middle zone, although the concentrations did not exceed the maximums for quality of marine sediments. In this sense, anthropogenic impact (i.e., sewage drain) appears to be a key factor in the distribution of metals within the estuarine system. Comparing the levels obtained with quality levels (LEL and SEL), except Cu that showed levels slightly above the LEL, the rest of the concentrations of metals were lower to those levels. The low metal concentrations obtained within this highly impacted estuarine system suggest that the great volume of water that flooding the extensive flats in each tidal cycle has much importance. Although the potential risks of metals to the estuarine environment were low, taking into account the toxicity of some of these metals, continuity of monitoring is highly recommended.     

长江口北支潮滩不同沉积微相有机地球化学元素分布*

利用在长江口崇明岛北支北四滧港（SY）、北堡港（BBG）以及新卫村（XW）潮滩获取的表层沉积物,测试总有机碳（TOC）、总氮（TN）及总硫（TS）含量,分析有机地球化学元素在潮滩微相的分布规律及影响因素,试图建立TOC/TN、TS/TOC等潮滩微相识别指标。研究结果显示,影响长江口潮滩TN、TS微相分布的重要因素为有机质含量及类型。在淤涨型潮滩,TOC/TN在高潮滩一般大于10,在中潮滩明显降至10以下;中潮滩植被带TS/TOC最高,平均值达0.063,其次为高潮滩互花米草带和中潮滩光滩（分别为0.055和0.054）,高潮滩芦苇带最低;TS-TOC一元线性回归斜率在高潮滩芦苇带呈现为显著低值,自高潮滩米草带向光滩,逐渐增大。在侵蚀型潮滩,TOC/TN从高潮滩到低潮滩均大于10,而且中、低潮滩的比值大于高潮滩,潮下带骤降至小于10;TS/TOC自陆向海逐渐增大,TS-TOC一元回归斜率高潮滩最低,中潮滩最高。另外,侵蚀型潮滩各微相的TS-TOC一元线性回归斜率均明显低于淤涨型潮滩。上述研究结果表明,长江口沉积物的TOC/TN和TS/TOC及TS-TOC一元线性回归斜率与潮滩沉积微相之间存在一定的关系,具有应用于全新世钻孔识别潮滩沉积物微相的潜力。