Changes of lithospheric magnetic anomalies with altitude (According to the CHAMP satellite)

Maps of the magnitude of the full vector and the vertical component of an anomalous lithospheric magnetic field over the Voronezh anticline (VA) for the three high-altitude observation levels were compiled based on geomagnetic measurements from the CHAMP satellite. The isometric positive anomaly centered at about 50° N and 37° E stands out. Its amplitude decreases with increasing observation altitude without changing the form. Comparison of the parameters of the detected anomaly with data obtained for this site by other methods confirms that it really exists and that its spatial position is accurately determined, which indicates the reliability of the values of the selected field of lithospheric anomalies. The change in the parameters of the magnetic anomaly with respect to the observation level over the Earth’s surface is consistent with the concepts of geological structural features of the lithosphere in the region. The anomaly offset to the south on the satellite altitudes apparently indicates an uplift of crystalline basement rocks and a more southern position of VA deep roots relative to that accepted in the global magnetization model. The use of satellite data obtained at different altitudes opens up additional possibilities for the application of gradient methods in the interpretation of the magnetic fields of lithospheric anomalies.     

中国及邻近地区CHAMP卫星磁异常的分布特征

本文利用CHAMP卫星磁测资料建立的新一代高阶地磁场模型POMME-4.2S,计算中国及邻区400 km高度的卫星磁异常及其垂直梯度,给出7个磁场分量的分布图,比较了截断水平对磁异常分布的影响,初步分析了磁异常与岩石圈构造的关系.主要结果表明,在四川盆地、塔里木盆地和松辽盆地等主要磁异常区,ΔZ异常中心的南北两边出现ΔX的异常中心,东西两边出现ΔY的异常中心.在球谐模型为90阶时,磁异常分布的基本形态已经确定,更高的模型阶数对磁异常只有微小调整.在磁异常较强的地区,磁异常及其垂直梯度同步变化.卫星磁异常与地形变化、断裂带分布、莫霍面深度和岩石圈厚度没有直接的对应关系,而与居里等温面深度、磁性层厚度有明显的相关性.居里等温面深、磁性层较厚的地区显示正磁异常,居里等温面浅、磁性层较薄的地区显示负磁异常.     

Spherical cap harmonic analysis of regional magnetic anomalies based on CHAMP satellite data

We used CHAMP satellite vector data and the latest IGRF12 model to investigate the regional magnetic anomalies over mainland China. We assumed satellite points on the same surface (307.69 km) and constructed a spherical cap harmonic model of the satellite magnetic anomalies for elements X, Y, Z, and F over Chinese mainland for 2010.0 (SCH2010) based on selected 498 points. We removed the external field by using the CM4 model. The pole of the spherical cap is 36N° and 104°E, and its half-angle is 30°. After checking and comparing the root mean square (RMS) error of ΔX, ΔY, and ΔZ and X, Y, and Z, we established the truncation level at K ^max = 9. The results suggest that the created China Geomagnetic Referenced Field at the satellite level (CGRF2010) is consistent with the CM4 model. We compared the SCH2010 with other models and found that the intensities and distributions are consistent. In view of the variation of F at different altitudes, the SCH2010 model results obey the basics of the geomagnetic field. Moreover, the change rate of X, Y, and Z for SCH2010 and CM4 are consistent. The proposed model can successfully reproduce the geomagnetic data, as other data-fitting models, but the inherent sources of error have to be considered as well.     

中国东部海域及邻区岩石层地幔的P波速度结构与构造分析

利用中国大陆东部及台湾地区、日本和琉球群岛的地震观测数据,通过体波地震层析技术反演了中国东部海域及其邻近地区的P波速度结构.以此为依据分析了不同地区的岩石层性质和深部动力学条件,探讨了中朝与扬子块体、扬子与华夏块体在海区的深部边界及其构造属性,揭示出菲律宾海板块与欧亚大陆的碰撞以及板片俯冲下沉、弧后扩张作用对中国东部海域岩石层结构的影响.结果表明,中国东部海域的岩石层地幔存在明显的横向非均匀性,它们与区域构造的形成演化有一定的联系.中国大陆东部的五莲－青岛断裂与朝鲜半岛西缘断裂、济州岛南缘断裂共同构成中朝和扬子块体的边界,江绍断裂向东延伸至朝鲜半岛南端成为分隔扬子和华夏块体的边界;东海陆架与冲绳海槽的岩石层结构差异明显,东海陆架具有中国东部地区的岩石层特征,属于欧亚大陆向海域的延伸;冲绳海槽的岩石层强烈减薄,为大陆向大洋过渡的区域;沿着日本－琉球－台湾俯冲带,菲律宾海板块俯冲下沉引起的地幔扰动对中国东部海域产生了较大的影响,欧亚大陆与菲律宾海板块之间的相互碰撞导致台湾地区岩石层明显增厚.     

Lithospheric magnetic anomalies in Southeast Asia from CHAMP data

New possibilities for the interpretation of long-period magnetic anomalies were opened up by the construction of their first satellite-based maps. The anomalies are due to lateral variations in the magnetic properties and thickness of the deep layers of magnetized rocks. The CHAMP orbital geometry is suitable for providing daily information on the magnetic field over the almost uniform grid above the Earth’s surface. These measurements favor calculation of the spherical harmonic model of the main magnetic field for each day separately. The distribution of regional lithospheric anomalies derived from the satellite measurements over the territory of Southeast Asia is analyzed. These lithospheric anomalies agree with the zonal-block crustal structure of this region revealed from geological assessments.     

中国东部海区岩石层结构的区域综合地球物理研究

结合新一轮编图工作的开展,中国东部海区重、磁平面图件在拼入新资料同时,也包含了邻区朝鲜半岛,台湾岛,日本海,菲律宾海等地区的资料.本文在此基础上综合分析研究区重、磁异常特征,利用重、磁资料反演莫霍面、居里面,进而求取了热岩石层底界面,对重、磁数据进行了突出断裂带信息的处理,确定了13条重要断裂带的展布,将研究区划分为8个块体和4个结合带,它们具有"东西成带、南北分块"的特征,是"2条锋线"作用的产物.研究表明,江—绍断裂带向东延伸进入海区,虽然受东海陆架西缘断裂带的切割,但仍继续往东延伸,可能延至朝鲜半岛南端与济州岛南缘断裂带相接;在朝鲜半岛西缘地球物理场存在NNW—NW的明显界线,可解释为断裂带,称之黄海东缘断裂带,中国大陆东部的五莲—青岛断裂带与黄海东缘断裂带和济州岛南缘断裂带共同构成中朝和扬子块体的边界.     

中国大陆及邻区岩石圈三维流变结构

依据地震波速得到的上地幔温度和气象台站记录的地表温度为约束,结合地表热流和热导率观测数据,利用有限元方法计算了中国大陆及邻区岩石圈三维热结构.基于此温度结果和GPS观测得到的应变率数据,以滑动摩擦、脆性破裂和蠕变三种强度机制为约束,计算得到了中国大陆及邻区岩石圈三维流变结构.结果显示:弱强度和低等效黏滞性系数的下地壳在中国大陆及邻区普遍存在,并且下地壳的流变强度和等效黏滞性系数比上地壳和岩石圈地幔一般要低1~2个数量级;中国大陆范围内青藏高原存在着厚度最大、强度最低的下地壳;青藏高原的岩石圈强度和等效黏滞性系数比华北、华南和印度板块的都要低;岩石圈流变结构的横向分布特征与重力梯度带和地形过渡带比较一致.     

基于CHAMP卫星与三维Taylor多项式模型的区域地磁建模研究

利用CHAMP卫星矢量和标量地磁测量数据,通过三维Taylor多项式模型建立了2010.0年中国及邻近地区在300 km高度附近的X、Y、Z和F分量的三维磁场模型.为了比较验证所建模型,分析了其与Taylor多项式模型(二维模型)不同截断阶数所对应的均方偏差(RMSE)、残差及分布等.结果表明,三维模型每一阶的RMSE和残差绝对值的平均值均要比二维模型的小约45%.由于采用了系数完全展开的建模方式,三维模型的系数数量约为二维模型的2倍,三维模型较低的截断阶数可以反映更多的地磁信息.本研究中的5阶三维Taylor模型基本可达到8阶Taylor模型的精度.两种模型绘制的地磁场及残差分布有较好的一致性.     

Application of the data on the lithospheric magnetic anomalies in the problem of recognizing the earthquake prone areas

For the first time, an attempt is made to apply the data on the lithospheric magnetic anomalies of the Earth for determining the areas prone to strong earthquakes by means of the pattern recognition algorithms. The Caucasian region with the threshold magnitude of the strong earthquakes M₀ = 6 is considered. It is established that the data on the lithospheric magnetic anomalies are informative from the standpoint of recognizing the strong earthquake prone areas. Application of these data is promising for solving the similar problems for different seismically active regions.     

Regional anomalies of P-wave amplitudes and tectonics of focal regions

A distinct regional dependence of amplitude observations at closely-situated pairs of Central European seismic stations (about 1° apart) was observed for the short-period P waves at teleseismic distances. For the investigated regions, namely Japan, the Kuriles, Kamchatka, the Aleutians, and Alaska, the magnitude corrections change by 0.3 magnitude units. These changes are related to the change of the strike and dip of the sinking lithospheric plates. A relative decrease of the amplitudes, generally observed for different pairs of stations, corresponds to a decrease of the angle between a seismic ray and a slab.     

基于CHAMP卫星与地面矢量数据联合建立中国地磁模型

首先对地面台站以及CHAMP卫星的矢量磁测数据进行预处理,结合12个子午工程台站最新的磁测数据,并利用第十二代国际地磁参考场模型（IGRF12）对不同数据归算至统一时间点,再结合第四代地磁场综合模型（CM4）计算并移除主磁场、磁层磁场、电离层磁场、感应磁场及较为微弱的环形场,最后通过球冠谐（SCH）模型联合建立了中国地区岩石圈磁场（地磁要素X、Y、Z和总强度F）的球冠谐模型（SCH2000）,结合IGRF12得到了中国地磁模型（CGRF2000）.建模同时考虑了测点数据海拔高度的影响,并讨论了截断阶数的选取以及边界效应的控制问题.通过比较均方偏差（RMS）,认为8阶SCH2000模型可较好地反映中国地区岩石圈磁场,其分布与SCH1936、CM4以及Taylor多项式模型具有一定的相似性.从位置和强度来看,SCH2000模型所反映的岩石圈磁场更为准确,而与CM4存在一定差异,除了测点不同,截断阶数也是原因之一.通过验证,SCH2000模型各要素随高度的变化与CM4模型较为一致,所建立的CGRF2000与IGRF12模型的分布也较为相似.

     

南海北部磁异常特征及对前新生代构造的指示

为了研究南海北部前新生代构造,利用新近的船载磁力测量数据,对磁异常进行变纬度化极,并反演计算视磁化强度和磁源重力异常,以及对三条OBS剖面进行重磁拟合.结果认为东沙隆起高磁异常带是浙闽沿海火山岩带向西的延续,其间被NW向古老的转换边界断裂F10错断;NE向的F2断裂是高磁异常带的南界,并限制了底侵活动的北界;F3断裂在拉伸减薄前是一个薄弱带,两侧深部热状态存在差异,极有可能是晚中生代古俯冲缝合带位置.磁静区在F2和F3断裂之间的磁性层磁性减弱,主要原因是底侵活动引起的热蚀变作用影响;而在F3断裂南侧磁性层磁性较强且较为破碎,斜磁化下磁异常正负相互压制是该区形成弱正磁异常的主要原因,该区磁性层的独特特征也可能反映了"古洋壳"的存在.     

基于张衡一号卫星数据的中国区域岩石圈磁场球冠谐分析

张衡一号卫星于2018年2月成功发射升空, 卫星上搭载有测量地磁场的高精度磁强计, 包括标量和矢量磁力仪.本文基于张衡一号卫星2018年3月—2022年5月的标量磁测数据, 利用球冠谐分析进行中国区域的岩石圈磁场建模工作.首先选取地磁活动平静时期(Kp≤2o)的夜侧数据, 来减少外源场的影响; 然后, 利用CHAOS-7模型计算值去除主磁场和外源场, 得到岩石圈磁异常值, 再利用球冠谐分析进行中国区域的地磁场建模, 得到最大阶数为53.17(对应地表波长为752 km)的球冠谐模型.该模型可以明显揭示出中国及邻区的主要岩石圈磁异常, 包括位于我国塔里木盆地、四川盆地、松辽盆地和境外的贝加尔湖、孟加拉盆地附近的高值磁异常, 以及位于青藏高原南部的东西向低值磁异常.为了对模型结果进行进一步分析, 将其与Swarm-A卫星数据球冠谐建模结果和CHAOS-7球谐模型结果在不同高度上进行了对比, 主要磁异常的分布基本一致, 而且在向下延拓到100 km高度时, 本文的模型也能够提供比较稳定的结果, 但是在幅值和磁异常形态细节上存在一定差异.

     

中国及邻近地区卫星总强度磁异常的三维结构

根据卫星磁异常（△Ｘ，△Ｙ，△Ｚ）的球冠谐和模型和地磁场的不谐模型，得到了卫星总强度磁异常（△Ｆ）的三维模型，计算出中国及邻近地区不同高度（ｈ＝０，１００，２００，３００，４００，５００ｋｍ）的卫星磁异常，绘制出相应高度的总强度磁异常分布图。讨论和分析了卫星总强度磁异常的分布特征，以及卫星磁异常随高度的变化。     

地幔岩石圈热结构差异与中国大陆岩石圈均衡分析

观测表明,大陆地区存在很多传统均衡模型无法解释的现象,其根本原因在于传统均衡理论中没有考虑地幔岩石圈部分由于热结构差异导致密度差异的影响.本文基于岩石圈尺度的质量平衡模型研究了中国大陆20个构造单元地壳及地幔岩石圈对地形海拔的贡献,以及各块体的均衡状态.计算结果表明,在一些地区,如塔里木盆地、北山和柴达木盆地,尽管岩石圈均衡模型和Airy模型得到了一致的海拔值,但岩石圈均衡模型更能体现均衡过程的物理本质;除青藏高原造山带外的多数块体,岩石圈均衡模型的计算结果更接近观测海拔和地表垂直运动状态;总体上,考虑地幔岩石圈热结构影响后,中国大陆各地区的均衡结果普遍优于传统的均衡模型.通过对均衡状态分析,我们得到以下主要结论：(1)构造稳定地区均衡程度较高;(2) 青藏高原及周边造山带现今地壳运动主要为区域构造过程及深部动力学过程所控制,均衡调整过程不是主要控制因素;(3) 现今地壳垂直运动比较明显的块体处于均衡调整阶段,地表垂直运动的大小反映了该区所受的均衡力作用的程度;(4) 构造稳定地区基于岩石层均衡的理论计算海拔与观测海拔之差值和现今地壳垂直运动速率有较好的相关性,据此我们可以通过均衡分析研究构造块体的运动趋势和动力学性质;(5) 地幔热结构对现今地形、海拔及地壳垂直运动有显著影响,在处理均衡问题时,地幔岩石圈热结构是我们必须考虑的重要因素.     

Rheology of the mantle and tectonics of the oceanic lithospheric plates

The modern concepts of the rheology of viscous mantle and brittle lithosphere, as well as the results of the numerical experiments on the processes in a heated layer with a viscosity dependent on pressure, temperature, and shear stress, are reviewed. These dependences are inferred from the laboratory studies of olivine and measurements of postglacial rebound (glacial isostatic adjustment) and geoid anomalies. The numerical solution of classical conservation equations for mass, heat, and momentum shows that thermal convection with a highly viscous rigid lithosphere develops in the layer with the parameters of the mantle with the considered rheology under a temperature difference of 3500 K, without any special additional conditions due to the self-organization of the material. If the viscosity parameters of the lithosphere correspond to dry olivine, the lithosphere remains monolithic (unbroken). At a lower strength (probably due to the effects of water), the lithosphere splits into a set of separate rigid plates divided by the ridges and subduction zones. The plates submerge into the mantle, and their material is involved in the convective circulation. The results of the numerical experiment may serve as direct empirical evidence to validate the basic concepts of the theory of plate tectonics; these experiments also reveal some new features of the mantle convection. The probable structure of the flows in the upper and lower mantle (including the asthenosphere), which shows the primary role of the lithospheric plates, is demonstrated for the first time.     

南极大陆及其周缘海域重、磁异常特征及区域构造分析

许多国家和组织在南极地区开展了大量的重、磁调查工作,并依据调查成果开展了区域地质构造等相关学科的研究,而中国此方面调查和研究工作很少.本文收集了南极地区最新的重、磁异常数据,首次对其进行了重、磁异常对应分析处理,详细描述了重、磁异常特征及对应分析特征.在此基础上,对区域构造进行了初步分析和解释,指出了东南极克拉通存在东、西深部构造差异,并对几个深大断裂进行了划分,探讨了东南极太古宙陆核的分布,对西南极及其周缘海域岩浆岩分布进行了初步划分.     

基于磁力资料的南海及邻区磁性基底和居里面深度特征研究

磁性基底和居里面是研究地壳和岩石圈的地质构造和热演化过程的两个重要磁性界面.为了研究南海及邻区磁性基底和居里面所反映的深部构造及其热活动的地质效应,本文在对磁异常进行化极处理的基础上,采用最小曲率位场分离方法,获得了磁性基底和居里面引起的化极磁异常,利用双界面模型快速反演方法,反演了南海及邻区的磁性基底和居里面深度,研究了磁性基底、居里面深度及其分布特征,讨论了磁性基底、居里面与新生界深度之间相关性特征及其地质意义.研究表明,磁性基底深度5~20 km,洋盆南北两侧磁性基底走向分别以NE、NEE向为主,中南半岛周缘磁性基底呈NW、NNW走向.居里面深度15~32 km,宏观表现为"洋壳浅、周缘深"及周缘"北浅南深"的特征,洋盆地区居里面深度呈现"西南浅、东部深",洋壳与陆壳接触带在居里面深度上表现为梯级带特征.新生界深度与磁性基底深度相关性（Correlation between the depth of magnetic basement and Cenozoic,CDMBC）多以不规则形状分布,在盆地的沉积中心呈现正相关;新生界深度与居里面深度相关性（Correlation between the depth of Curie surface and Cenozoic,CDCSC）多呈NE、NEE向带状正相关分布,走向与盆地走向一致;莺歌海盆地、琼东南盆地、万安盆地南部和曾母盆地CDMBC呈正相关、CDCSC呈负相关,莺歌海相关性特征推测为：居里面随岩石圈变形隆起而抬升,磁性基底张裂下沉,发生大规模沉降引起;琼东南盆地相关性特征推测为：居里面随岩石圈变形下坳而下降,沉积中心与磁性基底下沉方向一致;万安盆地和曾母盆地相关性特征推测为：深部流体沿南海西缘断裂直接进入地壳,引起该处居里面深度变浅.     

Deep crustal structures of eastern China and adjacent seas revealed by magnetic data

Through reduction to the North Pole and upward continuation of the total field magnetic anomalies, we analyze magnetic patterns and spatial distributions of different tectonic blocks and crustal faults in eastern China and adjacent seas. Depths to the Curie isotherms are further estimated from radially averaged amplitude spectra of magnetic data reduced to the pole. Data reductions effectively enhance boundaries of regional tectonic belts, such as the Dabie ultra-high metamorphic belt, the Tanlu Fault, and the Diaoyudao Uplift. Curie depths are estimated at between 19.6 and 48.9 km, with a mean of 31.7 km. The Subei Basin and the south Yellow Sea Basin in the lower Yangtze block show relatively deep Curie isotherms, up to about 35 km in depth, whereas in the surrounding areas Curie depths are averaged at about 25 km. This implies that the lower Yangtze Block has experienced a unique tectonic evolution and/or has unique basement lithology and structures. From a regional perspective, sedimentary basins, such as the Subei Basin, the south Yellow Sea Basin, and the East China Sea Basin, normally show deeper Curie isotherms than surrounding uplifts such as the Diaoyudao Uplift and the Zhemin Uplifts. Curie isotherms also upwell significantly in volcanically active areas such as the Ryukyu Arc and the Cheju Island, confirming strong magmatic and geothermal activities at depth. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40776026 and 40876022) and National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB411702)