高铝粉煤灰碱溶法制备氢氧化铝的研究

实验研究了采用两步碱溶法从高铝粉煤灰中提取氢氧化铝的可行性。首先采用浓度为8 mol/L的NaOH溶液,在95℃的条件下溶出高铝粉煤灰中部分非晶态SiO2;所得脱硅粉煤灰再与适量CaO混合均匀,在260~280℃下以浓度18~20 mol/L的NaOH溶液溶出Al2O3,得到高苛性比的铝酸钠溶液;经降低苛性比、脱硅和碳酸化分解,制得氢氧化铝制品。化学成分分析结果表明,该氢氧化铝制品符合GB/T 4294-1997规定的一级标准。与其他从高铝粉煤灰中提取氧化铝的工艺相比,该方法避免了粉煤灰原料的高温烧结过程,生产能耗显著降低,加工过程的环境相容性良好。     

油页岩提硅渣铝溶出实验研究

针对提取氧化硅后的油页岩灰渣,对改良碱石灰烧结法提取氧化铝过程中的铝溶出进行了实验研究,主要探讨了烧结温度、烧结时间、碱铝比及钙硅比对烧结熟料中的物相特点及铝溶出率的影响。运用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)对烧结熟料进行的物相分析结果显示,主要物相为铝酸钠(NaAlO₂)和硅酸钙钠(Na₂CaSiO₄)。烧结实验结果表明,当烧结温度为1 150℃,保温时间为1.5 h,碱铝比为1.0,钙硅比为1.0时,烧结熟料中氧化铝的标准溶出率可达94%。     

大气降尘及人工粉尘在缬氨酸中的溶解特性研究

针对自然降尘、工业区降尘及人工粉尘进行的物相、成分、表面形貌、元素含量及粒度分析表明,降尘均以石英、方解石、钠长石、绢云母为主要物相成分,SiO₂、CaO含量较高,K₂O、Na₂O含量低。降尘粒度在0.3～5 μm内集中分布,小于2 μm的粉尘比例均超过85%。粉尘颗粒多为无规则的团块状,且颗粒表面粗糙。在模拟人体温度37℃条件下,对比研究了32 h内粉尘在缬氨酸水溶液中的溶出行为和电化学作用。不同性质的粉尘的pH值和电导率变化趋势不尽相同,大体上前4 h前各粉尘样品的pH值、电导率随时间增加上升较快,8 h后反应基本达到平衡。反应前后,溶液pH值改变较小,缬氨酸对粉尘溶解有较大缓冲作用。粉尘中元素K、Ca、Na、Mg的离子溶出总量为31～331 mg/L,其中Ca元素的溶出量最大为15～255 mg/L,其次为元素K、Mg、Na。重金属离子Fe、Zn、Mn、Pb、Ba、Cr、Ni、V的离子溶出总量为3.06～20.60 mg/L,Al、Si离子溶出总量为1.12～22.80 mg/L。粉尘中各元素主要在前8 h溶出较快,各粉尘在中性缬氨酸水溶液中的溶解程度由大到小为: 硅灰石>蛇纹石>海泡石;水泥厂降尘>自然降尘>电厂降尘。CaO含量高的水泥厂降尘和硅灰石人工粉尘溶解程度最大,表明其在中性缬氨酸环境中耐蚀性较差,表现出较低的生物持久性。SiO₂含量高的电厂降尘和海泡石人工粉尘溶解程度最小,具有较强耐蚀能力和较高生物持久性。     

The effect of Fe-oxidizing bacteria on Fe-silicate mineral dissolution

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans are commonly present in acid mine drainage (AMD). A. ferrooxidans derive metabolic energy from oxidation of Fe²⁺ present in natural acid solutions and also may be able to utilize Fe²⁺ released by dissolution of silicate minerals during acid neutralization reactions. Natural and synthetic fayalites were reacted in solutions with initial pH values of 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 in the presence of A. ferrooxidans and in abiotic solutions in order to determine whether these chemolithotrophic bacteria can be sustained by acid-promoted fayalite dissolution and to measure the impact of their metabolism on acid neutralization rates. The production of almost the maximum Fe³⁺ from the available Fe in solution in microbial experiments (compared to no production of Fe³⁺ in abiotic controls) confirms A. ferrooxidans metabolism. Furthermore, cell division was detected and the total cell numbers increased over the duration of experiments. Thus, over the pH range 2–4, fayalite dissolution can sustain growth of A. ferrooxidans. However, ferric iron released by A. ferrooxidans metabolism dramatically inhibited dissolution rates by 50–98% compared to the abiotic controls.

Two sets of abiotic experiments were conducted to determine why microbial iron oxidation suppressed fayalite dissolution. Firstly, fayalite was dissolved at pH 2 in fully oxygenated and anoxic solutions. No significant difference was observed between rates in these experiments, as expected, due to extremely slow inorganic ferrous iron oxidation rates at pH 2. Experiments were also carried out to determine the effects of the concentrations of Fe²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Fe³⁺ on fayalite dissolution. Neither Fe²⁺ nor Mg²⁺ had an effect on the dissolution reaction. However, Fe³⁺, in the solution, inhibited both silica and iron release in the control, very similar to the biologically mediated fayalite dissolution reaction. Because ferric iron produced in microbial experiments was partitioned into nanocrystalline goethite (with very low Si) that was loosely associated with fayalite surfaces or coated the A. ferrooxidans cells, the decreased rates of accumulation of Fe and Si in solution cannot be attributed to diffusion inhibition by goethite or to precipitation of Fe–Si-rich minerals. The magnitude of the effect of Fe³⁺ addition (or enzymatic iron oxidation) on fayalite dissolution rates, especially at low extents of fayalite reaction, is most consistent with suppression of dissolution by interaction between Fe³⁺ and surface sites. These results suggest that microorganisms can significantly reduce the rate at which silicate hydrolysis reactions can neutralize acidic solutions in the environment.     

Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by modified fly ash

Removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by modified fly ash was studied in batch model. The influences of the contact time, the initial F^- concentration, the dosage of fly ash, and the temperature on removal of F have been studied, respectively. It was found that fly ash modified with dilute HCl has the maximum adsorption of fluoride from aqueous solutions, and that the retention of fluoride ions by material was 85% or higher with initial 10 mg F^-/L. First-order kinetics was observed for the adsorption process, which follows the Langrnuir and Freundlich isotherms. The thermodynamic parameters such as ΔG0, ΔH0, ΔS0 were calculated from Langmuir constants. The positive value of ΔH0 （1.273 J/mol） confirms the endothermic nature of adsorption.     

山东省蒙阴县蒙山北部麦饭石地球化学、溶出与吸附特征

山东省蒙阴县蒙山北部地区麦饭石矿产资源品质好,且矿石开发利用已具有较大规模。为查明该区麦饭石全岩地球化学及麦饭石溶出和吸附特征,本文对研究区麦饭石岩相学和地质地球化学特征进行了分析研究。研究结果表明,蒙阴县蒙山北部地区麦饭石属钙碱性岩浆岩,其对人体的有益和有害元素的含量与地壳元素丰度值相当或略低。麦饭石的溶出和吸附特征表明,麦饭石能溶出有用组分偏硅酸(H₂SiO₃),并且含量均达到了天然饮用矿泉水的标准要求(≥25.00 mg/L),有益有害元素也均满足限量指标要求,溶出效果较好。麦饭石对有害元素Pb、Cd、Hg、As、Cr均具有较强的吸附作用,其中对Cd、Hg、Pb等元素吸附效果最好。本次研究为制定山东省麦饭石矿产地质勘查地方标准及开发利用提供科学依据。     

Problems of high fluoride waters in Turkey

The geochemistry theory can provide information about the distribution, contents and migration in nature of the chemical elements in minerals, rocks, soils, waters, atmospheres, etc. Therefore, it has been applied extensively. Nowadays the petroleum supply throughout the world is in tension. The coal resources are unfriendly to the environment, because coals contain many harmful chemical elements. How to exploit the efficient clean liquid energy from coals is a hot subject of study. This paper deals with the present domestic and international applications of geochemistry in coal liquefaction research, on the basis of coal geology, points out the shortages and problems that need to be dissolved, clarifies the necessity of coal liquefaction technique research under the coal geochemistry background. To enhance the oil production and reduce environmental effects, the direct coal liquefaction technique research should take it into consideration the three-aspects coupling pattern, which includes the influence of coal direct liquefaction activity combined with different geochemical parameters, the different migration behaviors of harmful elements in the coal liquefaction process, and the geological control factors of coal-forming environments. It is indicated that the coal geochemistry is extensively applied in coal direct liquefaction technique research.     

第三系红层中石膏溶蚀特性及其对工程的影响

第三系红层中石膏分布比较广泛,大量的实验证明,石膏发生溶蚀的主要是含Ca2 的物质,并且溶蚀速率和与水接触的方式以及水头压力大小有直接关系。结合现场资料,将渗透系数K=10-5cm s作为石膏在第三系红层泥岩封闭下发生溶蚀的判据。同时针对水利工程中石膏溶蚀以及对砼的腐蚀性提出了相应的防治措施。     

不同水流速度下温度对奥陶系碳酸盐岩溶蚀速度的影响

为了解不同水流速度下温度对碳酸盐岩溶蚀速度的影响,以自行设计、制造的能够模拟水流条件,并且可同时容纳24个样品的溶蚀试验装置为平台,以淮南张集矿、潞安漳村矿和兖州东滩矿奥陶系灰岩为代表性岩石试样,选取不同温度、水流速度及CO₂压力,进行了溶蚀试验。试验结果显示,在水流速度较低时(16.67 mL/min),环境温度的变化对溶蚀速度的影响比较微小(平均溶蚀变化量为0.000 6 g/cm²)。在水流速度较大时(60 mL/min),温度的改变对溶蚀速度影响较大(平均溶蚀变化量为0.0038 g/cm²)。也就是说在地下水的强径流带,温度对溶蚀速度的影响相对较大,溶蚀速度较快,所以岩溶较发育。     

塔城盆地地下水氟分布特征及富集机理

塔城盆地位于新疆维吾尔自治区西北部,干旱少雨,蒸发强烈.但相对于新疆其他盆地,塔城盆地地下水水质相对较好,溶解性总固体和F-含量相对较低.为解译这种差异及盆地内高氟地下水的成因,本文在对盆地地下水样品水化学组分系统分析的基础上,结合多种水文地质调查数据,利用数理统计、离子比及主成分分析等手段,研究高氟水的成因及其分布规...     

宁南西吉含水层沉积物的氟释放特征

宁南西吉存在范围较大的高氟地下水区,属于高氟水重灾区.以宁南含水层沉积物为研究对象开展室内实验,探讨了pH、Ca2+、Na+、HCO3-和Ca2+/OH-协同作用对沉积物中氟释放的影响及定量关系.结果表明,相对于HCO3-,pH值对F-释放的促进作用更高,相对增量为10％～50％.低Ca2+/ Na+比提高了沉积物所释放F-的活度,有利于地下水中F-的聚集.不同岩性对pH值的缓冲能力不同,从而决定F-的释放.整体而言,粉质粘土、泥岩和粘土F-释放的浓度相对其他岩性要高.泥岩和粉质粘土的F-释放受pH影响较大.沉积物中Al、Fe、Mn、Si组分含量、总F-浓度与不同条件下淋滤出的F-浓度也具备较好的相关性.沉积物的F-含量对地下水中F-聚集有较大的影响.     

The influence of impurities on the dissolution of Ca- and Sr-bearing barite at room temperature

1INTRODUCTION BARITE(BASO4)ISANEXTREMELYINSOLUBLESALT;THISAROUSESPROBLEMSINPETROLEUMINDUSTRYBECAUSE BASO4ISAPARTICULARLYINTRACTABLESCALINGAGENT.BARITE PRECIPITATIONINTHEWELLBOREENVIRONMENTGENERALLYRE QUIRESMECHANICALREMOVAL,WITHCONSIDERABLEASSOCIAT EDEXPE…     

高氟地下水混凝沉淀降氟试验研究

本文开展了山西运城地区高氟地下水的降氟试验,对聚铁、硫酸铝和明矾等不同混凝剂降氟效果进行对比,探讨了地下水硬度对混凝沉淀除氟效果的影响.实验结果表明:明矾混凝沉降效果优于其它混凝剂,0.3g/L的明矾溶液可使含氟浓度4.0mg/L 的地下水降低到浓度1.0mg/L以下;地下水的硬度对明矾混凝降氟效果没有明显影响.     

Solubility and dissolution rate of silica in acid fluoride solutions

We performed 57 batch reactor experiments in acidic fluoride solutions to measure the dissolution rate of quartz. These rate data along with rate data from published studies were fit using multiple linear regression to produce the following non-unique rate law for quartz

where 10^−5.13 < a_HF < 10^1.60, −0.28 < pH < 7.18, and 298 < T < 373 K. Similarly, 97 amorphous silica dissolution rate data from published studies were fit by multiple linear regression to produce the following non-unique rate law for amorphous silica

where 10^−2.37 < a_HF < 10^1.61, −0.32 < pH < 4.76 and 296 < T < 343 K. Regression of the rates versus other combinations of solution species, e.g.  + H⁺, F⁻ + H⁺, HF + , HF + F⁻, or  + F⁻, produced equally good fits. Any of these rate laws can be interpreted to mean that the rate-determining step for silica dissolution in fluoride solutions involves a coordinated attack of a Lewis acid, on the bridging O atom and a Lewis base on the Si atom. This allows a redistribution of electrons from the Si–O bond to form a O–H group and a Si–FH group.     

三峡库区泥质灰岩溶蚀作用与边坡岩体破坏

三峡库区泥质灰岩边坡的溶蚀与破坏问题,影响到三峡工程的顺利进行,正确掌握它的破坏规律,有利于边坡治理与防护工作。本文从岩体的基本地质信息入手,分析溶蚀作用从不同方面对边坡工程性质的影响。主要包括:岩体内部可溶岩成分被溶蚀后泥质成分富集,岩体成份发生变化;岩体密集节理裂隙发育,结构疏松,成为溶蚀液体的入渗通道,加剧深层岩体的溶蚀作用发生。溶蚀作用叠加不同的地质破坏因素后,三峡库区泥质灰岩岸坡的变形破坏类型总结为三类:薄-中厚层块裂式破坏、中-厚层点裂式破坏、厚-巨厚层层裂式破坏。     

酸性条件下红壤中铝的活化及环境意义

利用动态反复浸提模拟实验研究了4种红壤中固相铝的活化过程。结果表明，红壤酸化程度与土壤表面变换性铝呈正相关关系。当高强度外源H^ 输入土壤后，有机铝和无机铝均可活化。浸提初期以弱键合的有机铝活化为主，当浸提到一定程度时，弱键合有机铝亏损，无机铝活化的相对重要性显示出来。20次浸提后，宁海红壤，嵊县红壤及永春红壤的铝总活化量中无机铝占主要部分。当土壤酸化到一定程度时（如屯溪红壤）有机铝和无机铝均亏损，铝的活化量很低。酸性条件下弱键合有机铝的快速活化产生高浓度的可溶性铝以及随后的快速亏损都将对生态环境产生重要影响。     

Brick tea and its health impact

Tea bush is one of the plants cultivated in acidic soil, and is a typical hyper-accumulator of F and Al. Brick tea is a kind of brick-formed tea compressed using the older and coarse leaves and branches of tea trees. Brick tea mixed with milk is drunk as a daily indispensable beverage for Mongols, Ewenki, and other minority nationalities in the pastoral and semi-pastoral areas of Northwest China. It is reported that drinking brick tea can result in dental and skeletal fluorosis due to the high F content in it. Because Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） is related with Al in human brain, and Al has potential toxicities for skeletal and neural systems,     

三峡地区碳酸盐岩化学组分与溶蚀速率的响应关系

文章通过室内静水溶蚀实验测定了三峡地区香溪河流域震旦-三叠系碳酸盐岩的化学溶蚀速率,探讨了碳酸盐岩的化学溶蚀速率对岩石化学组分的响应关系,为区域岩溶量化研究与地层含水性评价等提供了科学依据。研究结果表明:较纯碳酸盐岩的溶蚀速率受到CaO、SrO的促进作用和MgO的抑制作用共同控制,而这三者对纯灰岩的溶蚀速率影响较小;碳酸盐岩中的酸不溶物对化学溶蚀过程呈现出抑制的趋势。碳酸盐岩的化学溶蚀速率受到多化学组分的共同影响,综合决定了碳酸盐岩的可溶性。      

含氟废水的粉煤灰处理实验研究

进行了影响粉煤灰处理含氟废水的各种条件实验，（pH、水灰比、氟浓度、振荡平衡时间），结果表明最佳处理条件是pH值为2．5、水灰比为小于20、氟浓度小于500mg/l、振荡平衡时间大于2．5h，并研究了粉煤灰处理含氟废水的机理，给出了其吸附等温式。