东露天槽仓黄土高边坡开挖支护变形分析

文本针对东露天煤矿槽仓黄土高边坡,利用有限元方法,进行了边坡开挖前后变形规律的数值分析。黄土高边坡开挖后发生较大位移,针对未支护开挖条件下的边坡位移发展分布规律与应力集中区域的模拟结果,对重点支护部位进行动态设计防护。相比物理试验研究,数值试验具有许多优势,对数值模拟结果进行分析,拟在边坡坡面采用锚杆与土钉联合支护方法,在边坡直臂段采用钢内撑与护坡桩联合支护方法。模拟结果表明,该支护方案可以均衡应力分布,有效抑制水平位移的扩大,为边坡重点加固区域的动态设计施工提供了科学依据,达到了工程安全等级的设计要求。     

岩质高挖方边坡锚杆参数优化设计研究

针对某220 kV变电站岩质高挖方边坡,采用极限平衡法和数值分析法,设置不同锚杆打入角度和长度方案对边坡的稳定性进行了计算对比分析,优化了锚杆设计参数,评价了坡顶位移监测、深层水平位移监测和锚杆应力监测对锚杆加固效果。结果表明,（1）随着锚杆打入角度的增加,边坡安全系数先增大后减小,存在最优锚固角度,确定22°为最优锚固角度;（2）边坡下部锚杆受力大于上部锚杆受力,设计时应有重点考虑下部锚杆参数。当边坡安全系数不满足设计要求时,应适当增大下部锚杆截面尺寸或增加锚杆长度;（3）各排锚杆应进行不等长设计,锚杆长度通过极限平衡法量取潜在滑动面到坡面的距离进行确定和验算;（4）现场监测结果显示优化设计后的锚杆参数加固效果良好,经济效益可观。     

Limit analysis of the stability of slopes reinforced with anchors

An approach based on the category of upper bound theorem of limit analysis is proposed in this article to consider the reinforcing effect of one row of anchors on slope stabilization. The shear strength reduction technique is used in the determination of the safety factor of the slope. The effect of anchor reinforcement is assumed to be an external axial force applied on the slope, and in the formulas of kinematic limit analysis, the work rate done by the anchor can be calculated. So, the stability analysis can be conducted without any assumptions on the acting position and decomposition of the axial force of anchors. Results were compared with those obtained using both the limit equilibrium method and numerical method. A parametric study was carried out to illustrate the effect of anchor orientation and position on slope stabilization. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

刚/柔性组合墙面加筋土挡墙内部破坏机制

基于离心模型试验成果,建立软土地基刚/柔性组合墙面加筋土挡墙离散-连续耦合数值模型,采用离散单元颗粒流程序PFC和有限差分程序FLAC分别模拟加筋土挡墙和软土地基,分析挡墙的变形、筋材拉力分布及内部破坏演化过程,并与刚性地基上挡墙情况进行比较,以探讨刚/柔性组合墙面加筋土挡墙的内部破坏机制。研究结果表明,数值模型计算结果与离心模型试验结果吻合,其内部潜在破坏面经过连接件锚固端位置,各层筋材拉力均在连接件锚固端位置最大;软土地基上挡墙和刚性地基上挡墙的内部破坏面均一致,且筋材均由下而上依次断裂;软土地基上挡墙内部破坏面与地基圆弧滑移面贯通,为复合滑动模式,而刚性地基上挡墙整体破坏模式为折线型,连接件埋深范围内加筋体沿其底部连接件水平滑出。     

Calculation of the Internal Forces and Numerical Simulation of the Anchor Frame Beam Strengthening Expansive Soil Slope

Anchor frame beam is an excellent method for strengthening the expansive soil cut slope. It can effectively prevent cracks and fissures of expansive soil slope from expanding. There are plentiful engineering experiences that are important for the design of anchor frame beam. However its design theory is still not uniform and there is not any code to be followed. The assumption of Winkler foundation beam and semi-infinite elastic theory are used for calculating the internal forces of the frame beams. At the meantime FLAC^3D software is used for simulating anchor frame beam strengthening expansive soil cut slope. Main parameters, such as length, range interval and angle of the anchor, are researched so as to acquire how to influence slope deformation. The internal force distributing of different length beams is analyzed. The results indicate that it is absurd to design frame beams just by expansive force. It is suggested that the internal forces of pre-cast and cast-in-place beams be calculated with Winkler foundation beam and semi-infinite elastic theory. The numerical results show that ratio of slope has an impact on the slope deformation, and that the angle and the range interval of the two neighboring anchors influence the slope deformation. The pertinent proposal for designing frame beam is offered based on an actual project so as to optimize the design.     

A procedure for the design and analysis of geosynthetic reinforced soil slopes

Summary A procedure for the stability analysis and design of geosynthetic reinforced soil slopes over a firm foundation is described. Firstly the unreinforced slope is analysed, and for this a circular failure method is used which allows a surcharge load to be taken into account. Any method of slip circle analysis could be used to identify the coordinates of the centre of the slip circle, its radius and the minimum factor of safety. In this study, both internal and external stability analysis of the reinforced slope is presented. Internal stability deals with the resistance to pullout failure within the reinforced soil zone resulting from the soil/reinforcement interaction. The external stability is considered by an extension of the bilinear wedge method which allows a slip plane to propagate horizontally along a reinforcing sheet. The results for total tensile force, internal and external stability are presented in the form of charts.For given properties of soil and slope geometry, the required strength of the geosynthetic and the length of reinforcement at the top and bottom of the slope can be determined using these charts. The results are compared with the published design charts by Schmertmannet al. (1987).     

三种盾构管片配筋设计方法对比及现场实测分析

通过对比修正惯用法的解析解、ANSYS数值模拟解和ANSYS梁-弹簧模型法数值模拟解,结合东莞至惠州城际轨道交通工程DK97+898.238~DK100+897段管片内力现场实测结果,深入探讨各计算方法的合理性和准确性,并得出以下结论:修正惯用法解析解管片内力及配筋最大,修正惯用法数值解次之,梁-弹簧法数值解与现场实测反算值最小。修正惯用法解析解偏保守,容易造成设计配筋过大和浪费;建模较为复杂的梁-弹簧法及现场实测可反馈设计,其结果表明,修正惯用法数值模拟结果比解析解更接近工程实际,本工程内比解析法可节省配筋22.6%左右,且仍有富余量。     

基于二楔块法的加筋土挡墙屈服加速度及破坏模式极限分析

加筋土挡墙具有优越的抗震性能,并在土建工程中被广泛应用,因此,加筋土挡墙抗震设计方法的研究尤为重要。为了能够分析加筋体内部筋材布置方式、筋材抗拉强度等对屈服加速度的影响,假定破坏模式为双楔块模式,根据极限分析理论推导了加筋土挡墙屈服加速度系数表达式。与规范计算值相比,计算结果更接近模型测试值与数值模拟结果,同时计算方法可以反映模型的真实破坏模式。参数分析表明：屈服加速度随着筋材抗拉强度的增大而增大,特别是筋材长度较长时;随着筋材竖向间距的增大,屈服加速度逐渐减小;面板的宽度对屈服加速度几乎不产生影响;与面板宽度相比,筋材抗拉强度与竖向间距对加筋土挡墙破裂面形状的影响更大。     

锚杆挡土墙可靠度分析与计算方法

提出了锚杆挡墙中肋柱锚杆体系的串-并联模型。将肋柱视为连续梁,锚杆视为弹性支座,引入锚杆与锚固段周围岩土体的复合刚度系数,用位移法导出了各根锚杆所受荷载的统一计算公式。考虑各功能函数之间的相关性,运用系统可靠性理论,提出了单根锚杆3种破坏模式的串联系统与多根锚杆并联系统的体系可靠度计算方法,并编制了计算程序。对一工程实例进行计算,并对计算结果进行了分析,发现单根锚杆的3种失效模式并非相互独立,每种失效模式对锚杆可靠度的影响也不一样,而3根锚杆并联系统的失效概率近似等于在其他锚杆均未破坏的条件下每根锚杆单独失效概率之和。     

预应力锚索加固土质边坡极限平衡稳定性分析

基于滑动面搜索新方法,对预应力锚索加固边坡进行稳定性分析。通过将锚索的加固效应简化为作用在土条(柱)底面上的一个外力,实现了条分(柱)法下二维和三维锚索加固边坡的安全系数计算。经过算例对比分析,验证了本文方法的可行性,然后,在一定程度上研究了锚索倾角、三维滑动体长度L、锚索锚固力F以及水平加固间距S变化时对边坡稳定性的影响。研究结果表明:(1)锚索加固可有效提高边坡的稳定性,同时,也增大了原有边坡发生滑动的范围; (2)随着三维滑动体长度L的增大,三维边坡(包括未加固和锚索加固)的稳定性趋于二维边坡稳定性; (3)单位水平加固间距上的锚固力越大,锚索对边坡的加固效应越明显。     

再论岩土工程有限元方法的应用问题

岩土工程数值分析方法对于研究复杂的岩土介质与多变的施工措施是一种得力的方法,比传统的解析方法、室内试验方法、模拟试验方法、现场试验方法等具有无可替代的优越性。按岩土工程数值方法的历史发展、作用及发展方向,将其分为4个层次：作为一种高级计算器,直接为某个具体岩土工程的设计服务,对该岩土工程在各种极端设计工况下进行安全性、稳定性的计算分析;作为一种强大的、无与伦比的模拟分析器,对复杂工况条件下复杂岩土工程的各种不利因素的相互作用、相互影响、耦合效应等进行模拟分析;作为一种无成本、可重复的多功能试验机,探索具体岩土工程的稳定机制或某工程措施的加固机制;作为岩土工程数值方法的终极目标,对数值分析方法进行二次开发——研发智能化、快速化、简便化的新型数值分析工具。对这4个层次进行了讨论,并对每个层次进行举例说明。     

Experimental Study of Bearing Capacity of Granular Soils,Reinforced with Innovative Grid-Anchor System

The pull-out resistance of reinforcing elements is one of the most significant factors in increasing the bearing capacity of geosynthetic reinforced soils. In this research a new reinforcing element that includes elements (anchors) attached to ordinary geogrid for increasing the pull-out resistance of reinforcements is introduced. Reinforcement therefore consists of geogrid and anchors with cubic elements that attached to the geogrid, named (by the authors) Grid-Anchor. A total of 45 load tests were performed to investigate the bearing capacity of square footing on sand reinforced with this system. The effect of depth of the first reinforcement layer, the vertical spacing, the number and width of reinforcement layers, the distance that anchors are effective, effect of relative density, low strain stiffness and stiffness after local shear were investigated. Laboratory tests showed that when a single layer of reinforcement is used there is an optimum reinforcement embedment depth for which the bearing capacity is the greatest. There also appeared to be an optimum vertical spacing of reinforcing layers for multi-layer reinforced sand. The bearing capacity was also found to increase with increasing number of reinforcement layer, if the reinforcement were placed within a range of effective depth. The effect of soil density also is investigated. Finally the results were compared with the bearing capacity of footings on non-reinforced sand and sand reinforced with ordinary geogrid and the advantages of the Grid-Anchor were highlighted. Test results indicated that the use of Grid-Anchor to reinforce the sand increased the ultimate bearing capacity of shallow square footing by a factor of 3.0 and 1.8 times compared to that for un-reinforced soil and soil reinforced with ordinary geogrid, respectively.     

Reinforcing mechanism of anchors in slopes: a numerical comparison of results of LEM and FEM

This paper reports the limitation of the conventional Bishop's simplified method to calculate the safety factor of slopes stabilized with anchors, and proposes a new approach to considering the reinforcing effect of anchors on the safety factor. The reinforcing effect of anchors can be explained using an additional shearing resistance on the slip surface. A three‐dimensional shear strength reduction finite element method (SSRFEM), where soil–anchor interactions were simulated by three‐dimensional zero‐thickness elasto‐plastic interface elements, was used to calculate the safety factor of slopes stabilized with anchors to verify the reinforcing mechanism of anchors. The results of SSRFEM were compared with those of the conventional and proposed approaches for Bishop's simplified method for various orientations, positions, and spacings of anchors, and shear strengths of soil–grouted body interfaces. For the safety factor, the proposed approach compared better with SSRFEM than the conventional approach. The additional shearing resistance can explain the influence of the orientation, position, and spacing of anchors, and the shear strength of soil–grouted body interfaces on the safety factor of slopes stabilized with anchors. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stability Analysis and Reinforcement Design of A High Steep Rock-soil Slope

Engineering geological survey, field testing of physico-mechanical parameters, and numerical analysis of stability are made for a high steep rock-soil slope. Based on this, a reinforcement design scheme is proposed to keep slope stable in give period. The reinforcement method and safety coefficients presented in this paper are of reference value for similar slopes.     

Vertical uplift capacity of two interfering horizontal anchors in sand using an upper bound limit analysis

The vertical uplift resistance of two interfering rigid rough strip anchors embedded horizontally in sand at shallow depths has been examined. The analysis is performed by using an upper bound theorem of limit analysis in combination with finite elements and linear programming. It is specified that both the anchors are loaded to failure simultaneously at the same magnitude of the failure load. For different clear spacing (S) between the anchors, the magnitude of the efficiency factor (ξ_γ) is determined. On account of interference, the magnitude of ξ_γ is found to reduce continuously with a decrease in the spacing between the anchors. The results from the numerical analysis were found to compare reasonably well with the available theoretical data from the literature.     

Horizontal Pullout Resistance for a Group of Two Vertical Plate Anchors in Clays

The horizontal pullout capacity of a group of two rigid strip plate anchors embedded along the same vertical plane in clays, under undrained condition, has been determined. An increase of cohesion with depth has also been incorporated. The analysis has been performed by using an upper bound finite element limit analysis in combination with linear optimization. For different clear spacing (S) between the anchors, the efficiency factor (η_cγ) has been determined to evaluate the group failure load for different values of (1) embedment ratio (H/B), (2) the normalized rate (m) which accounts for a linear increase of cohesion with depth, and (3) normalized unit weight (γH/c_o). The magnitude of the group failure load (1) becomes maximum corresponding to a certain spacing (S_cr) between the anchors, and (2) increases with an increase in the γH/c_o up to a certain value before attaining a certain maximum magnitude. The value of S_cr/B has been found to vary generally between 0.7 and 1.2. The maximum magnitude of η_cγ, associated with the critical spacing, (1) increases generally with increases in H/B, and (2) decreases with an increase in m. For a greater spacing between the anchors, the analysis reveals the development of a local shear zone around the lower anchor plate. The numerical results developed are expected to be useful for purpose of design.     

水工隧洞钢筋混凝土衬砌外水压力取值方法研究

外水压力是隧洞衬砌承受的主要荷载之一,也是控制其建设与运行或检修过程中衬砌结构安全的关键因素。目前外水压力的取值仍然以经验公式为主,存在很大的局限性和不准确性。首先分析对比了衬砌外水压力的折减系数法、理论解析方法和数值分析方法几种取值方法,然后进行了不同渗透环境和衬砌支护条件下的衬砌外水压力计算。结果表明,随着围岩渗透性和衬砌厚度的增大,衬砌外表面的水压力越大;对于渗流数值计算,模型范围应取距离隧洞中心不小于30倍洞径;考虑渗流场的时间效应,开挖完成10 d后隧洞的渗流场趋于稳定,衬砌支护20 d后衬砌外侧水压力分布趋于稳定。     

深部破碎软岩巷道围岩稳定性分析及控制

针对深部破碎软岩巷道围岩稳定性控制难题,以邢东矿-980车场巷道为研究对象,采用现场调研、数值模拟、井下试验及现场观测等方法分析围岩变形破坏特征,揭示其破坏机制,针对性地提出了以高强锚杆密集支护、新型喷层结构护表、滞后注浆加固为主体的多层次锚喷网注联合支护系统,详细阐明了具体支护措施的围岩控制机制,并用数值方法分析了锚杆间距、喷层厚度对于围岩应力场和位移场的影响规律。研究表明：（1）随着锚杆间距减小（0.7 m→0.3 m）,锚杆承压拱和喷层结构的承载能力呈幂函数增长趋势,锚固区围岩压应力呈线性增长趋势,围岩变形量明显降低;（2）随着喷层厚度增大,喷层结构承载能力近似线性增长,锚固区围岩压应力亦呈增长趋势,各部位围岩位移量显著降低;（3）当喷层厚度达到200 mm时,非锚固区内围岩大部分处于压应力状态,拉应力区大幅减少。基于上述研究,结合现场地质、生产条件确定试验巷道围岩支护方案,并进行现场应用。工程实践表明,多层次锚喷网注联合支护技术可有效控制深井破碎软岩巷道围岩大变形,实现深井巷道围岩的稳定性控制。     

青岛崂山路拓宽工程边坡加固稳定性研究

针对青岛崂山路拓宽工程中高陡岩质边坡加固问题,选择典型（C区）坡体,建立数值分析模型,基于强度折减法采用三维快速拉格朗日法（FLAC3D）对该边坡加固前后的稳定性进行了数值模拟。通过对计算边坡稳定性的3种失稳判据进行比较分析,选取特征点位移突变为失稳判据,确定了边坡加固前后安全系数的变化。基于现场实际监测数据,对加固后边坡的稳定状态和加固效果进行评价。对该边坡的数值分析及监测结果分析表明,边坡处于安全状态,加固工程取得了明显的效果。      

水平浅埋条形锚板极限抗拔力上限计算

作为一种提供抗拔力的基础形式,锚板在实际工程中有广泛的应用。在上限定理的基础上,根据线性破坏准则,对锚板上的填土建立机动容许的速度场,运用关联流动法则以及速度边界条件求解条形锚板极限抗拔力的上限解。把锚板上填土的抗剪强度指标c、? 作为变量参数,对锚板上部填土建立两种新的含有变量的容许速度场。根据外力功率与内部耗能相等原理,求出极限抗拔力的目标函数与约束条件,并根据“序列二次规划算法”对该问题进行优化。将研究结果与已有文献资料进行分析比较,可以证明本文方法的有效性。参数分析结果表明：在同样条件下,两种破坏模式的极限抗拔力差别不大;岩土体密实度、抗剪强度指标c、?、锚板埋深率和锚板几何形状对锚板承载能力和锚板抗拔破坏区域均有较大的影响。