3万年前长江大洪水沉积的初步分析

选择长江三峡出口部位的红花套断面,对现代长江主流线相沉积、泛滥沉积与三万年前的洪水沉积物粒度进行比较,据粒径大于1mm的粗颗粒粒度分析,发现三万年前的大洪水水动力强度可能是近现代大洪水水动力强度的1.5倍左右.据粒径大于80mm的巨砾粒度分析,三万年前的长江大洪水底流水动力可能是近现代大洪水底流水动力强度的1.35倍左右.因此推测三万年前的长江大洪水比近现代洪水大得多.     

Comparison of waveform inversion, part 1: conventional wavefield vs logarithmic wavefield

This is the first in a series of three papers focused on using variants of a logarithmic objective function approach to full waveform inversion. In this article, we investigate waveform inversion using full logarithmic principles and compare the results with the conventional least squares approach. We demonstrate theoretically that logarithmic inversion is computational similar to the conventional method in the sense that it uses exactly the same back‐propagation technology as used in least‐squares inversion. In the sense that it produces better results for each of three numerical examples, we conclude that logarithmic inversion is also more robust. We argue that a major reason for the inherent robustness is the fact that the logarithmic approach produces a natural scaling of the amplitude of the residual wavefield by the amplitude of the modelled wavefield that tends to stabilize the computations and consequently improve the final result. We claim that any superiority of the logarithmic inversion is based on the fact that it tends to be tomographic in the early stage of the inversion and more dependent on amplitude differences in the latter stages.     

由跨断层形变测量反映的华北地块近期断裂活动特征

通过对华北地块不同构造部位、不同地震活动时段的跨断层测量资料研究表明，华北地块对于NE走向断裂作用为主的构造单元(包括地块和边界带)的强震活跃时段的断层运动速率明显小于强震不活跃时段；对于NW走向断裂作用为主的构造单元，其强震活跃时段的断层运动速率明显大于强震不活跃时段；对于NE、NW走向断裂共同作用的构造单元，断层运动速率变化特征类似于NW走向断裂作用为主的构造单元。结果还表明，华北地块现今强震活动主要受NW走向断裂的控制。     

PAR(<Emphasis Type="Bold">p</Emphasis>)-vine copula based model for stochastic streamflow scenario generation

Synthetic streamflow data is vital for the energy sector, as it feeds stochastic optimisation models that determine operational policies. Considered scenarios should differ from each other, but be the same from a statistical point of view, i.e., the scenarios must preserve features of the original time series such as the mean, variance, and temporal dependence structures. Traditionally, linear models are applied for this task. Recently, the advent of copulas has led to the emergence of an alternative that overcomes the drawbacks of linear models. In this context, we propose a methodology based on vine copulas for the stochastic simulation of periodic streamflow scenarios. Copula-based models that focus on single-site inflow simulation only consider lag-one time dependence. Therefore, we suggest an approach that incorporates lags that are greater than one. Furthermore, the proposed model deals with the strong periodicity that is commonly present in monthly streamflow time series. The resulting model is a non-linear periodic autoregressive model. Our results indicate that this model successfully simulates scenarios, preserving features that are observed in historical data.     

A comparative analysis of the accuracy attainable for the local monitoring of Earth’s surface movements and deformation using the GPS and GLONASS navigation satellite systems

This paper is concerned with an experiment that was intended to compare the respective accuracies of local GNSS monitoring using observations by GPS and GLONASS satellites at different elevations above the horizon. We used data from continuous daily observation sessions in a local network during 3 months in the “static” mode. An analysis of parameters that characterize the accuracy and efficiency of displacement determinations showed that the combined GPS + GLONASS data processing has the highest accuracy at elevation angles greater than 15°. It is shown that the accuracy of GLONASS observations is not considerably worse than that of GPS. We note that the time-dependent variation of GLONASS observation is large.     

Ionospheric correction of space radar data

Radar is a critical tool for maintaining knowledge of the many objects in low Earth orbit and thus for maintaining confidence that societies around the world are secure against a variety of space-based threats. It is therefore important to raise awareness that LEO objects are embedded in the envelope of relatively dense plasma that co-rotates with the Earth (ionosphere-plasmasphere system) and thus accurate tracking must correct for the group delay and refraction caused by that system. This paper seeks to promote that awareness by reviewing those effects and high-lighting key issues: the need to customise correction to the altitude of the tracked object and prevailing space weather conditions, that ionospheric correction may be particularly important as an object approaches reentry. The paper outlines research approaches that should lead to better techniques for ionospheric correction and shows how these might be pursued in the context of the EURIPOS initiative.     

Revisiting the Relationship Between Data,Models, and Decision‐Making

We hydrologists can do a better job of supporting water‐resources decision‐making. I will argue that we can do this by recognizing that decision makers use qualitative, multiple‐narrative approaches. So, rather than providing single‐model predictions with quantitative uncertainties, we should develop teams of rival models that inform decision makers about what is known, what is possible, and what is unknown. This requires that we build ensembles of models that include biased, advocacy models that directly represent stakeholders' interests or concerns. From this inclusive platform, we can speak objectively and clearly about the risks that drive stakeholders' decisions. Furthermore, we will be promoting more appropriate use of the scientific method in making informed water‐resources decisions.     

Effect of a kelp forest on coastal currents

Ocean currents supply a kelp ecosystem with nutrients, planktonic food, and larvae. We have found that these currents in a kelp forest (Macrocystis pyrifera) are slower than currents outside. At the Pt. Loma, San Diego, California, site that we studied, current velocities were about a third of those outside. A comparison of frequency spectra shows that semi-diurnal frequencies are preferentially passed by the kelp. This effect of a kelp forest on the currents that nurture it is similar to that of a terrestrial forest on local winds.     

THE CONCEPT OF APPARENT RESISTIVITY IN LATEROLOG 7*

It appears that Doll (1951) and N. N. (1958, 1969, 1972) on the one hand, and Roy (1975) and Roy and Apparao (1976) on the other, used different formulas for computing the apparent resistivity for the Laterolog 7 sonde. This would partly explain the contra-dictory nature of LL7 results from these two groups of workers. The first group use a formula that relates the measured potential to a system of currents that are largely fictitious and non-existent in the ground at the time of measurement. The second group, on the other hand, employ a formula that combines the observed signal with the currents that actually exist in the ground and produce that signal. We believe that the second procedure is the right one.     

水库诱发地震的地震动特征

利用新丰江、美国奥洛维尔和蒙蒂赛洛水库地震极近场地面运动资料，研究了水库诱发地震的地震动峰值加速度衰减。结果表明，水库地震的峰值加速度高，衰减快。利用国内水库地震资料研究了水库地震烈度。水库地震烈度与同级天然地震烈度相比，一般是烈度高，衰减慢。水库地震的地震动反应谱频率高，地震动持续时间短     

ORGANISATION DE L'E. G. I. G. Avril 1957

Abstract

The “non-Darcian” behaviour of water in soils is discussed considering the coupling that can arise between the different transport phenomena. In general, it is shown that there is a reason to expect that a difference in osmotic pressure will arise when solutions flow through porous media, and that due to that difference the resulting flow be related in a non-linear fashion to the applied pressure difference. Several numerical examples are presented illustrating this behaviour.     

由地壳的相对运动估计1967年炉霍地震后该地区的地震趋势

1967年8月30日,曾在我国四川省甘孜藏族自治州炉霍县境内,发生了一次M=6.8级地震.震中位置是北纬31°.6,东经100°.3。地震发生后,立即进行了现场考察,对该地区的地震发展趋势作出了估计。当时若根据康定一甘孜断裂带所作的蠕变曲线估计,则该地区地震能量已基本释放完毕(图     

A seismic study in the Bay of Biscay

This paper describes a series of two ship refraction experiments carried out in the Bay of Biscay in May 1970 to determine the crustal structure to the southeast of Gascony sea mount. The results show that the seismic structure is similar to that found on Line B further to the northwest, but that the mantle is deeper. The structure is oceanic showing that it is unlikely that this area of the Bay of Biscay has been formed by downfaulting of continental crust.     

DNAPL — Stop the Madness

"The EPA decided that showing the presence of DNAPL would prove that cleanup to non-detect was improbable, and that a new end point could be selected."
"The only thing that really matters is the total mass of from the natural attenuation."     

低纬度环球带和环太平洋带大地震的幕式活动分析

统计分析低纬度环球带(E带)和环太平洋带(P带)在1900～2008年间M_W≥7.5地震的时空分布,进一步证实两者本身和两者之间都存在15～18年的幕式交替活动. 将这两大地震带分别划分为5个地震区,发现这些分区地震幕式活动互不相同, 但E带各区奇数幕与偶数幕年均地震数之比OER均大于1.58, 而P带各区的OER均小于0.93, 显示出前者以奇数幕活跃为特征, 后者以偶数幕活跃为特征. 对这些地震区的组合分析进一步证明,从幕式活动的共性看, 中太平洋地区宜纳入E带. 本文推论:低纬度环球带是另一条全球尺度地震带;大地震幕式活动的成因应归因于板块运动有几十年时间尺度的非平稳幕式运动;未来5～8年, E带的大地震还会比P带多.     

A Discrete Point Sampler for Ground Water Monitoring Wells

A discrete point sampler has been developed that overcomes disadvantages inherent in several current small-volume samplers. It is designed to obtain ground water samples after a well has been purged with a pump. It consists of a sample chamber, two ports, and a stopcock for withdrawing sample aliquots. After lowering the sampler into a well, sampling is initiated by pulling on a line that sequentially removes the plugs in the lower and the upper level ports. The sample chamber fills from the bottom port and vents air from the top port. The device is suitable for sampling for volatile organic compounds in ground waters that are not subject to spontaneous bubble degassing. The upper port is sufficiently far above the lower port that none of the water that is sampled is exposed to the vented air. The sample chamber fills in such a way that the water that is taken from the chamber for analysis is not exposed to the headspace in the chamber.     

组合墙结构房屋抗震性能的振动台试验研究

通过三个组合墙模型房屋的振动台试验，分析了组合墙结构体系房屋的动力性能和抗震能力，比较了底一层和底两层框架组合墙房屋和普通组合墙房屋的抗震性能。结果表明，八层组合墙房屋的抗震能力远远超过设计能力，可用于八度地区，底框架组合墙房屋的抗震性能优于普通组合墙房屋，底两层框架组合墙房屋也优于底一层框架组合墙房屋。     

郯庐断裂带白山-卅铺段第四纪以来的活动习性

根据构造地貌遥感解析,发现郯庐断裂带沿庐江白山到桐城卅铺一线显示1组平行断层,现场地震地质调查验证其为1组活动断层。通过断层剖面观测、样品采集及样品测试分析和宏微观构造分析,结果表明,郯庐断裂带在白山—卅铺一带第四纪以来仍具有黏滑、蠕滑交替的变形活动。其中,在柯坦—卅铺一带,最年轻的水系被NE向断层组右旋扭折,其断层物质的微观观测和测龄结果表明该断裂段第四纪时的活动具有脆、塑性过渡变形特征,强烈活动时间处于早、中更新世;而白山剖面断层泥年龄测试结果则反映相应断层段在中、晚更新世曾有过较强烈的活动。断层泥超微(SEM)和显微观测结果亦表明该断裂段曾发生黏滑、蠕滑交替的构造变形事件,且表现为先黏滑后蠕滑;结合水系呈现缓慢扭折表征,近年来沿断裂有不少微震发生,表明郯庐断裂带在白山—卅铺段的最新滑移方式主要表现为蠕滑,也就是说,该段积累的应力以蠕滑或微震等方式缓慢释放,据此推测未来一定时期内不易孕育强烈地震     

洛阳地震台数字与模拟地震记录对比分析

对洛阳地震台数字与模拟地震记录并行观测27个月的资料进行对比分析,认为:数字观测具有记录频带宽、获取的地震信息量更丰富、地震波到时的量取更准确等多方面的显著优势。数字记录的初至波早于模拟记录,且持续时间较长,大部分的数字地震震级比模拟记录、标准震级小。     

Convection at the melting point: A thermal history of the earth's core

Abstract

Higgins and Kennedy (1971) concluded that the Earth's fluid core has a stable stratification if it is at its melting point. Busse (1972) and Elsasser suggested as an alternative that a hydrostatic-isentropic distribution of particulate solid can produce neutral stability in a partially molten core. Here this suggestion is quantified and a determination is made of the efficiency of the production of fluid motion from the heat flux. This is used to establish that macroscopic convection can exist only if the particulate solid is of sufficiently small size. A thermal history of the core compatible with upper mantle heat flux is advanced in which it is suggested that the inner core is a fairly recent feature. The implication of these results for convection-driven and precession-driven dynamos is that both can function for a small enough suspended particulate, that the convection-dynamo will fail for particles greater than one micron in diameter, and that the precession-driven dynamo probably cannot survive particles greater than ten microns in diameter.