一次多回击闪电过程的物理特性分析

利用西藏那曲无狭缝光栅摄谱仪获得的一次多回击云对地闪电光谱,研究了各放电通道的温度及其变化。结果表明,一次闪电不同回击过程的通道温度有明显差异,闪电前期的温度通常较高,之后呈逐渐降低趋势。将闪电光谱与同步电学观测资料相结合,讨论了光谱特征、通道温度与闪电放电特性、电流热效应的相关性。数据分析显示,光谱总强度与辐射电场的变化幅度成正比;光谱总强度与放电电流的大小成正比;通道温度与回击过程传输的能量为正相关。     

超声风温仪测温的误差订正

利用同步进行的风速、温度、湿度湍流观测资料,对超声风温仪温度测量结果作了水平风速和湿度的订正。结果表明:由于超声风温仪测温受空气湿度和水平风速的影响,对其作相应的订正是十分必要的。|z/L|＜1时,湿度和风速对超声风温仪温度方差和感热通量测量值所引起的误差是不可忽视的。而在|z/L|＞1区间,仅计入湿度影响,已够精确。对于温度谱密度,当nSθ(n)/σ2θ低于0.01时,有一高频的噪声频率阈值,高于此频率,nSθ(n)/σ2θ与无因次频率f呈+1次幂关系。     

一次江淮地区突发降雪的多源观测特征及其成因分析

利用激光雨滴谱仪资料、地面观测资料、合肥双偏振雷达资料和欧洲中心ERA5再分析资料，对2022年1月26日发生在江淮之间一次短时强降雪天气过程中滴谱变化和雷达回波特征进行分析，并探讨雨雪相态变化的成因，结果表明：（1）本次江淮之间突发的强降雪过程中，雨雪转换迅速，降水相态变化时间提前于地面温度变化，合肥地区温度变化明显强于周边地区。（2）此次短时强降雪发生在锋生强迫过程形成的高架雷暴中，强烈的上升运动、降水粒子的融化和蒸发引起温度负变化，导致降温过程自上而下产生，表现为地面温度下降落后于雨雪相态的变化。（3）降雪过程先后出现降雨、雨夹雪、纯雪3个阶段，雨（雪）滴谱的时间演变特征变化明显；转雪后降水粒子的下落末速度降低、粒径增大、滴谱明显变宽。（4）雷达观测显示此次降雪回波顶高度较高，超过6.5km，低空1km有强度超过50dBZ强反射率因子带并延伸到地面。反射率因子、相关系数（CC）和降水粒子产品（HCL）在降雪过程的发展中有明显特征。     

Radiative Effects on Temperature in the Stable Surface Layer

The interaction between longwave radiation and temperature fluctuations plays a role in the dissipation of temperature variance. This interaction is most easily described by spectral models of atmospheric turbulence and a spectral radiative dissipation function which gives the intensity of the damping at each radiative wavelength and wavenumber k. We have used a Corrsin–Pao closure for the spectral budgets of turbulent kinetic energy and temperature to study the coupling of radiation to turbulence. The spectral radiative dissipation function and a related integral have been fitted by analytical approximations with the correct asymptotic behavior. This resulted in a simple analytical formula for the dimensionless temperature spectrum as a function of Monin-Obukhov stability, and a new dimensionless parameter describing the relative importance of radiation in the temperature spectral budget. The radiative effects both on the temperature spectrum and on the dimensionless temperature variance can then be calculated. Based on typical values of the radiative dimensionless parameters for the surface layer, we conclude that radiative dissipation is probably negligible there.     

近九十年吉林省松辽平原作物生长季气温变化的小波分析

利用功率谱、小波分析及突变分析方法分析了以长春站为代表的吉林省松辽平原作物生长季（５～９月）平均气温近９０ａ的变化,结果表明其存在３ａ左右的甚低频振荡,１５ａ和６０ａ左右两个主要长周期振荡,从本世纪２０年代初期到５０年代初期处于暖阶段,从５０年代初期到７０年代末期为冷阶段,从７０年代末期至９０年代中期又处于暖阶段内。预计现在所处的暖阶段将持续到２０１０年左右。由突变分析结果表明,吉林省松辽平原作物生长季平均气温具有明显的阶段性变化,其各冷暖阶段同小波分析的结果具有很好的一致性,在作物生长季内月平均气温的变化有突变发生。在近期气温变化呈上升趋势。     

Turbulence characteristics in the atmospheric surface layer during summer monsoon of 1997 over a semi-arid location in India

A land surface processes experiment (LASPEX) was conducted in the semi-arid region of Northwest India during January 1997–February 1998. Analysis of turbulent components of wind and air temperature collected in the surface layer (SL) at Anand (22°35′N, 72°55′E) during the Indian summer monsoon season from June to September 1997 is presented. Turbulent fluctuation of wind components and air temperature observed at Anand varied as a function of terrain features and stability of the surface layer. Under neutral conditions, the standard deviation of vertical velocity (σ _w ) and temperature (σ _T ) were normalized using respective surface layer scaling parameter u _* and T _* which fitted the expressions σ _w /u _* = 1.25 and σ _T /T _* ≈ 4. Micrometeorological spectrum of wind and temperature at 5 m above ground level (AGL) at Anand showed peaks at time scale of 1–3 min at the low-frequency end. The inertial sub-range characteristics (?2/3 slope) of the spectrum are exhibited mostly. However, in some occasions, slope of ?1 denoting brown noise was depicted by the wind and temperature spectrum, which indicated anisotropy in turbulence.     

Quasi-Wavelet Models of Turbulent Temperature Fluctuations

Here, we contribute to the continuing development of the quasi-wavelet (QW) model of turbulence that is currently being used in simulations of sound propagation and scattering in the turbulent atmosphere. We show that a QW model of temperature fluctuations exists for any physically reasonable temperature spectrum of isotropic homogeneous turbulence, including the widely used von Kármán spectrum. We derive a simple formula for the QW shape that reproduces a given spectrum exactly in the energy, transition, and inertial subranges. We also show that simple QW shapes can be normalized to yield an analytic expression for a temperature spectrum that is fairly close to any given spectrum. As an example, we match the Gaussian QW model to the von Kármán spectrum as closely as possible, and find remarkably good agreement in all subranges including the dissipation subrange. We also derive formulae for the variance and kurtosis associated with the QW model, and show how the latter depends on the QW packing fraction and size distribution. We also illustrate how the visual appearance of several QW-simulated temperature fluctuation fields depends on the QW packing fraction, size distribution, and kurtosis.     

Observations of temperature microstructure in the atmosphere

In order to provide data of atmospheric temperature microstructure for the investigation of light prop-agation we measured fluctuations of atmospheric temperature below the height of 300 m with a platinum wire thermometer in Tianjin in May and September, 1980. The results measured in daytime revealed some properties of the temperature structure parameter and spectrum. It has been confirmed that there is a max-imum in the profile of the structure parameter produced probably by the entrainment in the interfacial layer at the top of convective boundary layer. The average of C2t in the interfacial layer and its Wyngaard calculating method are discussed, and the thickness of the interfacial layer is obtained.It is shown by spectrum analysis that a wide inertial subrange exists in the convective boundary layer and the strong turbulent zone in the free atmosphere. The spectral law with the power of -2.5 was measured within the upper half of boundary layer over the sea in vicinity of Tanggu.     

热带平流层多尺度波动分离方案的研究：多站点高分辨率无线电探空联合分析

利用太平洋地区台风过境期间6个热带气象站的高分辨率无线电探空资料,结合扩展经验正交函数（EEOF）展开,对热带下平流层行星波和重力波扰动进行了分离,给出了一种热带地区提取重力波扰动的新方案。对观测数据做EEOF展开后,选择表征行星尺度波动模态的特征向量和相应权重进行气象要素场的重建。结果显示,在不同的台风过程期间,温度、纬向风和经向风的重建扰动量显示出不同的动力学偏振关系:在准两年振荡（QBO）东风位相时与赤道开尔文波的偏振关系一致,而在准两年振荡西风位相时与混合罗斯贝-重力波（MRG）的偏振关系一致。把行星尺度波动模态从原始观测中剔除,得到新的扰动廓线,对其进行重力波垂直波数谱的谱型拟合。结果发现,与以往方法提取的重力波扰动相比,新方法所得谱型参数中特征垂直波长λ*在不同时期不同站点变化很小,稳定在1.7 km左右,且低频波数段谱斜率s的数值与理论假设1十分接近。综合其研究结果可以推测,用新方法提取的热带重力波扰动更加符合当前的理论垂直波数谱模型。      

北京城区二氧化碳时空分布及湍流谱特征

利用北京325 m气象塔上安装的7层CO₂涡动相关系统在2014年12月到2015年11月的观测资料,分析了北京城区不同高度上CO₂浓度、通量时空分布及湍流谱的特征。结果表明:城市CO₂浓度日变化除了冬季都呈现双峰型,冬季由于人为碳源排放的大幅增加,双峰型不明显。每层的CO₂浓度、通量都有明显的季节变化:冬季最高,春末、夏季最低。CO₂浓度整体随高度的增加而降低。北京城区是CO₂源,CO₂通量的日变化不如CO₂浓度日变化规律明显。CO₂通量在47 m以下为负,47 m以上为正。通量在140 m以下随高度的增加而增加;140m以上随高度的增加而减少。根据对CO₂时空分布的分析可知:边界层CO₂浓度、通量强烈受到碳源、下垫面植被、大气稳定度、环境温度和天气过程等因素的影响。各变量谱与Kaimal等的研究结果接近:归一化速度谱和CO₂谱在惯性子区有－2/3的斜率,在低频区与稳定度参数（Z/L）有一定的关系。这说明复杂地形的城市下垫面的湍流谱结构与平坦地形相比没有太大的实质性差异。     

甘肃省秋季层状云冰雪晶粒子特征个例分析

利用安装有PMS探头、温湿仪和GPS的飞机 ,对 2 0 0 1年 10月 12日甘肃河西地区降水性层状云进行了探测。根据获取的资料分析了此次降水性层状云的冰雪晶特征 ,包括不同粒子的分布特性 ,给出不同温度下的冰雪晶粒子谱 ,还分析了粒子谱型随温度的变化及其包含的微物理机制。与我国其它地区的冰雪晶浓度比较认为 ,在一定的云水条件下 ,甘肃秋季层状云有较大的增雨催化潜力     

利用卫星微波观测亮温与云辐射模拟亮温的台风定位分析

极轨气象卫星S-NPP、MetOp-A和FY-3B上搭载的微波湿度计观测资料可以反映出台风周围水汽和云雨结构。本文使用权重函数峰值在800 hPa附近的微波湿度计通道观测资料和ERA5再分析资料全天空模拟亮温,以飓风Sandy和Isaac为例,对用方位谱台风中心位置定位方法得到的观测和模拟中心位置进行了比较。利用下午星S-NPP搭载的先进技术微波探测仪(Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder, ATMS)和上午星MetOp-A搭载的微波湿度计(Microwave Humidity Sounder, MHS)观测亮温得到的飓风Sandy(Isaac)中心位置与最佳路径平均相差35.8 km(32.9 km),但用ERA5全天空模拟亮温得到的飓风Sandy(Isaac)中心位置与最佳路径平均相差73.3 km(82.1 km)。若按照热带风暴和台风等级来划分,ATMS和MHS观测和模拟亮温得到的台风中心位置与最佳路径的平均距离对热带风暴分别是36.5 km和105.9 km,对台风分别是25.8 km和56.4 km。若用FY-3B搭载的微波湿度计(以M...     

臭氧吸收参数数据库精度检验和验证

利用国际权威期刊上发表的臭氧吸收截面观测数据,检验和验证了现有的紫外正演模式TOMRAD臭氧吸收参数数据库。结果表明,在Hartley臭氧吸收带上,观测数据与数据库参数吻合状况很好;而在Huggins臭氧吸收带上,观测数据与数据库参数在部分波长上存在较大偏差,某些波长上的偏差超过50%。鉴于此,FY-3紫外臭氧探测仪资料处理计算中,选取臭氧吸收参数,必须特别慎重。     

树轮记录的川西金川1713—2010年6月平均气温变化

利用采自川西高原金川情人海沟的云杉树轮样本,分析了树轮宽度与气候要素的关系。结果表明：树轮宽度指数与金川气象站6月平均气温具有显著的正相关关系。利用标准化树轮宽度指数重建了该区域1713—2010年6月平均气温序列,交叉检验及各项检验的参数表明重建方程是稳定可靠的。近298年来川西金川6月平均气温为18.2℃,经历了3个暖期和4个冷期。暖期时段为1825—1839、1854—1892和1951—1961年;冷期时段为1792—1804、1842—1853、1864—1893和1911—1924年。周期分析结果表明,重建序列存在2～3、7～8、20～30、32～64和70～130 a的变化周期。     

The radiation budget in a regional climate model

The long- and short-wave components of the radiation budget are among the most important quantities in climate modelling. In this study, we evaluated the radiation budget at the earth??s surface and at the top of atmosphere over Europe as simulated by the regional climate model CLM. This was done by comparisons with radiation budgets as computed by the GEWEX/SRB satellite-based product and as realised in the ECMWF re-analysis ERA40. Our comparisons show that CLM has a tendency to underestimate solar radiation at the surface and the energy loss by thermal emission. We found a clear statistical dependence of radiation budget imprecision on cloud cover and surface albedo uncertainties in the solar spectrum. In contrast to cloud fraction errors, surface temperature errors have a minor impact on radiation budget uncertainties in the long-wave spectrum. We also evaluated the impact of the number of atmospheric layers used in CLM simulations. CLM simulations with 32 layers perform better than do those with 20 layers in terms of the surface radiation budget components but not in terms of the outgoing long-wave radiation and of radiation divergence. Application of the evaluation approach to similar simulations with two additional regional climate models confirmed the results and showed the usefulness of the approach.     

An empirical method for demonstrating the influence of heat flux on the shape of temperature spectra

An empirical method is presented which demonstrates the influence of heat flux on the shape of the temperature spectrum within the frequency interval associated with the majority of temperature-variance production. The method is tested on temperature spectra obtained over corn (Zea mays [L.]) and red pine (Pinus resinosa [Ait.]) surfaces with reasonably good results.     

Spectrum Analysis of Wind Profiling Radar Measurements

Unlike previous studies on wind turbulence spectrum in the planetary boundary layer, this investigation focuses on high-altitude （1-5 km） wind energy spectrum and turbulence spectrum under various weather conditions. A fast Fourier transform （FFT） is used to calculate the wind energy and turbulence spectrum density at high altitudes （1-5 km） based on wind profiling radar （WPR） measurements. The turbulence spectrum under stable weather conditions at high altitudes is expressed in powers within a frequency range of 2 × 10-5-10-3 s-1, and the slope b is between -0.82 and -1.04, indicating that the turbulence is in the transition from the energetic area to the inertial sub-range. The features of strong weather are reflected less obviously in the wind energy spectrum than in the turbulence spectrum, with peaks showing up at different heights in the latter spectrum. Cold windy weather appears over a period of 1.5 days in the turbulence spectrum. Wide-range rainstorms exhibit two or three peaks in the spectrum over a period of 15-20 h, while in severe convective weather conditions, there are two peaks at 13 and 9 h. The results indicate that spectrum analysis of wind profiling radar measurements can be used as a supplemental and helpful method for weather analysis.     

山东地区秋季飞机观测气溶胶特征的初步分析

综合分析了2006年秋季在山东省进行的0.5—8.0μm范围内的大气气溶胶飞机观测的0—4500m气溶胶数浓度垂直分布,初步讨论了气溶胶与温度的关系,并分析了对气溶胶粒子谱的垂直分布情况。结果显示,气溶胶数浓度随高度呈递减趋势,在逆温层附近气溶胶有累计现象;受城市环境的影响,同一区域城市上空或者城市的下风方气溶胶粒子平均浓度都大于上风方;气溶胶粒子谱受不同天气背景的影响,出现不同类型的谱型,随高度的变化,谱型也有很大的变化。     

Applications of the cyclic spectral analysis to the surface temperature fluctuations in a stochastic climate model and a GCM simulation

Abstract

In this paper, we introduce the cyclostationary processes into climate analysis and undertake a systematic study of the cyclic spectra of surface temperature fluctuations. The technique is adapted from cyclostationarity theory in signal processing. To demonstrate the usefulness of this technique, a very simple cyclostationary stochastic climate model is constructed. Our results show that the seasonal cycle strongly modulates the amplitudes of the covariance and the spectrum. The technique was also applied to the surface temperature fluctuations in a fifteen‐year seasonal run of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model (CCM2, R15) using a zonally symmetric all‐land surface as the lower boundary. The results indicate that intraseasonal oscillations localized according to time of year are still present even after the surface temperature fields have been normalized using the commonly used procedure. Both examples suggest that the “annual cycle” cannot be “removed” by simply using a normalization procedure. The climate is not as completely represented when modelled as stationary processes.     

Quasi-Wavelet Model of Von Kármán Spectrum of Turbulent Velocity Fluctuations

The von Kármán spectra of turbulent temperature andvelocity fluctuations have been widely used in the literature on turbulenceand electromagnetic, seismic, and acoustic wave propagation in random media.In this paper we provide a phenomenological motivation for the vonKármán velocity spectrum in terms of the quasi-wavelet model ofturbulence developed recently. In this model, turbulence is represented as asuperposition of self-similar localized eddies of many different scales. Wefind a functional form for these eddies that yields the von Kármán velocity spectrum exactly. We also show that other eddy functions producevelocity spectra that have the same general form as the von Kármán spectrum, and we consider possible quasi-wavelet representations of the`Kansas' spectrum and the `-1' spectrum. We also present asystematic determination, based on turbulence similarity theories, of theparameters of the von Kármán spectra of temperature and velocityfluctuations in an unstable atmospheric boundary layer.