广西海洋山花岗岩体侵位构造特征

花岗岩是大陆地壳的重要组成部分,是地球动力学演化的示踪剂。花岗岩体侵位构造的研究对于揭示花岗岩体的变形历史和侵位机制具有重要的科学价值。本文研究了海洋山花岗岩体的内部构造、与岩浆侵位应力有的围岩构造及热接触变质带特征,探讨了岩体和围岩的应变状态。研究发现,从岩浆侵位到冷凝固结,海洋山花岗岩体经历了液态流动、塑性变形和“半固态”冷凝阶段的演化。岩体各单元的应变类型分别是单轴压扁、平面应变、单轴压缩,     

Mineral chemistry constraints on the evolution of the 1.88–1.87 Ga post-kinematic granite plutons in the Central Finland Granitoid Complex

A suite of post-kinematic, 1.88–1.87 Ga, silicic plutons crosscut 1.89–1.88 Ga synkinematic granitoids in the Central Finland Granitoid Complex (CFGC) in south-central Finland. The plutons range from biotite±hornblende quartz monzonite to syenogranite and include pyroxene- and olivine-bearing varieties. Mineral chemical data on feldspars, biotite, amphibole, pyroxenes, olivine, and oxides of the post-kinematic plutons are presented. The data are interpreted to show that these plutons register (1) a considerable range in pressure from 2–4 kbar (amphibole barometry) to 5–7 kbar (olivine–pyroxene barometry), (2) temperatures mostly reflecting resetting during cooling (450–800°C; QUIlF thermometry), and (3) low fO₂ (log fO₂ ΔFMQ −0.3 to −1.5; QUIlF equilibria). In particular, plutons with olivine- and pyroxene-bearing margins and amphibole-dominated central parts record progressive oxidation and hydration upon cooling, shifting from the QUIlF equilibrium toward KUIlB. The post-kinematic granites can be considered post-collisional in regard to compressional events in the CFGC and display many of the characteristics of the anorogenic 1.6 Ga rapakivi granites further south. They were presumably derived from a deep and dry crustal source, like the rapakivi granites.     

Emplacement fractures in granite plutons (Central Extremadura batholith,Spain)

Some plutons of the Central-Extremadura batholith show lateral widening at the final stage of their emplacement. Consequently, various fracture systems have developed, generally filled by aplites that appear both in the plutonic mass and in the metamorphic host rocks.The spatial arrangement of fractures may be interpreted in a simple model in which an important role is played by fluid pressure, as it determines the value of the acting effective stress and, naturally, the different failure mechanisms reflected in different dike systems.

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Zusammenfassung In einigen Granit-Plutonen des Zentralextremadura-Batholithen konnte eine laterale Ausdehnung in den Endetappen ihrer Platznahme festgestellt werden. Dabei wurden verschiedene Bruchsysteme entwickelt, die im allgemeinen mit Aplit gefüllt sind und sowohl im Inneren der plutonischen Masse als auch im metamorphen Nebengestein auftreten.Die spezielle Anordnung der Bruchsysteme konnte anhand eines einfachen Modells interpretiert werden. Dabei spielt der Durchströmungsdruck eine wichtige Rolle, da er den Wert der effektiven Spannung bestimmt und verschiedene Bruchmechanismen, die sich in verschiedenen Gangsystemen widerspiegeln.

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Résumé Quelques plutons du batholite de l'Estremadure centrale ont donné lieu à une expansion latérale au stade final de leur mise en place. Plusieurs systèmes de fractures se sont ainsi développées; elles sont généralement occupées par des aplites et apparaissent aussi bien à l'intérieur de la masse plutonique que dans l'encaissant métamorphique.La distribution spatiale de ces fractures a pu être interprétée par un modèle simple dans lequel la pression des fluides joue un rôle important: cette pression détermine la valeur de la contrainte effective et conditionne les divers mécanismes de facturation, qui se traduisent dans différents systèmes de filons.

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Radiometric survey for exploration of hydrothermal alteration in a volcanic area

A radiometric survey on a sector of the Lipari volcanic island particularly affected by argillification due to hydrothermal processes was carried out. Preliminarily, on the basis of a wide set of field measurements over unaltered outcrops U and K distribution maps were obtained. The concentration of these radioelements increases with the degree of magma differentiation; the U and K content shows maxima (13.4 ppm and 3.7% on average, respectively) in the felsic materials, belonging to the youngest volcanic cycles, and minima (2.7 ppm and 2.0%) in the mafic rocks of the oldest cycles. The Th/U ratio insignificantly varies with magma differentiation and it equals 3.2. Laboratory measurements on volcanic products from altered zones were then used to identify radiometric anomalies related to hydrothermal processes. On the average, argillized rocks have radioactivity approximately five times lower than that measured in the unaltered volcanics. The Th/U ratio against U is rather uniform, whereas Th/K ratio is of the order of 3.6 in less altered rocks K > 0.2%) and it ranges from 7 to 11 in kaolin deposits having the largest depletion in potassium.     

Temporal relationship between granite cooling and hydrothermal uranium mineralization at Dalongshan in China: a combined radiometric and oxygen isotopic study

A combined study using multi-radiometric dating and oxygen isotopic geothermometry was carried out for Mesozoic quartz syenite, alkali-feldspar granite and associated hydrothermal uranium mineralization at Dalongshan in the Middle-Lower Yangtze valley of east-central China. Radiometric dating of the quartz syenite yields a whole-rock Rb–Sr isochron age of 135.6±4.3 Ma, a zircon U–Pb isochron age of 132.9±2.2 Ma, and K–Ar ages of 126±2, 118±3 and 94±4 Ma for hornblende, biotite and orthoclase, respectively. The alkali-feldspar granite yields a whole-rock Rb–Sr isochron age of 117.3±3.3 Ma, a zircon U–Pb isochron age of 114.7±2.1 Ma, and K–Ar ages of 112±2, 109±3 and 88±4 Ma for hornblende, biotite and orthoclase, respectively. Oxygen isotope thermometry for both granites gives temperatures of 685 to 720, 555 to 580, 435 to 460 and 320 to 330 °C, for hornblende, magnetite, biotite and orthoclase respectively, when paired with quartz. The systematic differences among the ages by the different techniques on the different minerals are used to reconstruct the cooling history of the granite. The results yield rapid cooling rates of 27.4 to 58.6 °C/Ma from 800 to 300 °C in the early stage, but slow cooling rates of 6.3 to 7.2 °C/Ma from 300 to 150 °C in the late stage. The regular sequence of oxygen isotope temperatures for the different quartz–mineral pairs demonstrates that diffusion is a dominant factor controlling the closure of both radiometric and O isotopic systems during granite cooling. Pitchblende U–Pb isochron dating yields an uranium mineralization age of 106.4±2.9 Ma, which is younger than the age of the granite emplacement and thus considerably postdates the time of magma crystallization, but is close to the closure time of the K–Ar system in the biotite. This points to a close relationship between granite cooling and ore-forming process. It appears that hydrothermal mineralization took place in the stage of slow cooling of the granite, whereas the rapid cooling of the granite was concurrent with the migration of hydrothermal fluids along fault structures. Therefore, the activity of the ore-forming hydrothermal system is temporally dictated by the cooling rates of the granite and may lag about 25 to 30 Ma behind the crystallization timing of associated granite.     

Geochemical constraints on chemolithoautotrophic metabolism by microorganisms in seafloor hydrothermal systems

Mixing of hydrothermal fluids and seawater at the ocean floor, combined with slow reaction kinetics for oxidation/reduction reactions, provides a source of metabolic energy for chemolithotrophic microorganisms which are the primary biomass producers for an extensive submarine ecosystem that is essentially independent of photosynthesis. Thermodynamic models are used to explore geochemical constraints on the amount of metabolic energy potentially available from chemosynthetic reactions involving S, C, Fe, and Mn compounds during mixing of hydrothermal fluids with seawater. For the vent fluid used in the calculations (EPR 21 degrees N OBS), the model indicates that mixing environments are favorable for oxidation of H2S, CH4, Fe2+ and Mn2+ only below approximately 38 degrees C, with methanogenesis and reduction of sulfate or S degrees favored at higher temperatures, suggesting that environments dominated by mixing provide habitats for mesophilic (but not thermophilic) aerobes and thermophilic (but not mesophilic) anaerobes. A maximum of approximately 760 cal per kilogram vent fluid is available from sulfide oxidation while between 8 and 35 cal/kg vent fluid is available from methanotrophy, methanogenesis, oxidation of Fe or Mn, or sulfate reduction. The total potential for chemosynthetic primary production at deep-sea hydrothermal vents globally is estimated to be about 10(13) g biomass per year, which represents approximately 0.02% of the global primary production by photosynthesis in the oceans. Thermophilic methanogens and sulfate- and S degree-reducers are likely to be the predominant organisms in the walls of vent chimneys and in the diffuse mixing zones beneath warm vents, where biological processes may contribute to the high methane concentrations of vent fluids and heavy 34S/32S ratios of vent sulfide minerals. The metabolic processes taking place in these systems may be analogs of the first living systems to evolve on the Earth.     

Pan-African, post-collisional, ferro-potassic granite and quartz–monzonite plutons of Eastern Nigeria

Three Pan-African hypersthene-bearing monzogranitic and quartz–monzonitic plutons from the Eastern terrane of Nigeria have been investigated in detail. New major, trace and REE data, used to constrain their origin and nature, indicate that they display chemical features of ferro-potassic trans-alkaline affinity. Further trace element discrimination suggests (i) production of calc-alkaline medium-K diorite magmas by partial melting of fluid-metasomatised mantle wedge possibly combined with melts from the dehydration partial melting of altered oceanic crust; (ii) simultaneously production of the granite–quartz–monzonite ferro-potassic magmas from partial melting of hornblende-bearing granodioritic crustal sources; (iii) mixing of the two magmas. Sr initial ratios of 0.707 to 0.711 witness that the source of the granite magmas is the lower crust. Ages of the lower crustal granulitic protoliths is bracketed by Nd model ages between 1.9 and 2.2 Ga. Pb evaporation ages on single zircons constrain the emplacement of the three plutons around 580 Ma. ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of amphiboles at about 560 Ma suggest cooling rates around 15°C/Ma. Extensive field work has established that pluton emplacement occurred during a regional north–south dextral strike-slip tectonics following the 630–610 Ma stage of oblique continent–continent collision in this part of west Africa.     

Structure and emplacement of granite plutons in the Paleoproterozoic crust of Eastern Burkina Faso: rheological implications

The Fada N′Gourma area in Burkina Faso is underlain by Paleoproterozoic rocks that make the northeastern West-African Craton. This region is composed of NE-trending volcano-sedimentary belts and foliated tonalites, affected by several shear zones. A generation of younger, ∼2100 Ma-old, non-foliated biotite-bearing granites intrudes the former rock units. We have investigated the younger granite pluton of Kouare that was previously considered as forming a single body with the pluton of Satenga to the west, a pluton which likely belongs to the ∼20 Ma more recent Tenkodogo-Yamba batholith. Magnetic fabric measurements have been combined with microstructural observations and the analysis of field and aeromagnetic data. The granite encloses angular enclaves of the host tonalites. Magmatic microstructures are preserved inside the pluton and solid-state, high-temperature deformation features are ubiquitous at its periphery. The presence of steeply plunging lineations in the pluton of Kouare and its adjacent host-rocks suggests that large volumes of granitic magmas became crystallized while they were ascending through the crust that was softened and steepened close to the contact. Around Kouare, the foliation in the host tonalites conforms with a map-scale, Z-shaped fold in between NNE-trending shear zones, implying a bulk clockwise rotation of the material contained in-between the shear zones, including the emplacing pluton. Regionally, the Fada N′Gourma area is concluded to result from NW-shortening associated with transcurrent shearing and vertical transfer of granitic magmas. This study concludes that the ∼2200 Myears old juvenile crust of Burkina Faso was brittle before the intrusion of the biotite-granites, became softened close to them and that gravity-driven and regional scale wrench tectonics were active together.     

Radiometric and stratigraphic constraints on terminal Ediacaran (post-Gaskiers) glaciation and metazoan evolution

Radiometric constraints on mid-Ediacaran Period glaciation (Gaskiers) in Newfoundland narrowed the known temporal gap between widespread ice ages and the evolution of complex metazoans to several million years. To further evaluate this claim we studied an Ediacaran glacial diamictite at the base of the Fauquier Formation of northern Virginia, and discovered a conformable relationship between the post-glacial cap carbonate and overlying volcanic rocks of the Catoctin Formation. U/Pb zircon age constraints for the rift-related volcanic flows suggest initial emplacement around 571 million years ago. Application of the Catoctin age to the Fauquier succession indicates the occurrence of an ice age about 10 million years younger than the 582 Ma Gaskiers event, supporting the view of multiple Ediacaran Period glaciations. Furthermore, the age constraint from eastern Laurentia falls within radiometric uncertainty of fossiliferous strata in Avalonia, indicating that the Fauquier glaciation was coincident with early metazoan evolution.     

阿尔泰山脉南部线性花岗岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年及其地质意义

在阿尔泰山脉南部发育长轴呈NW-SE走向的小型线性花岗岩,它们的围岩分别为遭受强烈左行韧性剪切变形的泥盆纪和石炭纪火山沉积岩系.构造变形特征显示,这些线性花岗岩是与该区左行韧性剪切变形同时侵位的.本文报道了对采自其中的阿勒泰南黑云母花岗岩和沙尔布拉克南二云母花岗岩样品的锆石进行sHRIMP U-Pb定年的研究结果,根据地质、岩石学和构造变形等方面的特征和锆石阴极发光图像特征,笔者把沙尔布拉克南二云母花岗岩的(275.1±1.7)Ma年龄解释为该岩体的侵位时代,据此推测该区左行韧性剪切作用可能开始于275 Ma前后.结合已有资料,还对阿尔泰山脉南部二叠纪的构造演化进行了初步讨论.     

Temperature,fluid content and rheology of localized ductile shear zones in subsolidus cooling plutons

Temperature and fluid content are critical parameters that control rock rheology and strain localization in the continental crust. Here, we determine by thermodynamic modelling the of localized ductile shearing during cooling of three different granitoid plutons: the Rieserferner and the Adamello plutons in the Italian Alps, and the Lake Edison pluton in the Sierra Nevada—USA. Shear zones exploited precursor joints, associated veins and alteration zones. and P−T phase diagram sections were computed with Perple_X in the system MnO−Na₂O−CaO −K₂O−FeO−MgO−Al₂O₃−SiO₂−H₂O−Fe₂O₃. The phase diagram sections show that the nucleation of the brittle precursors (joints, veins) occurred at T» 450°C at fluid-saturated conditions. Localized ductile shearing likely occurred at temperature ranging between 420 and 460°C evolving from initially fluid-saturated to fluid-undersaturated conditions in a closed system. In this temperature range, granitoid rocks are potentially subject to a series of retrograde metamorphic reactions replacing the load-bearing feldspars with weaker phyllosilicates. Metamorphic reactions occurred in spatial association with the precursory structures, leading to localized shearing. Decreasing temperature and fluid-undersaturated conditions likely hampered progressive strain accommodation in shear zones by slowing down metamorphic reactions, thermally activated dislocation creep processes, fluid-mediated deformation mechanisms and weakening mechanisms. Polyphase granitoid ultramylonite and mylonitic quartz veins have been affected differently by the fluid-undersaturated conditions of the system, as consequence of different dominant deformation mechanisms and syn-kinematic paragenesis during localized shearing. Localized ductile shearing in cooling plutons effectively occurs in a limited temperature range (420–460°C) in which the strain accommodation capacity of the shear zone is controlled by the negative feedback between the cooling rate, the kinetics of metamorphic reactions and deformation mechanisms, and the consumption of the limited amount of available fluids.     

新疆天格尔糜棱岩化花岗岩的岩石学及其SHRIMP年代学研究：兼论花岗岩中热液锆石边的定年

出露在新疆中天山天格尔山脉一带的片麻状花岗岩是早志留世花岗岩体被糜棱岩化的结果。呈NWW向展布的天格尔韧性剪切带切割天格尔花岗岩体。本文沿乌库公路完成的实测地质剖面、糜棱岩化花岗岩岩石学以及锆石SHRIMP年代学研究结果表明,糜棱岩化花岗岩中的锆石具有复杂的核-幔-边结构,锆石核形成于470～1788 Ma年前,岩浆锆石幔的SHRIMP表观年龄主要集中在432～453 Ma。糜棱岩化过程中流体交代花岗岩中的岩浆锆石,形成了热液锆石边,这种热液锆石在CL图像中呈暗一深灰色。花岗岩岩体侵位时代依据岩浆锆石幔的SHRIMP测定为441．6±3．8 Ma(MSWD=1．06)。热液锆石边的SHRIMP年龄相对年轻,6个分析结果得到一个加权平均年龄为408．6±1．7 Ma(有可能代表热液锆石边与岩浆锆石幔的混合年龄)。因此,天格尔一带出露的糜棱岩化花岗岩是早志留世早期岩浆侵位的产物,并不是中天山基底的组成部分。本文报道的锆石数据还表明,花岗质岩石在韧性剪切变形过程中能够结晶出热液锆石。对这种热液锆石的深入研究为限定韧性剪切变形的时间提供了一种新的手段。     

Epidotisation of diorites at Al Hadah,Saudi Arabia: Fluid influx into cooling plutons

Diorite plutons at Al Hadah Saudi Arabia, which constitute part of the pan-African magmatic sequence (ca. 600 Ma), exhibit extensive development of epidote. The epidote alteration is concentrated along veins and dyke margins, and is characterised by transformation of plagioclase (Ab 67)+hornblende+biotite+quartz to epidote+hornblende+tremolite−actinolite+plagioclase (Ab 99)±quartz. The reactions involve addition of CaO and total Fe₂O₃, depletion of MgO, Na₂O and K₂O, with variable gains or losses of SiO₂. Epidotised alteration products are hydrated and oxidised relative to the diorite precursor. The whole rock δ¹⁸O of fresh diorite is + 8.2‰ to + 8.8‰, whereas epidote domains have δ¹⁸O whole rock of +9.8‰ to +10.48‰ and negative Δ¹⁸O_{quartz-plagioclase}, implying oxygen isotope exchange with fluids at low temperatures. Epidotisation is considered to have accompanied influx of fluids into plutons during cooling and contraction. The fluids were probably deep formation waters with relatively high Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratios, moving up thermal gradient.     

鄂东南地区与铁山和金山店铁矿有关的花岗质岩体锆石LA-ICP-MS年龄和Hf同位素组成及其地质意义

长江中下游是中国东部中生代大规模成矿的重要地区之一,是我国东部一个重要的Cu-Fe-Au-Mo多金属成矿区带。本文以鄂东南地区铁山岩体和金山店岩体为研究对像,利用原位LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年和锆石Hf同位素分析方法,探讨该地区岩体成因以及岩浆作用与成矿作用。铁山石英闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄加权平均值为138.9±0.96Ma(样品jls1-110)、138.2±0.94Ma(样品jls3)、131.0±1.2Ma(样品jls4)和118.9±1.2Ma(样品jls5),金山店石英闪长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄加权平均值为128.6±0.88Ma(样品jsd),为早白垩世、燕山晚期。铁山岩体石英闪长岩ε_Hf(0)为负值,ε_Hf(t)为负值(-17.3707~-8.31555),一阶段Hf模式年龄(t_DM1)平均为1.33Ga,二阶段Hf模式年龄(t_DM2)平均为2.03Ga;金山店岩体石英闪长岩ε_Hf(0)为负值,ε_Hf(t)为负值(-7.81135~-3.45982),一阶段Hf模式年龄(t_DM1)平均为1.03Ga,二阶段Hf模式年龄(t_DM2)平均为1.56Ga。铁山和金山店石英闪长岩样品中锆石Hf同位素组成特征显示该地区为岩体形成时有壳源物质参加的这一可能性,为长江中下游壳源岩浆提供补充。在结合已有的岩石学、地球化学以及矿床同位素年龄资料基础上,可以推断出鄂东南地区早白垩世矽卡岩型铁矿床形成于岩石圈伸展-减薄环境。     

新疆阿尔泰将军山天河石花岗岩的岩石成因及其对铷成矿的制约

新疆阿尔泰盛产稀有金属伟晶岩, 但缺乏数量上相当的高分异花岗岩。将军山天河石花岗岩是阿尔泰目前发现的唯一富Rb花岗岩, 但其岩石成因、Rb的赋存状态及其与周边伟晶岩的关系尚不清楚, 从而制约了对Rb富集机理和成矿潜力的认识。据此, 本文对将军山天河石花岗岩和伟晶岩开展了全岩组成、年代学、同位素和矿物学研究。结果显示, 阿尔泰将军山天河石花岗岩为高分异的A型花岗岩, 独居石U-Pb年龄为276.9±2.7Ma, 表明形成于早二叠世。独居石Nd同位素组成(ε_Nd(t)为+4.15~+6.05, 二阶段模式年龄t_DM2为548~708Ma)显示亏损的源区特征, 表明源自新生地壳或有幔源物质的参与。天河石花岗岩与周边的天河石伟晶岩具有空间、时间和成分上的联系, 表明二者具有分异演化上的成因关系。将军山天河石花岗岩类型以及天河石伟晶岩矿物组合指示伟晶岩属于NYF族(富Nb、Y、F)。天河石花岗岩与伟晶岩都显示出Rb的矿化, 矿石矿物主要为天河石和多硅白云母。从花岗岩到伟晶岩, 天河石和云母中的Rb逐步富集。岩浆高度分异是天河石花岗岩Rb富集的主要机制, 但新生地壳物源或幔源物质的加入从源区上限制了Rb的矿化程度。除天河石花岗岩以外, 阿尔泰未来的Rb资源勘查应同时关注稀有金属伟晶岩中的钾长石和云母类矿物。

     

S-33 constraints on the seawater sulfate contribution in modern seafloor hydrothermal vent sulfides

Sulfide sulfur in mid-oceanic ridge hydrothermal vents is derived from leaching of basaltic-sulfide and seawater-derived sulfate that is reduced during high temperature water rock interaction. Conventional sulfur isotope studies, however, are inconclusive about the mass-balance between the two sources because ³⁴S/³²S ratios of vent fluid H₂S and chimney sulfide minerals may reflect not only the mixing ratio but also isotope exchange between sulfate and sulfide. Here, we show that high-precision analysis of S-33 can provide a unique constraint because isotope mixing and isotope exchange result in different Δ³³S (≡δ³³S-0.515 δ³⁴S) values of up to 0.04‰ even if δ³⁴S values are identical. Detection of such small Δ³³S differences is technically feasible by using the SF₆ dual-inlet mass-spectrometry protocol that has been improved to achieve a precision as good as 0.006‰ (2σ).Sulfide minerals (marcasite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite) and vent H₂S collected from four active seafloor hydrothermal vent sites, East Pacific Rise (EPR) 9-10°N, 13°N, and 21°S and Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) 37°N yield Δ³³S values ranging from −0.002 to 0.033 and δ³⁴S from −0.5‰ to 5.3‰. The combined δ³⁴S and Δ³³S systematics reveal that 73 to 89% of vent sulfides are derived from leaching from basaltic sulfide and only 11 to 27% from seawater-derived sulfate. Pyrite from EPR 13°N and marcasite from MAR 37°N are in isotope disequilibrium not only in δ³⁴S but also in Δ³³S with respect to associated sphalerite and chalcopyrite, suggesting non-equilibrium sulfur isotope exchange between seawater sulfate and sulfide during pyrite precipitation. Seafloor hydrothermal vent sulfides are characterized by low Δ³³S values compared with biogenic sulfides, suggesting little or no contribution of sulfide from microbial sulfate reduction into hydrothermal sulfides at sediment-free mid-oceanic ridge systems. We conclude that ³³S is an effective new tracer for interplay among seawater, oceanic crust and microbes in subseafloor hydrothermal sulfur cycles.     

花岗岩角闪石-黑云母40Ar-39Ar年龄与锆石U-Pb年龄对比研究及其地球化学意义

通过国内外花岗岩体的207对角闪石-黑云母40 Ar-39 Ar年龄(tAr)与锆石U-Pb年龄(tzr)之间差值(△t=tZr-tAr)进行的频数统计分析表明:△t呈对称正态分布(偏度系数CSK-=-0.193;峰度系数CKu=16.9);年龄差(△t)既呈正值又有负值,其众数值为0.40 Ma,均值为0.45 Ma.采用最小二乘法计算,花岗岩体锆石U-Pb年龄与花岗岩角闪石-黑云母40Ar-39 Ar年龄拟合出相关系数很高(R=0.995)、回归系数接近1(0.997 7)的线性回归方程(tAr=0.997 7×tZr+0.004 5).这些统计特征表明,从总体来看,花岗岩角闪石-黑云母40 Ar-39 Ar定年测定结果与锆石U-Pb定年测定结果是一致的,也不存在“花岗岩角闪石40 Ar-39 Ar年龄>黑云母40 Ar-39 Ar年龄”的规律.     

Radiometric evidence for the age of emplacement and cooling of the Murrumbidgee Batholith

Most of the rocks of the Murrumbidgee Batholith have a Rb‐Sr age of 424 ± 2 m.y. This is considered to be the time of emplacement. A small difference in the ages (4 ± 2 m.y.) between the northern and southern parts of the batholith is attributed to thermal effects caused by a slightly later time of emplacement of some of the intrusions or to a short cooling interval. Final intrusive activity ended by 414 ± 4 m.y. Younger mineral ages for some intrusions are related to later local meta‐morphic effects.     

Pb-Pb dating constraints on the accretion and cooling history of chondrites

We have analyzed the Pb isotopic compositions of whole-rocks and various components (CAIs, chondrules, and/or mineral separates) of two carbonaceous chondrites, Allende (CV3) and Murchison (CM2), and nine ordinary chondrites, Sainte Marguerite (H4), Nadiabondi and Forest City (H5), Kernouvé (H6), Bjurböle (L/LL4), Elenovka and Ausson (L5), Tuxtuac (LL5), and Saint-Séverin (LL6) by MC-ICP-MS. Three CAI fractions from Allende define an isochron with an age of 4568.1 ± 9.4 Ma (MSWD = 0.08) and plot on the same isochron as fragments of the Efremovka inclusion E60 analyzed by Amelin et al. [Amelin, Y., Krot, A. N., Hutcheon, I. D., and Ulyanov, A. A. (2002a). Lead isotopic ages of chondrules and calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions. Science297, 1679-1683]. When these two groups of samples are combined, the isochron yields an age of 4568.5 ± 0.5 (MSWD = 0.90), which is our best estimate of the age of the Solar System. Chondrules and pyroxene-olivine fractions from the ordinary chondrites yield ages that reflect the blocking of Pb isotope equilibration with the nebular gas. The combination of these ages with the corresponding metamorphic phosphate ages provides constraints on the thermal history of the different chondrite parent bodies. Among the H chondrites, Sainte Marguerite cooled to below ∼1100 K within a few My at 4565 Ma and to ∼800 K at 4563 Ma. Nadiabondi appears to have experienced a slightly more protracted cooling history with the corresponding interval lasting from 4559 to 4556 Ma. The data from Forest City and Kernouvé show evidence of late-stage perturbation with resulting U/Pb fractionation. Likewise, Pb isotopes in Tuxtuac (LL5) record a cooling history lasting from ∼4555 to 4544 Ma, which may indicate that the cooling history for the LL parent body was more prolonged than for the H parent body. We suggest a thermal evolution model for the growth of the planetary bodies based on the release of radiogenic heat from ²⁶Al and ⁶⁰Fe. This model incorporates the accretion rate, which determines the time at which the radiogenic heat becomes efficiently trapped, and the terminal size of the parent body, which controls its overall thermal inertia. The parent bodies of carbonaceous chondrites, which show little indication of metamorphic transformation, collect cooler nebular material at a relatively late stage. Small asteroids of ∼10-50 km radius accreting within 1-3 My could be the parent bodies of H and LL chondrites. The parent body of the L chondrites is likely to be a larger asteroid (r > 100 km) or possibly the product of collisions of smaller planetary bodies.     

Conodont geothermometry in pyroclastic kimberlite: constraints on emplacement temperatures and cooling histories

Kimberlite pipes from Chidliak, Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada host surface-derived Paleozoic carbonate xenoliths containing conodonts. Conodonts are phosphatic marine microfossils that experience progressive, cumulative and irreversible colour changes upon heating that are experimentally calibrated as a conodont colour alteration index (CAI). CAI values permit us to estimate the temperatures to which conodont-bearing rocks have been heated. Conodonts have been recovered from 118 samples from 89 carbonate xenoliths collected from 12 of the pipes and CAI values within individual carbonate xenoliths show four types of CAI distributions: (1) CAI values that are uniform throughout the xenolith; (2) lower CAIs in core of a xenolith than the rim; (3) CAIs that increase from one side of the xenolith to the other; and, (4) in one xenolith, higher CAIs in the xenolith core than at the rim. We have used thermal models for post-emplacement conductive cooling of kimberlite pipes and synchronous heating of conodont-bearing xenoliths to establish the temperature–time history of individual xenoliths within the kimberlite bodies. Model results suggest that the time-spans for xenoliths to reach the peak temperatures recorded by CAIs varies from hours for the smallest xenoliths to 2 or 3 years for the largest xenoliths. The thermal modelling shows the first three CAI patterns to be consistent with in situ conductive heating of the xenoliths coupled to the cooling host kimberlite. The fourth pattern remains an anomaly.