Staurolite Stability and Related Parageneses: Theory, Experiments, and Applications

The results of recent investigations on the stability limitsof staurolite have been combined together with those of thepresent study to develop a semi-quantitative model of the P–T–f_o2–Xrelations of staurolite±quartz±magnetite. Theproblem with respect to the hydroxyl content of staurolite hasbeen analysed; it is concluded that no evidence has yet beenmustered to discount the idealised stoichiometry proposed byNaray-Szabó & Sasvari (1958), at least as a limitingcomposition. The stability limits of staurolite±magnetitehave been calculated from the experimental data for the equilibriainvolving quartz. Also the conditions over which the assemblagecordierite+magnetite+quartz could be stable, as well as a quantitativemodel for the fo₂-P stability of almandine ± quartz havebeen deduced theoretically. An analysis is presented of the paragenetic relations of staurolitein common pelitic schists. It is suggested that the formationof staurolite at the expense of either chloritoid or chlorite,rather than the unqualified first appearance of staurolite asproposed by Winkler (1970), should define a ‘staurolite-in’isograd in the range of 500–575 °C. In regional metamorphism,chloritoid, staurolite, and aluminum silicates should, underequilibrium conditions, be unstable relative to almandine ingraphitic pelitic schists involving magnetite (chloritoid/staurolite/Al₂SiO₆+magnetite+quartzalmandine+O₂+H₂O).The limits of P-T conditions over which staurolite and cordieritemay coexist in natural assemblages have been deduced; it isrestricted, almost entirely within the field of andalusite,between 500–700 °C, and 2–6 kbars, thus definingthe range of P-T conditions for the ‘low-pressure intermediate’—or ‘Buchan’–type amphibolite facies discussedby Miyashiro (1961). In assemblages involving staurolite andandalusite, cordierite rather than almandine should usuallybe stable; the reverse holds for assemblages involving stauroliteand sillimanite.     

Staurolite producing reactions and geothermobarometry of a high pressure thermal aureole in the French Massif Central

Abstract Biotite, garnet, staurolite and kyanite isograds in pelitic metasedimentary rocks are developed as a result of thermal metamorphism around syntectonic granitoids in Eastern Rouergue (France). Temperature estimates range between 400°C and 650°C at about 6.5 kbar. Geothermobarometry shows a steep isobaric T gradient which is consistent with the interpretation that the metamorphic highs are thermal aureoles. High grade rocks show evidence of two staurolite forming reactions in the presence of plagioclase and the absence of chlorite that have not been described previously in the literature. The reaction that occurs in the middle staurolite zone, alm-rich ga + Ca-rich pla + Na-rich mu gro-rich ga + Na-rich pla + st + Na-poor mu, is considered to be prograde, whereas the reaction that occurs in the kyanite zone, alm-rich ga + Ca-rich pla + w st + Ca-rich ga + Na-rich pla + qz, is retrograde. The topology of these reactions is illustrated in terms of end member compositions for the systems KNaFASH and KCaFASH, respectively.     

Synthesis of Staurolite in Melting Experiments of a Natural Metapelite: Consequences for the Phase Relations in Low-Temperature Pelitic Migmatites

We document experiments on a natural metapelite in the range650–775°C, 6–14 kbar, 10 wt % of added water,and 700–850°C, 4–10 kbar, no added water. Staurolitesystematically formed in the fluid-present melting experimentsabove 675°C, but formed only sporadically in the fluid-absentmelting experiments. The analysis of textures, phase assemblages,and variation of phase composition and Fe–Mg partitioningwith P and T suggests that supersolidus staurolite formed at(near-) equilibrium during fluid-present melting reactions.The experimental results are used to work out the phase relationsin the system K₂O–Na₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂Oappropriate for initial melting of metapelites at the upperamphibolite facies. The P–T grid developed predicts theexistence of a stable P–T field for supersolidus staurolitethat should be encountered by aluminous Fe-rich metapelitesduring fluid-present melting at relatively low temperature andintermediate pressures (675–700°C, 6–10 kbarfor X_H2O = 1, in the KNFMASH system), but not during fluid-absentmelting. The implications of these findings for the scarcityof staurolite in migmatites are discussed. KEY WORDS: metapelites; migmatites; partial melting; P–T grid; staurolite     

Thermal Stability of Assemblages in the Cu--Fe--S System

The phase relations in the Cu-Fe-S system were determined from700 C to approximately 200 C in most portions of the systemand below 100 C in restricted areas. Approximate solid solutionlimits for bornite, chalcopyrite, and pyrrhotite were determinedat elevated temperatures. At low temperatures emphasis was placedon establishing the stable assemblages and less on determiningthe compositions of coexisting phases. At 700 C two extensiveternary solid solutions dominate the phase relations in thissystem. One of these solid solutions (bornite) includes thecompositions Cu₂S, Cu₁₈S, and Cu₅FeS₄and the other (chalcopyrite)lies with in the area bounded by the compositions CuFeS₂ CuFe₂S₃,and CU₃Fe₄S₄. The two fields are separated by approximately10 weight per cent copper at 700 C. The chalcopyrite volume,as seen in a trigonal prism representing temperature and composition,is intersected by a miscibility gap below approximately 600C.Below this temperature the two one-phase volumes are referredto as chalcopyrite and cubanite. Chalcopyrite is tetragonalat low temperature but isometric above approximately 550C.The temperature of the transformation is a function of composition.Cubanite is isometric above 252C, tetragonal from 252 to atleast 213C, and orthorhombic at lower temperature. The temperatureof the second transformation is unknown because the tetragonal-to-orthorhombictransformation has not been achieved in the laboratory. Borniteand pyrite become stable together at 568C and coexist downto 228C. Covellite appears with lowering temperature at 507C,and idaite at 501C. Idaite—pyrite and idaite—borniteare stable assemblages below 501 C. The composition of bornitecoexisting with idaite changes gradually towards digenite withdecreasing temperature, thus permitting the change from thebornite—pyrite tie-line to the digenite—chalcopyritetie-line at 228C. Other major tie-line changes are bornite—ironto pyrrhotite—copper below 475C and cubanite—pyriteto chalcopyrite—pyrrhotite below 334C. A new syntheticphase, x-bornite, which has a composition close to bornite (Cu₅FeS₄)but contains about 04 weight per cent more sulfur, forms whensulfur-rich bornite synthesized at high temperature is annealedbetween 62 and 140C. Optically this new phase is very similarto bornite, and their X-ray powder diffraction patterns aregiven for comparison. o The determined phase relations are applicable to numerous deposits.The tie-line changes involving bornitepyrite reacting to producedigenitechalcopyrite below 228 C and cubanite (isometric)pyritegoing to chalcopyritepyrrhotite below 334 C are of considerablegeological interest. The rates of these reactions are sufficientlyslow to allow the higher temperature assemblages to be observedin some ores. The cubic—tetragonal inversion in chalcopyriteis often deduced in ores by inversion twins. However, twinningis also commonly produced through deformation. Geological applicationof the inversion therefore depends on correct interpretationof the twinning. Because of the considerable solubility of copperin pyrrhotite the pyrrhotite—pyrite solvus of the pureFe—S system cannot be applied indiscriminately to oresthat also contain chalcopyrite or cubanite, or both. The newx-bornite phase was identified with the natural ‘anomalousbornites’, which when heated exsolve chalcopyrite and,depending on their composition, also digenite. The experimental results indicate that the mineral commonlyidentified as chalcopyrrhotite is in reality tetragonal or evenisometric cubanite. Experimental evidence could not be obtainedfor the existence of a phase of Cu₂Fe₄S₇ or Cu₂Fe₄S₇ composition,the older formulae given foor valleriite. The thermal breakdownof natural material supports the idea that valleriite is a low-temperaturepolymorph of chalcopyrite. The relatively uncommon occurrenceof idaite in comparison to covellite is attributed to the greaterdifficulty in nucleating idaite. The possibility of stable coexistenceof chalcocite and pyrite was investigated but was found to beprohibited by tie-lines between bornite and digenite even aslow as 100 C.     

Assessment of the Stability of Rock Slopes by the Slope Stability Rating Classification System

Given the lack of suitable systems in the characterization of slope stability of heavily jointed rock masses, a new rock mass classification system called Slope Stability Rating (SSR) is proposed. In addition to the so-called modified Geological Strength Index, the proposed system considers five additional parameters whose relative effects on the stability of fractured rock slopes were precisely examined based on data retrieved from eight different rock slope sites in Iran. An overall rating for the rock mass is obtained from the summation of the individual ratings of each parameter. A number of design charts are provided as illustration. The new system was then validated based on 46 slope case histories from Iran and Australia. For this, by means of the design charts previously mentioned, a recommended stable angle for each slope was given and compared with the current slope conditions. As a result, SSR design charts for maximum excavation angle (FS = 1.0) and also for other more conservative excavation angles (FS = 1.2, 1.3, 1.5) were presented.     

Staurolite in garnet amphibolite from Sölden, Ötztal old crystalline basement,Austria

Summary Textural and compositional relations of coexisting staurolite, hornblende, garnet and kyanite in a garnet amphibolite of undoubted igneous origin are reported. The bulk chemistry of the staurolite bearing rock is determined and compared with the composition of those amphibolites of the same locality, which contain no staurolite. The important difference seems to be the CaO-content. The staurolite bearing rock has 24.41 molecular percent CaO whereas the neighbouring amphibolites have a higher value ranging from 27 to 31 molecular percent. The Mg-value (100 Mg/Mg+Fe) of the analysed staurolite is 31.77, similar to the staurolite analysis 41001 ofGibson (1978), thus probably indicating the similarity of the host rocks. This study unequivocally demonstrates the formation of staurolite in metabasic rocks as has been reported byGibson (1978).

---

Staurolith im Granatamphibolit von Sölden, Ötztaler Altkristallin, Österreich

Zusammenfassung In einem Granatamphibolit eindeutig magmatischen Ursprungs werden Gefüge und Zusammensetzung der Paragenese Staurolith-Homblende-Granat-Disthen beschrieben. Der Pauschalchemismus dieses Gesteins wird mit dem der Nachbargesteine ohne Staurolithe verglichen, dabei wirkt sich der Hauptunterschied im Gehalt von CaO aus, der im Gestein mit Staurolith 24.42 Mol.-% CaO beträgt, während die Nachbargesteine einen deutlich höheren (27–31%) Gehalt haben. Der Mg-Gehalt (100 Mg/Mg+Fe) der Staurolithe beträgt 31.77 und ist somit ähnlich dem Wert vonGibson (1978), wodurch die Ähnlichkeit des Vorkommens belegt wird In der vorlieenden Arbeit wird die metamorphe Bildung von Staurolithe in einem Metabasit, wie bereits vonGibson (1978) beschneben eindeutig belegt.

     

Reversal of Fe-Mg Partitioning Between Garnet and Staurolite in Eclogite-facies Metapelites from the Champtoceaux Nappe (Brittany, France)

This paper concentrates on the petrology of eclogite-faciesmetapelites and, particularly, the significance of staurolitein these rocks. A natural example of staurolite-bearing eclogitic micaschistsfrom the Champtoceaux nappe (Brittany, France) is first described.The Champtoceaux metapelites present, in addition to quartz,phengite, and rutile, two successive parageneses: (1) chloritoid+staurolite+garnetcores, and (2) garnet rims+kyanite?chloritoid. Detailed microprobe analyses show that garnet and chloritoidevolve towards more magnesian compositions and that stauroliteis more Fe-rich than coexisting garnet. A comparison of thestudied rocks with other known occurrences of eclogitic metapelitesshows that whereas staurolite is always more Fe-rich than garnetin high-pressure eclogites, the reverse is true in low- to medium-pressuremicaschists. Phase relations between garnet, staurolite, chloritoid, biotite,and chlorite are analysed in the KFMASH system (with excessquartz, phengite, rutile, and H₂O). The topology of univariantreactions is depicted for a normal and a reverse Fe-Mg partitioningbetween garnet and staurolite. Mineral compositional changesare also predicted for varying bulk-rock chemistries. In the studied micaschists, the zonal arrangement of garnetinclusions and the progressive compositional changes of ferromagnesianphases record part of the prograde P–T path, before theattainment of ‘peak’ metamorphic conditions (atabout 65O–7OO?C, 18–20 kb). The retrograde path,which records the uplift of the Champtoceaux nappe, occurs underdecreasing temperatures.     

Garnet reaction rims from the breakdown of Staurolite in polymetamorphic micashists from the Rappold complex, Austroalpine basement, Eastern Alps

In polymetamorphic pelites of the Rappold complex in the Wölz crystalline basement (Eastern Alps) reaction rim garnets at staurolite-quartz interfaces (type I) and single grain garnets along previous staurolite-white mica interfaces (type II) were formed. The garnet reaction rims were formed during the Cretaceous amphibolite facies metamorphic overprint of the pre-existing mineral assemblages comprising garnet, staurolite, and kyanite from an amphibolite facies metamorphic event probably of Variscian age. The newly formed garnet may take the form of reaction rims along the margins of large pre-existing staurolite blasts. The initial growth increments of garnet have low grossular content, and reaction rim growth was controlled by the transfer of Fe, Mg and Mn components from the staurolite-garnet interface to the quartz-garnet interface. Later garnet growth increments have relatively high grossular content due to consumption of matrix plagioclase, which was destabilized by successive pressure increase. The grossular content of newly formed garnet shows systematic increase towards sites where plagioclase breaks down indicating that transport of calcium through the matrix was sluggish. On the basis of reaction microstructures it is demonstrated that the mineral assemblage garnet?+?kyanite?+?biotite?+?paragonite was formed at the conditions of eo-alpine amphibolite facies overprint while staurolite and plagioclase broke down successively with increasing pressure.     

The Stability of Sodalite in a Synthetic Syenite plus Aqueous Chloride Fluid System

Natural feldspathoidal syenites may be approximated by assemblagescontaining some or all of the phases sodalite, nepheline, oneor two alkali feldspars, and aqueous chloride fluid in the systemNaAISi₃O₈-KAISi₃O₈-NaAISiO₄-KAISiO₄-NaCI-KCI-H₂O. The stabilityof sodalite in these assemblages was studied in the range 500–700°C and 600–2000 bars fluid pressure. Sodalite appears to be a stable phase on the vapor-saturatedliquidus in this system over a wide range of pressure. At or near the vapor-saturated liquidus minimum in this system,three distinct types of sodalite-bearing syenite can crystallize.Nepheline-sodalite-one alkali feldspar rocks, nepheline-sodalite-twoalkali feldspars rocks and sodalite-analcime-bearing rocks crystallizebelow 1600 bars, between 1600 and 2750 bars and above 2750 barsfluid pressure, respectively. The effects of closed-system cooling on the assemblage sodalite-nepheline-twoalkali feldspars-aqueous fluid are different and distinguishablefrom the effects of metasomatism. Closed-system cooling resultsin replacement of K-feldspar by albite, feldspathoids remainingnearly unchanged, while metasomatism generally results in sismultaneousenrichment or impoverishment in sodalite plus K-feldspar.     

东昆仑西段晚古生代盆地系

东昆仑西段晚古生代从北向南分别为昆北弧后盆地、昆中岛弧及昆南弧前增生楔.在二叠纪,增生楔又转变成岛弧及弧后盆地.昆北弧后盆地石炭纪发育有陆缘到深海盆地的沉积,二叠纪由碎屑岩过渡为浅海碳酸盐岩.昆中岛弧带沉积盖层为一些碳酸盐岩孤立台地和小的山间盆地,并有火山熔岩、火山碎屑岩的堆积.昆南弧前盆地岩石类型非常复杂,石炭纪包括了陆源碎屑岩、火山熔岩、火岩碎屑岩、钙屑浊积岩、硅质岩等.二叠纪的弧间盆地从深海盆地演化为浅海碳酸盐岩沉积.前锋弧也逐渐露出水面,形成孤立灰岩台地.东昆仑西段晚古生代沉积整体特征具有沉积相分布不对称性及"盆岭"相问展布、沉积类型多样性、物源、古流向的双(多)向性、沉积序列的两层性、沉积物的成熟度低、近源等.盆地演化可划分为盆地扩张阶段、弧陆碰撞阶段两个阶段.总体表现为弧后盆地性质的沉积与演化特点.     

山西娄烦变质岩中蓝晶石、十字石和红柱石的特征及形成条件

通过电子探针成分分析和矿物共生组合分析,利用地质温度计估算十字石、蓝晶石和红柱石的形成温压条件,以揭示十字石、蓝晶石和红柱石的形成与本区西川河断裂区域变质作用的关系。研究结果表明:本区西川河断裂以北地区出露的十字石和蓝晶石形成条件受压力控制(P=5.5-7Kpa),变质温度为520-550℃;而西川河断裂以南地区出露的红柱石的形成条件主要受温度控制(T=570-600℃),压力小于3Kpa。西川河断裂控制了南北地区的变质条件,进而控制了特征变质矿物十字石、蓝晶石和红柱石的空间分布。     

Effect of Tunnel Shape and Support System on Stability of a Tunnel in a Deep Coal Mine in China

Stability level of tunnels that exist in an underground mine has a great influence on the safety, production and economic performance of the mine. Ensuring of stability for soft-rock tunnels is an important task for deep coal mines located in high in situ stress conditions. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of tunnel shape and support pattern on the deformation, failure zone and stability around a tunnel located in a coal rock mass in China and to select an appropriate tunnel shape and a support pattern to provide a stable stress-deformation condition around the tunnel. Using the available information on stratigraphy, geological structures, in situ stress measurements and geo-mechanical properties of intact rock and discontinuity interfaces, a three-dimensional numerical model was built using the FLAC software to simulate the stress conditions around the tunnel in the coal rock mass. Analyses were conducted for several tunnel shapes and rock support patterns. Results obtained for the distribution of failed zones, and stress and displacement fields around the tunnel were compared to select the best tunnel shape and support pattern to achieve the optimum stability conditions. Also, a comparison is given between the numerical predictions and field deformation monitoring results.     

Stability of earth slopes. Part II: three dimensional analysis in closed‐form

A closed‐form stability analysis of earth slopes performed in 3D is proposed. The sliding surface is assumed spherical and treated as a rigid body allowing the internal state of stress to be ignored. The proposed closed‐formed solution (CFS) can be applied to both homogenous and non‐homogenous slopes of either simple or complex geometry and can also deal with any kind of additional loading. Although it is recognized that the critical failure surface is often non‐spherical, the CFS methodology for spheres described herein provides an objective tool for the evaluation of the assumptions made by other limit equilibrium methods including the role of intercolumn forces. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stability of ethylxanthate ion in neutral and weakly acidic media. Part 1: Influence of pH

Xanthates are used in the flotation of sulfide ores although their aqueous solutions are not stable under certain conditions. Their stability in acidic and weakly acidic aqueous solutions was therefore investigated, as these media are required for some processes.The peak absorbances of ethylxanthate ion and carbon disulfide were first determined in aqueous solution. The decomposition of ethylxanthate ion was analyzed by measuring variations in absorbance (at 301 nm) and pH with respect to time. A pH regulation system was then used while measuring variations in absorbance and productions of protons caused by xanthate decomposition.The results concerning xanthate half-lives show good agreement with the literature, but the kinetic results deviate substantially. The following relation was obtained for half-life:

$\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{=9.67×10}{}^{\mathrm{?6}}\text{(pH)}{}^{11}\text{;4?7;T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{in seconds}$

We established that ethylxanthate decomposition at pH 4 is a first order reaction with respect to ethylxanthate concentration, and postulating this order to the other pH values, the following kinetic relation was found:

$\text{v= ?(1.22×10}{}^4\text{[H}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{]?1.36×10}{}^{\mathrm{?2}}\text{)([}\text{EtX}{}^{\mathrm{?}}\text{]}{}_{\mathrm{\infty }}\text{) (4?pH?7)}$

where v is the rate of decomposition (mol l^?1 min^?1), and [EtX^?]_∞ is the ethylxanthate concentration when the decomposition equilibria are reached (mol l^?1). The better concentration was found to obey the law:

$\text{[}\text{EtX}{}^{\mathrm{?}}\text{]}{}_{\mathrm{\infty }}\text{=3.142×10}{}^{\mathrm{?5}}\text{pH ? 1.255 × 10}{}^{\mathrm{?4}}\text{(4?pH?6)}$

     

The Stability of Andradite, Hedenbergite, and Related Minerals in the System Ca--Fe--Si--O--H

Phase relations for the bulk compositions 3CaO·2FeO_x·3SiO₂+excessH₂O and CaO·FeO_x·2SiO₂+excess H₂O were determinedusing conventional hydrothermal techniques with solid phaseoxygen buffers to control fO₂. Andradite, Ca₃Fe³⁺₂Si₃O₁₂, synthesized above 550 °C hasan average unit cell edge, a_o, of 12.055±0.001 Å,and an index of refraction, n, of 1.887±0.003. Belowthis temperature, a_o increases whereas n decreases, indicatingthe formation of a member of the andradite-hydroandradite solidsolution. At 2000 bars P_fluid andradite is stable above an f_O2of 10¹⁵ bar at 800 °C and 10-³² bar at 400 °C. At lowerf_O2 andradite+fluid gives way at successively lower temperaturesto the condensed assemblages magnetite+wollastonite, kirschsteinite(CaFe²⁺SiO₄)+ wollastonite and kirschsteinite+xonotlite (Ca₆Si₆O₁₇(OH)₂). Synthetic hedenbergite, CaFe²⁺Si₂O₆, has average unit cell dimensionsof a_o = 9.857± 0.004 Å, b_o = 9.033±0.002Å, c_o = 5.254±0.002 Å and ß = 104.82°±0.03°,and refractive indices of n = 1.731±0.003 and n = 1.755±0.005.At 2000 bars P_fiuid, hedenbergite is stable below an f_O2 of10-¹³ bar at 800 °C and 10-²⁸ bar at 400 °C. Above thesef_O2 values, hedenbergite+O₂ breaks down to andradite+magnetite+quartz. The mineral pair andradite +hedenbergite thus limit the f_O2range possible for their joint formation under equilibrium conditions. The hydration of wollastonite to xonotlite occurs at much lowertemperatures than previous experimental work indicated. A tentativehigh temperature limit for this reaction is set at 185°±15°C and 5000±25 bars and 210°±15 °Cand 2000±20 bars. Inasmuch as the growth of xonotlitefrom wollastonite + H₂O was never accomplished, this high temperaturelimit does not represent an equilibrium univariant curve. Nine phases were encountered in the study of andradite and hedenbergite.They are andradite, hedenbergite, magnetite, wollastonite, kirschsteinite,xonotlite, quartz, ilvaite, and vapor (fluid). An invariantpoint analysis using the method of Schreinemakers shows thetopologic relations of the reactions involved. The resultinggrid can be used to interpret natural occurrences.     

Regional Metamorphism of Non-Calcareous Manganiferous Sediments from India and the Related Petrogenetic Grid for a Part of the System Mn-Fe-Si-O

Mineralogical assemblages developed in the non-calcareous manganiferoussediments in India and subjected to regional metamorphism underchlorite to sillimanite grade conditions have been studied indetail. Based on a series of idealized reactions compatiblewith the recorded assemblages in the system Mn-Fe-Si-O, formany of which there is unambiguous textural evidence in therocks, a combined schematic petrogenetic grid consistent withtopological and thermodynamic considerations has been constructed. The inferred petrogenetic grid, coupled with the mineralogicaland textural evidence present in the manganiferous assemblagesand the enclosing rock formations, can be reconciled with thefollowing: (1) The mineralogical reactions attending regionalmetamorphism of the manganiferous sediments buffered the compositionof the coexisting fluid phase. (2) Due to the closed natureof the system as a whole and also due to lack of communicationbetween the different parts thereof, local variations in theinitial proportions of the non-volatile to volatile phases andtheir compositions led to the development of contrasting sequencesof mineralogical reactions and, therefore, fo₂-T gradients evenwithin the same metamorphic grade. (3) Rhodonite, developedas a prograde reaction product in the garnet to sillimanitegrade conditions, was converted to rhodonite-pyroxmangite mixture/intergrowthduring cooling. Compositional variance, resulting from the substitution of Mnby Fe and incorporation of components such as Mg, Ca in thephases, would tend to shift the univariant reaction curves inthe grid towards opposite directions and/or split them intomultivariant intervals in fo₂-T space without altering the generalstyle of the topology or the principal deductions made therefrom.     

中亚成矿域多核成矿系统西准噶尔成矿带构造体系特征及其对成矿作用的控制

西准噶尔成矿带是中亚成矿域巴尔喀什成矿带的东延部分,目前已发现有包古图斑岩型铜矿床、哈图金矿床、萨尔托海铬铁矿床和杨庄铍矿床等大型超大型矿床,是中亚成矿域内重要的成矿远景区.北东向达拉布特断裂、玛依勒断裂、巴尔鲁克断裂等以及所夹的构造地块,构成了西准噶尔“多”字型构造体系(简称“西准系”),是控制西准噶尔成矿带铜-金-...     

A multi-level ecological network in the Czech Republic: Implementating the Territorial System of Ecological Stability

In the late 1970s, a concept of an ecological network in former Czechoslovakia, called the Territorial System of Ecological Stability (TSES) was formulated as a response to large-scale natural and semi-natural habitat fragmentation and loss. In the Czech Republic, the TSES concept is a part of the environmental legislation, namely of the act on the conservation of nature and the landscape. The whole system is the network of ecologically significant segments of landscape, efficiently distributed on the basis of functional and spatial criteria, covering biotic, hydrological, soil and relief conditions. It consists of biocentres, corridors and buffer zones. The TSES is established at three hierarchical levels: local, regional and supra-regional (=national). In the article, a methodology for establishing the supra-regional TSES is presented in more detail.