Spatiotemporal dynamics of the Urals’ climate in the second half of the 20th century

Dynamics of the surface air temperature and amount of precipitation in the Polar, Northern, and Southern Urals in the 20th century is analyzed. Charts of the temperature distribution in the Urals for the period from 1961 to 2000, taking into account the relief, are plotted in the geographical informational system on the basis of data of instrumental measurements at meteorological stations with the use of the multiple regression analysis and raster modeling. The northeastern direction of the warming gradient and increase of falling precipitations in the period under review is established. Time series of anomalies of the average annual air temperature and amount of precipitation in the 20th century at three meteorological stations, situated in the Polar, Northern, and Southern Urals, are analyzed. The tendency of the growth of anomalies of the average annual temperature and total amount of precipitation is revealed.     

全球气候变暖背景下水城县近30a气温与降水变化的新特征

该文基于水城县国家气象观测站1986—2015年的逐日观测资料,利用线性回归、Morlet小波分析等方法,对水城县近30 a气温和降水的气候特征进行分析。结果表明：①水城县年平均气温在近30 a来呈现显著的上升趋势,其中春、夏、秋三季的平均温度对年平均气温的增加起到了重要贡献,且冬季在近15 a来更容易发生极端暖冬与冷冬事件;②水城县年平均降水量在近30 a来存在一定的减少趋势,但与气温不同,夏、秋两季的降水占到了全年的75%以上,从而与全年降水量的变化特征息息相关,并且在气候变暖的背景之下,水城县夏、秋季的降水在2000年以来年际变率显著变大,从而导致当地更容易出现极端的旱涝事件;③过去30 a水城县的年极端最高气温出现在春季和初夏的次数最多,3—6月共有25次,占比高达80.6%,年极端最低温所出现的月份则主要集中在冬季（12月—翌年1月）;④水城县平均气温的增加与极端降水的变化之间存在密切联系,水城县年均暴雨日数主要集中在6—8月,在全年暴雨日数中占比达到79%（51 d）,而水城县近30 a的年暴雨日数在气温升高、总降水量减少的背景之下仍出现了显著的增加趋势。     

近30年羌塘自然保护区气候特征分析

本文利用羌塘自然保护区周边6个气象站1978~2007年30年数据,利用气候统计方法,分析了温度、积温、降水的趋势变化。结果表明:该地区年平均温度、年平均最高温度、年平均最低温度都呈上升趋势,且上升幅度远远大于全球、全国平均水平;≥0℃积温、≥5℃积温呈增加趋势,初日提前,终日推迟,持续日数增加;降水的区域特征明显,自东向西呈递减趋势。年降水量呈上升趋势。      

近30年羌塘自然保护区气候特征分析

本文利用羌塘自然保护区周边6个气象站1978～2007年30年数据,利用气候统计方法,分析了温度、积温、降水的趋势变化。结果表明：该地区年平均温度、年平均最高温度、年平均最低温度都呈上升趋势,且上升幅度远远大于全球、全国平均水平;≥0℃积温、≥5℃积温呈增加趋势,初日提前,终日推迟,持续日数增加;降水的区域特征明显,自东向西呈递减趋势。年降水量呈上升趋势。     

乌审旗近50a气候变化特征分析

文章通过对乌审旗1961—2010年气温及降水资料进行分析,揭示了近50a来乌审旗气候变化特征,结果表明:近50a,乌审旗年平均气温呈明显上升趋势,四季温度变化对年平均气温上升贡献:冬季春季秋季夏季;年降水量呈微弱下降态势。在全球气候变暖的背景下,乌审旗气温上升,降水量减少,气候有向暖干化发展的趋势。     

Creation of high-resolution climatic grid datasets for the territory of Georgia

Created are the grid datasets of monthly mean and annual mean temperature as well of monthly, seasonal, and annual values of the total precipitation with the resolution of 25 km for the period of 1936–2011. The obtained datasets characterize the real picture of the spatial distribution of temperature and precipitation on the territory of Georgia; therefore, they are used for working out geoinformative maps of temperature and precipitation variations. Revealed are the areas and centers with different intensity of warming and cooling. It is found that the annual temperature and total annual precipitation averaged for the territory do not vary considerably under conditions of the global warming.     

A Modeling Study of the Climate Effects of Sulfate and Carbonaceous Aerosols over China

In this paper, the RIEMS 2.0 model is used to simulate the distribution of sulfate, black carbon, and organic carbon aerosols over China (16.2°-44.1°N, 93.4°-132.4°E) in 1998. The climate effects of these three anthropogenic aerosols are also simulated. The results are summarized as follows: (1) The regional average column burdens of sulfate, BC, OC, and SOC were 5.9, 0.24, 2.4, and 0.49 mg m-2, with maxima of 33.9, 1.48, 7.3, and 1.1 mg m-2, respectively. The column burden and surface concentration of seco...     

全球年平均人为热释放气候强迫的估算

利用能源经济领域具有权威性的英国石油公司(BP)世界能源统计资料和联合国人口统计资料,通过一些简单的数值计算,初步估算了人为热释放的全球气候强迫。结果表明:当前(2008年)全球年平均人为热释放的气候强迫还不是很大,约为0.031W/m2;但随着人口及能源消费总量的增加,未来人为热释放产生的全球年平均气候强迫将有可能达0.30W/m2。     

察右中旗近50a气候变化特征分析

利用察右中旗1961-2010年的地面观测资料,对气温和降水的气候平均值特征和变化趋势进行了统计分析,并根据统计结果探讨引起当地气候变化的可能原因.在此基础上,还对旱涝情况进行了分析.分析表明:(1)近50a来察右中旗的年平均气温呈明显的上升趋势,1989年后上升幅度达0.67℃.(2)降水量季节分布不均匀,近50a来降水总量有减少的趋势,减幅明显,达14mm.年降水总量在年际之间差别较大,最多的年份可为最少的年份的2～3倍,旱年数多于涝年.(3)全球的气候变化和当地生态的人为改变是造成气温升高的可能因素.     

Climatic timescale temperature and precipitation increases on long Island,New York

Abstract

Global warming due to increased greenhouse gases is believed to result in not only higher surface temperatures but also an acceleration of the hydrological cycle leading to increased precipitation. Although climate models consistently predict increases in global temperatures due to increasing greenhouse gases and the accompanying global warming, observations at the climatic timescales necessary to confirm the models are rare. Multidecadal studies at global and regional scales are necessary to determine whether the presently observed changes in temperature and precipitation are due to short‐term fluctuations or long‐term trends. In this study, we address this issue by examining changes in temperature and precipitation on Long Island, New York over a 74‐year time period (1931 to 2004) using a network of rain gauges and temperature measurements. The mean annual temperature on Long Island has increased at a rate of 0.05°C per decade, which is less than that of observed global values and is most likely due to the urban warming effects of New York City, not large‐scale climate change. The mean total annual precipitation has increased at a rate of 0.71 cm per decade during the study period, which is consistent with global observations. Intra‐annual temperature fluctuations are decreasing at a rate of 0.36% per decade, while precipitation variations are increasing at a rate of 0.91% per decade. Empirical orthogonal function analysis indicates that variations in temperature and precipitation on Long Island are dominated by island‐wide fluctuations that are directly related to the North Atlantic Oscillation, the Arctic Oscillation, and the El Niño Southern Oscillation.     

气球携带碘化银焰弹增雨雪效果分析

利用2003—2017年观测资料,分析了喀左县采用气球携带碘化银焰弹方法人工增雨雪的效果。结果表明：天气形势为蒙古气旋、短波槽、冷涡时,取得的人工增雨雪效果较好。气球焰弹增雪播撒的高度在2000—4000 m,增雨的播撒高度在3000—5000 m,以稳定层状云中的层云、雨层云、高层云最明显。在-10℃温度条件下,冰核生成率平均为6.3×10¹³个/g;喀左县每年降水量平均为505.87 mm,比全市各县平均448.33 mm增加57.54 mm,每年增雨折合水量为1.29×10⁸ m³。气球焰弹增雨每年增加量为31.31 mm,增加降水7.007×10⁷ m³;投入产出比为1∶97.1。气球携带碘化银焰弹增雨雪方法可为其他地区相关业务提供科学参考和技术支撑。     

动力延伸预报产品在辽宁短期气候预测中的释用

基于1961～2000年辽宁53个测站40 a逐年的月气温距平和月降水距平百分率资料,根据EOF(经验正交函数)展开的空间特征向量分布特征,将前3个主要特征向量时间系数作为预报量,将500 hPa高度场的高度距平、地转涡度作为预报因子,利用多元统计回归分析,建立了一套定点、定量预测辽宁各月气温与降水量的数学模型。利用该模型对2001~2005年辽宁53个测站的月气温距平和月降水距平百分率进行逐月预报试验。结果表明:对气温和降水量的趋势预报的评分均比较好,有87%以上的月气温距平预测结果的评分超过66.0分,各月的平均Ps评分均高于66.0分,年平均为75.5分或以上,总平均为83.1分;有70%的月降水距平百分率预测结果的Ps评分超过60.0分,各月的平均Ps评分都高于53.0分,年平均为58.0分以上,总平均为66.5分。但对异常气候的预测效果不明显。     

Spatial dependence of diurnal temperature range trends on precipitation from 1950 to 2004

This paper analyzes the spatial dependence of annual diurnal temperature range (DTR) trends from 1950–2004 on the annual climatology of three variables: precipitation, cloud cover, and leaf area index (LAI), by classifying the global land into various climatic regions based on the climatological annual precipitation. The regional average trends for annual minimum temperature (T _min) and DTR exhibit significant spatial correlations with the climatological values of these three variables, while such correlation for annual maximum temperature (T _max) is very weak. In general, the magnitude of the downward trend of DTR and the warming trend of T _min decreases with increasing precipitation amount, cloud cover, and LAI, i.e., with stronger DTR decreasing trends over drier regions. Such spatial dependence of T _min and DTR trends on the climatological precipitation possibly reflects large-scale effects of increased global greenhouse gases and aerosols (and associated changes in cloudiness, soil moisture, and water vapor) during the later half of the twentieth century.     

Detection, Causes and Projection of Climate Change over China： An Overview of Recent Progress

This article summarizes the main results and findings of studies conducted by Chinese scientists in the past five years.It is shown that observed climate change in China bears a strong similarity with the global average.The country-averaged annual mean surface air temperature has increased by 1.1℃over the past 50 years and 0.5-0.8℃over the past 100 years,slightly higher than the global temperature increase for the same periods.Northern China and winter have experienced the greatest increases in surface air temperature.Although no significant trend has been found in country-averaged annual precipitation, interdecadal variability and obvious trends on regional scales are detectable,with northwestern China and the mid and lower Yangtze River basin having undergone an obvious increase,and North China a severe drought.Some analyses show that frequency and magnitude of extreme weather and climate events have also undergone significant changes in the past 50 years or so. Studies of the causes of regional climate change through the use of climate models and consideration of various forcings,show that the warming of the last 50 years could possibly be attributed to an increased atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases,while the temperature change of the first half of the 20th century may be due to solar activity,volcanic eruptions and sea surface temperature change.A significant decline in sunshine duration and solar radiation at the surface in eastern China has been attributed to the increased emission of pollutants. Projections of future climate by models of the NCC(National Climate Center,China Meteorological Administration)and the IAP(Institute of Atmospheric Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences),as well as 40 models developed overseas,indicate a potential significant warming in China in the 21st century,with the largest warming set to occur in winter months and in northern China.Under varied emission scenarios,the country-averaged annual mean temperature is projected to increase by 1.5-2.1℃by 2020,2.3-3.3℃by 2050, and by 3.9-6.0℃by 2100,in comparison to the 30-year average of 1961 1990.Most models project a 10% 12% increase in annual precipitation in China by 2100,with the trend being particularly evident in Northeast and Northwest China,but with parts of central China probably undergoing a drying trend.Large uncertainty exists in the projection of precipitation,and further studies are needed.Furthermore,anthropogenic climate change will probably lead to a weaker winter monsoon and a stronger summer monsoon in eastern Asia.     

Past and Future Changes in the Climate of Hong Kong

Over the years, the Hong Kong Observatory has carried out scientific studies to evaluate the observed climate trends and project the future climate in Hong Kong. Analysis of the meteorological observations at the observatory's headquarters in Tsim Sha Tsui since 1885 reveals that the temperature rise in Hong Kong during the past 124 years is in accord with the global rising trend. The accelerated rising trend in the mean temperature in last few decades may be attributed to the anthropogenic influences, especially urbanization. A similar increasing trend is also observed for rainfall. Other observations such as increasing cloud amount and decreasing total global solar radiation are all consistent with the global trend. Studies of past occurrences of extreme temperature and rainfall have also been carried out. The results indicate that cold episodes have become rarer while very hot days and heavy rain events are becoming more frequent. The observatory also makes use of the data from the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and employs statistical downscaling techniques to carry out projections of temperature and precipitation in the 21st century. It is found that the rise in temperature in Hong Kong will be slightly higher than the global mean in the 21st century. The annual rainfall in Hong Kong is also expected to rise by the end of the 21st century, so is its year-to-year variability.     

Modeling Study of Aerosol Indirect Effects on Global Climate with an AGCM

Aerosol indirect effects (AIEs) on global climate were quantitatively investigated by introducing aerosol-cloud interaction parameterizations for water stratus clouds into an AGCM (BCC AGCM2.0.1), which was developed by the National Climate Center of the China Meteorological Administration. The study yielded a global annual mean of -1.14 W m-2 for the first indirect radiative forcing (IRF), with an obvious seasonal change. In summer, large forcing mainly occurred in mid to high latitudes of the Northern Hem...     

广西近50年来气温、降水气候变化

采用广西1958～2005年的气温、降水资料，运用统计方法，分析了全区近50a来的年平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、四季平均气温和年、汛期降水量的分布特点及变化趋势。结果显示，近50a来，广西年及春、秋两季平均气温和最低气温呈明显偏高趋势，年最高气温、夏、冬两季平均气温及年降水、汛期降水变化较平稳。     

PREDICTION AND UNCERTAINTY OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN CHINA DURING 21ST CENTURY UNDER RCPS

Based on integrated simulations of 26 global climate models provided by the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP), this study predicts changes in temperature and precipitation across China in the 21 st century under different representative concentration pathways(RCPs), and analyzes uncertainties of the predictions using Taylor diagrams. Results show that increases of average annual temperature in China using three RCPs(RCP2.6, RCP4.5,RCP8.5) are 1.87 ℃, 2.88 ℃ and 5.51 ℃, respectively. Increases in average annual precipitation are 0.124, 0.214, and 0.323 mm/day, respectively. The increased temperature and precipitation in the 21 st century are mainly contributed by the Tibetan Plateau and Northeast China. Uncertainty analysis shows that most CMIP5 models could predict temperature well, but had a relatively large deviation in predicting precipitation in China in the 21 st century. Deviation analysis shows that more than 80% of the area of China had stronger signals than noise for temperature prediction;however, the area proportion that had meaningful signals for precipitation prediction was less than 20%. Thus, the multi-model ensemble was more reliable in predicting temperature than precipitation because of large uncertainties of precipitation.     

Developing climate change scenarios for Tamil Nadu, India using MAGICC/SCENGEN

This paper describes the projection of climate change scenarios under increased greenhouse gas emissions, using the results of atmospheric-ocean general circulation models in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 dataset. A score is given to every model based on global and regional performance. Four out of 20 general circulation models (GCMs) were selected based on skill in predicting observed annual temperature and precipitation conditions. The ensemble of these four models shows superiority over the individual model scores. These models were subjected to increases in future anthropogenic radiative forcings for constructing climate change scenarios. Future climate scenarios for Tamil Nadu were developed with MAGICC/SCENGEN software. Model results show both temperature and precipitation increases under increased greenhouse gas scenarios. Northeast and northwest parts of Tamil Nadu show a greater increase in temperature and precipitation. Seasonally, the maximum rise in temperature occurred during the MAM season, followed by DJF, JJA, and SON. Decreasing trends of precipitation were observed during DJF and MAM.     

Recent trends in regional air temperature and precipitation and links to global climate change in the Maharlo watershed,Southwestern Iran

Trends in air temperature and precipitation data are investigated for linkages to global warming and climate change. After checking for serial correlation with trend-free pre-whitening procedure, the Mann–Kendall test is used to detect monotonic trends and the Mann–Whitney test is used for trend step change. The case study is Maharlo watershed, Southwestern Iran, representing a semi-arid environment. Data are for the 1951–2011 period, from four temperature sites and seven precipitation sites. A homogeneity test investigates regional similarity of the time series data. The results include mean annual, mean annual maximum and minimum and seasonal analysis of air temperature and precipitation data. Mean annual temperature results indicate an increasing trend, while a non-significant trend in precipitation is observed in all the stations. Furthermore, significant phase change was detected in mean annual air temperature trend of Shiraz station in 1977, indicating decreasing trend during 1951–1976 and increasing trend during 1977–2011. The annual precipitation analysis for Shiraz shows a non-significant decrease during 1951–1976 and 1977–2011. The result of homogeneity test reveals that the studied stations form one homogeneous region. While air temperature trends appear as regional linkage to global warming/global climate change, more definite outcome requires analysis of longer time series data on precipitation and air temperature.