一次暖云强降水主导的对流单体闪电活动特征

利用中国气象局雷电野外科学试验基地(CMA_FEBLS)三维闪电观测数据,结合广州双偏振雷达观测数据,分析了2017年5月7日广东一次暖云强降水对流单体的闪电活动及其与云降水结构的关系。该单体在4 h内产生1250个闪电,地闪比例约24%。绝大多数闪电出现在4~12 km高度,对应温度层为0℃至-40℃;闪电放电活动的峰值高度出现在8.5 km,对应环境温度约-19℃。分析的强降水单体宏观上呈现上正、中负、下正的三极性电荷结构,中部负电荷核心区约为-8℃至-15℃。在闪电活动区域中,由干雪粒子主导区域占比约82%,霰粒子主导区域占比约11%,且大部分与闪电活动关联的霰粒子主要位于4~8 km高度。总闪频数与30 dBZ雷达回波顶高、-20℃温度层上大于20 dBZ的回波体积具有较好的相关性。闪电活动的平均位置高度与20 dBZ雷达回波顶高和-20℃温度层上大于30 dBZ的回波体积具有较好的相关关系。闪电活动与最大降水强度之间具有较好的时序对应关系,单个闪电表征降水量的值为107 kg/fl量级。     

雷达反射率因子垂直廓线研究和多种遥感资料综合估计降水

利用同一Ｚ－Ｉ关系下地面降水与雷达回波强度的空间最佳匹配思想,提出了一种定量降水的新方法：考察Ｉ－Ｈ曲线,确定与地面的雨量计资料最相近的Ｉ值的所在高度,然后此用此高度上的Ｉ值反演降水。发现降水与很多因子有关,而云顶温度,反照率及云顶温度的时间梯度最为明显。研究表明用多因子方程估计降水效果较好。     

Investigation of Cu cong Seeding Effect during Rainfall Augmentation in India

The results are presented of complex investigation of clouds in India which were seeded with a glaciogenic reagent from the aircraft. The seeding effect was assessed by the comparison of radar characteristics of the seeded clouds with the characteristics of clouds within the radar field of view. The maximum reflectivity increase in the seeded clouds in comparison with clouds in the natural cycle, an increase in the precipitation flux and specific mass of precipitated hail are observed. The merging of seeded clouds was observed during the study. It is shown that this process affects cloud characteristics resulting in the significant (by several times) increase in the precipitation flux. The measurements of electric discharges registered by the lightning detection network demonstrated that there were no lightning strikes in the seeded clouds, although the calculations indicated an increase in the electric activity of the clouds.     

Study of dynamics of the cumulonimbus anvil of large vertical extent

Results are presented of analysis of development of a cumulonimbus cloud anvil with the top height exceeding 18 km, as observed in Central India. The anvil development is studied using the measurements from Meteosat-5 and with the WR-100 radar. Minimum air temperature measured from the satellite at the cloud top level is −105°C. The rate of cloud top height growth is, on average, 0.5 m/s. Horizontal extent of the anvil in the steering flow direction reached 85 km, and rate of the anvil propagation in horizontal direction was equal to 32.4 km/h. The anvil area, after the satellite data, reached 3675 km². After the radar data, horizontal extent of the anvil reached 50 km, maximum area being 600 km². Analysis of discrepancies between the satellite and radar measurements of the anvil area shows that a significant part of the anvil cannot be detected by the WR-100 radar because its potential is not enough high; the satellite measurement data improve significantly quality of information on the Cb characteristics.     

Investigation of the effects of high atmospheric aerosol pollution on the development of the high-depth cumulonimbus cloud

Considered is a case of the development of the cumulonimbus cloud (Cb) in the southwestern part of Saudi Arabia under the conditions of heavy pollution of atmosphere with natural aerosol. Using the ground-based radar and satellite radiometric instruments, the characteristics of the Cb are obtained for the cloud top height of more than 14 km and maximum reflectivity of 58 dBZ. To measure the precipitation rate using the radar data, the Z-I ratio obtained for the area under study was applied. To compute the precipitation rate, the results of the sounding with the SEVERI radiometer installed on the Meteosat-8 satellite were also used. Carried out are numerical experiments on the simulation of aerosol effects on the evolution of the cloud under study. The development of the cloud at the presence of background aerosol was simulated as well as at high aerosol concentration. Three cases are considered: aerosol is a passive admixture; aerosol has hygroscopic properties; aerosol has ice-forming properties. It is demonstrated that the most considerable effects on the cloud evolution are caused by the intensification of ice formation under the influence of aerosol; not only the time distribution of precipitation rate changes but also the amount of precipitation increases.     

多普勒天气雷达产品在人工增雨效果检验中的应用

利用湖南省境内的多普勒天气雷达探测资料,结合湖南省中小尺度地面降雨量资料,对催化作业前后日标云与对比云的多普勒天气雷达参数(回波顶高、最大反射率因子、垂直积分液态水含量、回波面积等)的变化特征进行对比分析.结果表明,催化后,目标云体雷达回波参数值均增大,约20～30 min后都能达到最强,而对比云增大率比目标云要小;作...     

Changes in Cu Characteristics and Precipitation during Cu Merging

The results of investigation of convective cloud merging observed near Saint Petersburg are presented. Data obtained with a set of remote sensing instruments (radar, radiometer, and lightning location system) were analyzed. Rain gage network data are used. Clouds simulation is performed using a 1.5-dimensional nonstationary model. A method to calibrate the radar measurements to obtain precipitation characteristics using rain gage network data is developed. According to radar data, a 2-km increase in the cloud top height was observed after Cu merging, the maximum reflectivity of clouds increased at 10 dBZ, maximum rain intensity and rain flux increased by about two times. The increase in rainfall intensity is also corroborated by rain gage observations and numerical simulations. An increase in the intensity of lightning discharges during the merging is registered.     

河北春季一次飞机人工增雪的综合分析

2013年4月19日,河北省人工影响天气办公室在河北中南部地区根据云系特点首次采用多层次水平催化和垂直验证的方式对层状云进行人工催化和探测。本文利用机载仪器所取得的飞机探测资料,结合实时天气、卫星、雷达、探空和雨量观测资料,分析了河北春季层状云增雪作业的技术指标,探讨了航测微物理参量和卫星、雷达、探空等资料在作业中的应用。结果表明：云在发展期雷达回波由15 dBZ逐步上升到25-35 dBZ,卫星反演的云顶高度、云顶温度、有效粒子半径、光学厚度等都有增加;云在中后期有效粒子半径、光学厚度、液水路径迅速下降,雷达回波同时减弱。在高度3 177-5 723 m之间过冷云滴达100-700个/cm^3,含水量在0.01 g·m^-3左右,最大0.081 g·m^-3,云粒子主要在此增长,形成降水粒子,该区间适宜催化。作业后,影响区内云体发展,雷达回波增强,出现35 dBZ强回波,且强回波中心扩大;卫星反演的云顶高度、光学厚度等比对比区有明显增加。     

WRF模式云参数化方案对一次深对流系统模拟的验证和改进

使用中尺度数值模式WRF中的双参数云微物理方案WDM6针对2008年台风“凤凰”登陆过程中造成的强降水进行数值模拟,通过卫星模拟器利用MTSAT-1R和TRMM卫星观测的红外云顶黑体亮温TBB、PR雷达反射率资料使用统计方法验证模拟结果。通过修改云水向雨水自动转化过程、冰晶核化过程、雪和霰的下落末速度、雪和霰的截距进行敏感性试验,减小模拟结果和卫星观测结果的差异。研究结果表明:WDM6方案模拟的台风“凤凰”登陆后的降水,强对流云系及对流柱状雷达回波基本符合实况,但模拟结果局部偏强。WDM6方案模拟产生了较多的浅对流云,低估了对流云系的出现频率。不同云类型模拟的雷达回波均偏强,对流云系雷达回波垂直分布接近观测。敏感性试验结果说明修改WDM6方案中云水向雨水自动转化率有效地改善了模拟效果。同时发现云滴初始数浓度影响云水向雨水自动转化率并最终影响云系结构和雷达反射率的模拟结果,过高的云滴初始数浓度会使模拟结果变差。     

用云团强中心附近最大亮温梯度区判别强降水

用1996～2001年5～7月GMS红外云图资料,分析了GMS红外云图云顶温度与对应的地面雨量站的1 h雨量的关系,结果表明云团降水最强的区域既不是出现在云顶温度最低的区域,也不是出现在云顶温度梯度最大的区域,而是出现在云团强中心附近的云顶最大温度梯度区移动方向大约4个像素的地方.同时采用回归分析方法统计了云团最强降水与最低云顶亮温和发展率等因子的关系,然后根据云团强中心附近的最大亮温梯度区的移动来估计云团未来1 h强降水可能的强度与落区.     

Investigations of the development of thunderstorm with hail. Part 2. Analysis of methods for the forecast and diagnosis of the electrical properties of clouds

The results of observation of the development of a high-depth thunder-hail storm is presented. The measurements were carried out with the MRL-5 weather radar and LS8000 lightning detection system. The electrical parameters of the investigated cloud obtained with LS8000 as well as their relations to radar-derived cloud characteristics and to the indirect criteria of electrical conditions computed on their basis are analyzed. The possibility to forecast thunderstorm based on different thermodynamic criteria is investigated. The high correlation was revealed between the total lightning current in the LF range and the lightning flash rate in the LF and VHF ranges. The total charge transferred by negative lightnings from this cloud to the ground is equal to 387 C; the average value of charge per one lightning is 0.44 C. Regression equations linking the radar criteria of lightnings and the lightning flash rate are presented.     

基于CERES资料的新疆云物理参数时空分布特征

利用2011—2020年ERA5再分析降水资料、CERES云物理参数产品，分析新疆云参数的时空变化分布特征，归纳总结云物理参数与降水的相关性，结果表明：1）云水路径（冰相）值、云粒子有效半径（冰相）、云光学厚度与降水量的空间分布一致，均为山区最大，北疆次之，南疆最小。2）夏季（6—8月）在南、北疆、山区云水路径（液、冰相）、云顶（底）温度、云光学厚度与降水量呈同位相变化；云粒子有效半径（液、冰相）、云顶气压与降水量呈反位相变化。3）夏季（6—8月）北疆、山区的云水路径（液、冰相）值、云顶（底）温度、云光学厚度，南疆云光学厚度与降水量呈正相关；北疆云粒子有效半径（冰相），南疆云粒子有效半径（液相）、云顶气压，山区云粒子有效半径（液、冰相）、云顶气压与降水量呈负相关。     

湖南人工增雨云型的分析判别与多普勒天气雷达指挥系统的研制应用

对湖南主要人工增雨对象——积云和积层混合云作了多普勒天气雷达回波分析与判别,发现对流云在不同发展阶段回波特征有明显差异,而积层混合云持续时间长,回波特征变化小。综合分析回波强度、回波顶高、含水量、云顶温度、回波移速、回波面积等参数,得出湖南的人工增雨指标和评分规则,并依此建立地面人工增雨多普勒天气雷达指挥系统。它可实现实时指挥,发布作业预警信息以及作业方位角、仰角、用弹量等作业参数指令,结合作业点GPS信息及GIS地理信息将指导产品通过网络分发到各作业炮点。试验表明,它能有效提高对作业时机的预判能力、对作业对象的选择能力以及对实时作业的指导能力。     

High-intensity precipitation measurement using remote methods

Considered is a case of the cumulonimbus cloud development in the southwestern part of Saudi Arabia with a very high precipitation intensity. The height of the cloud top amounted to 14 km and the radar reflectivity, to 60 dBZ. Carried out is the comparison of remote methods of measuring the intensity of precipitation from the cloud under study: the radar (using the relationship between the reflectivity and precipitation intensity) and satellite IR-radiometric (based on the results of sounding with the SEVERI radiometer installed at the Meteosat-8 satellite) methods. A split-window technique was used for detecting the position of the cloud top from the radiometric observations. The analysis enabled to select the best relationships for estimating the precipitation intensity from the data of radar and satellite measurements. The computations based on these relationships correspond most closely to the ground-based measurements with the precipitation gage.     

Detection of clouds and identification of their parameters from the satellite data in the daytime

A complex method for analysis of measurement data of the AVHRR radiometer of the NOAA satellite is presented, which allows detecting clouds, classifying their types, detecting precipitation zones, and estimating cloud and precipitation parameters in the daytime the year round in the midlatitudes. Tuning and testing of the method (threshold algorithms of classification) are carried out on the synchronous satellite and surface meteorological and radar data archive for central European Russia in 1998–2006. As a result of validation, characteristics are presented of reliability of satellite estimates of cloud amount, top height, maximum liquid water content in the cloud layer, and precipitation rate.     

青藏高原那曲地区雨季雷达回波、降水和部分热力参量的统计特征

利用1998年青藏高原地面雷达资料、探空资料和地面降水资料，计算分析了青藏高原的雷达回波、层结热力参量及其降水的统计特征。结果表明，在6月中旬青藏高原雨季来临之后，云中对流活动明显增强，雷达回波强度增大，回波顶高和回波面积增加，层结热力参量明显改变，对流凝结高度下降，气块能量增加，降水量显著增大。     

冰雹过程中闪电演变和雷达回波特征的综合分析

应用闪电定位网的资料和多普勒雷达资料,分析西北地区的降雹过程,详细讨论了2004年5月15日发生在兰州皋兰的一次降雹雷雨云的闪电演变、雷达回波特征和云特定参数之间的相互关系,对此雷雨云的闪电机制和电结构进行了分析推断。在皋兰产生降雹的个例分析表明,云中液态水含量是否出现高值区,是识别降雹开始的重要因子。在雷雨云移动路径上,总闪和云闪为线状分布,地闪集中分布在降雹区,云闪最多,地闪中绝大多数为负闪。综合计算降雹时段云参数分析表明,云中降水率和含水量对产生闪电相对敏感,推断这次雷雨云的电结构可能属于上正下负的偶极子型。     

基于雷达资料的云分析在冰雹云短时预报中的应用

通过ARPS/ADAS云分析系统将雷达反射率因子信息引入到模式的初始场中,并结合中尺度数值模式模拟研究了2008年6月23日发生在北京周边地区的一次冰雹天气过程。结果表明:在初始场中引入雷达反射率因子信息之后,改进了初始场中水凝物信息和温度场,使得初始场更加符合实际大气状况;与未进行云分析试验比较,云分析之后,模式模拟对于雹云产生位置、强度以及移动路径有明显改进,其中3h之内的模拟效果最好;降水降雹提早1h发生,并且降水降雹的峰值也提前出现,明显减少模式spin-up时间。     

一次东北冷涡云降水垂直结构特征分析

利用辽宁阜新国家站(121.7458°E,42.0672°N)的毫米波云雷达(8 mm)和微雨雷达(12.5 mm)对2020年8月12—13日东北冷涡影响下的一次降水过程进行了观测,分析了云降水的垂直结构特征并探讨了降水机制.结果表明:本次过程中,云水平方向发展不均匀,以层状云和层积混合云为主,云内有时还嵌有对流泡....     

2014年青藏高原云和降水多种雷达综合观测试验及云特征初步分析结果

加密外场试验可提供云降水物理过程新的数据。2014年7月1日—8月31日,第3次青藏高原大气科学试验项目组在那曲开展了水汽、云和降水的综合观测,使用了中国最先进的Ka波段毫米波云雷达、Ku波段微降水雷达、C波段连续波雷达和激光雷达,并配以微波辐射计、雨滴谱仪等设备,获取了高时空分辨率的云和降水宏微观垂直结构特征数据;利用C波段双线偏振雷达与新一代天气雷达配对,进行双多普勒雷达观测,获取青藏高原对流云三维风场和降水粒子相态的结构和演变数据。文中简单介绍了本次试验的情况,并利用这次观测的云雷达数据对那曲地区夏季云的云顶和云底高度、云厚、云量、云层数等特征的日变化进行了初步统计分析,对不同类型云的宏观特征进行了讨论。结果表明:本次外场试验首次成功获取到了多种雷达的云观测数据。那曲地区夏季云主要集中在6 km(距地面高度,下同)以上和4 km以下;总云量、高云的云顶、云量和云厚等云的统计参数有明显的日变化,10时(北京时)为云发展最弱的时段,20时云发展最为旺盛;初生的积云和层云常常出现在3 km高度上,这一高度上常常存在明显的上升气流;深对流系统高度可达16.5 km,同时存在上升气流和下沉气流,对流中可能存在过冷水。这些数据和初步结果为进一步开展高原云和降水机理、云和降水物理过程参数化方案研究及卫星反演结果的订正提供了基础。