墙体开洞影响下房屋砖砌体结构地震易损性分析

为获取可靠的墙体开洞影响下房屋砖砌体结构地震易损性分析结果,采用ABAQUS有限元分析软件构建房屋砖砌体结构墙体模型,设置合理的墙体模型参数和数值模拟参数;对比模拟数值与以往研究的测试值,证明所构建模型参数取值合理;将截取的峰值段江油地震波作为上述模型的地震动输入,根据测得的房屋砖砌体结构的力学变化数据,分析房屋砖砌体结构的地震易损性。分析结果表明:地震情况下,随着墙体开洞率的增加,墙体荷载能力下降、墙体水平承载力增长幅度降低、墙体相对刚度退化率增加;墙体开洞数量越多,房屋砖砌体结构侧向刚度下降越快。因此分析得出墙体开洞率大、墙体开洞数量多,房屋砖砌体结构的地震易损性越显著。     

带竖向构造钢筋再生混凝土砖结构振动台试验研究

提出了带竖向构造钢筋再生混凝土砖砌体结构,进行了2个两层再生混凝土砖砌体房屋结构1/2缩尺模型的模拟地震振动台试验研究,2个结构模型的墙体厚度均为120 mm,一层设有门洞和窗洞,二层设有窗洞。2个模型中,1个为带竖向构造钢筋再生混凝土砖砌体房屋,1个为普通无竖向构造钢筋再生混凝土砖砌体房屋。试验中输入El Centro地震动,测试分析了台面加速度反应、一层和二层顶板加速度反应、结构层间位移反应以及各阶段结构损伤与破坏特征等。研究表明:带竖向构造钢筋再生混凝土砖砌体房屋比普通再生混凝土砖砌体房屋的破坏程度轻,墙体裂缝位置相对错动小,抗震性能显著提高;带竖向构造钢筋再生混凝土砖砌体房屋可用于地震区村镇建筑。     

R/C frame–infill interaction model and its application to Indonesian buildings

This paper proposes a new analytical model for masonry‐infilled R/C frames to evaluate the seismic performance considering R/C frame–infill interactions. The proposed analytical model replaces masonry infill with a diagonal compression strut, which represents distributed compression transferred between frame and infill interfaces. The equivalent strut width is presented as a function of the frame–infill contact length, which can be evaluated by static equilibriums related to compression balance and lateral displacement compatibility at the frame–infill interfaces. The proposed analytical model was verified through comparisons with experimental results obtained for several brick masonry‐infilled R/C frames representing a typical R/C building with nonstructural masonry infill in Indonesia. As a result, good agreements were observed between the experimental and analytical values of the lateral strength and ductility of the infilled frames. The seismic performances of two earthquake‐damaged R/C buildings with different damage conditions were evaluated considering infill effects by applying the proposed analytical model. Consequently, the nonstructural brick masonry infill significantly affected the seismic resistances of the buildings, which seemed to lead to differing levels of damage for each building. These results indicate that the proposed analytical model can be an effective tool for more precisely screening earthquake‐vulnerable existing R/C buildings in Indonesia. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

江苏高邮、宝应MS4.9级地震现场震害调查与破坏原因研究

江苏高邮、宝应Ms4．9级地震在极震区造成了数10间农村民居不同程度和不同方式的破坏,出现人员伤亡。震后对地震灾害现场进行震害调查与破坏原因研究,典型的震害特征包括砖砌体、砖木和砖混结构房屋局部倾倒、墙体贯通开裂、房顶瓦片掀翻和烟囱倒塌等。农村民居遭到破坏的主要因素包括：选址不当、施工质量较差、砂浆强度不够、缺少圈梁和构造柱等。同时,分析了竖向地震作用和鞭梢效应等地震效应,讨论了砖砌体和砖混结构抗震设计的加固方法和改善抗震性能的构造措施等,为农村民居的抗震设防和减轻震害损失等提供参考。     

Shake-table testing of a self-centering precast reinforced concrete frame with shear walls

The seismic performance of a self-centering precast reinforced concrete (RC) frame with shear walls was investigated in this paper. The lateral force resistance was provided by self-centering precast RC shear walls (SPCW), which utilize a combination of unbonded prestressed post-tensioned (PT) tendons and mild steel reinforcing bars for flexural resistance across base joints. The structures concentrated deformations at the bottom joints and the unbonded PT tendons provided the self-centering restoring force. A 1/3-scale model of a five-story self-centering RC frame with shear walls was designed and tested on a shake-table under a series of bi-directional earthquake excitations with increasing intensity. The acceleration response, roof displacement, inter-story drifts, residual drifts, shear force ratios, hysteresis curves, and local behaviour of the test specimen were analysed and evaluated. The results demonstrated that seismic performance of the test specimen was satisfactory in the plane of the shear wall; however, the structure sustained inter-story drift levels up to 2.45%. Negligible residual drifts were recorded after all applied earthquake excitations. Based on the shake-table test results, it is feasible to apply and popularize a self-centering precast RC frame with shear walls as a structural system in seismic regions.     

Collapse behavior of a brick masonry house using a shaking table and numerical simulation based on the extended distinct element method

Damage caused by devastating earthquakes has occurred in many developing countries. In order to mitigate such damage by promoting the study of adequate seismic design strategies, the authors conducted a dynamic collapse test on 3 m × 3 m × 3 m brick masonry house constructed with Pakistani bricks, using a one-direction horizontal large-scale shaking table. In order to analyze and simulate seismic performance of the masonry structures, the authors applied a new numerical simulating method based on the Extended Distinct Element Method (EDEM) and conducted collapse simulations of the brick masonry house behavior during the shaking table tests. In the numerical simulation model, bricks were assumed to be rigid bodies, and mortar was modeled using a mortar spring that consists of a normal spring and a shear spring. The parameters of each mortar spring were defined based on the results of material tests. Simulated results showed various collapsing processes, and the simulated aspects were found to be similar to the results of the shaking table tests.     

Introspection on improper seismic retrofit of Basilica Santa Maria di Collemaggio after 2009 Italian earthquake

The 2009 L’Aquila, Italy earthquake highlighted the seismic vulnerability of historic masonry building structures due to improper "strengthening" retrofit work that has been done in the last 50 years. Italian seismic standards recommend the use of traditional reinforcement techniques such as replacing the original wooden roof structure with new reinforced concrete (RC) or steel elements, inserting RC tie-beams in the masonry and new RC floors, and using RC jacketing on the shear walls. The L’Aquila earthquake revealed the numerous limitations of these interventions, because they led to increased seismic forces (due to greater additional weight) and to deformation incompatibilities of the incorporated elements with the existing masonry walls. This paper provides a discussion of technical issues pertaining to the seismic retrofit of the Santa Maria di Collemaggio Basilica and in particular, the limitations of the last (2000) retrofit intervention. Considerable damage was caused to the church because of questionable actions and incorrect and improper technical choices.     

Shaking table tests on a masonry building monitored using smart bricks: Damage detection and localization

The seismic behavior of unreinforced masonry buildings is typically characterized by premature brittle collapse mechanisms that can cause serious consequences for the protection of human lives and for the preservation of historical and cultural heritage. Structural health monitoring can be a powerful tool enabling a quick post-earthquake assessment of the structure's performance, but its applications are still scarce as a consequence of the severe limitations affecting off-the-shelf sensing technologies, in terms of local nature of the measurements, costs, as well as long-term behavior, installation, and maintenance. To overcome some of these limitations, the authors have recently proposed a new sensing technology, called “smart brick,” that is a durable clay brick doped with stainless steel microfibers, working as a smart strain sensor for masonry buildings. This paper presents the first full-scale application of smart bricks, used for detecting and localizing progressive earthquake-induced damage in an unreinforced masonry building subjected to shaking table tests. Smart bricks are employed to detect changes in load paths on masonry walls, comparing strain measurements acquired after each step of the seismic sequence with those referring to the undamaged structure. Experimental results are interpreted using a 3D finite element model built to reproduce the shaking table tests. Overall, the results demonstrate that the smart bricks can effectively reveal local permanent changes in structural conditions following a progressive damage, therefore being apt for earthquake-induced damage detection and localization.     

In‐plane and out‐of‐plane behavior of confined masonry walls for various toothing and openings details and prediction of their strength and stiffness

Eight half‐scale brick masonry walls were tested to study two important aspects of confined masonry (CM) walls related to its seismic behavior under in‐plane and out‐of‐plane loads. Four solid wall specimens tested to investigate the role of type of interface between the masonry and tie‐columns, such as toothing varying from none to every course. The other four specimens with openings were tested to study the effectiveness of various strengthening options around opening to mitigate their negative influence. In the set of four walls, one wall was infilled frame while the other three were CM walls of different configurations. The experimental results were further used to determine the accuracy of various existing models in predicting the in‐plane response quantities of CM walls. Confined masonry walls maintained structural integrity even when severely damaged and performed much better than infill frames. No significant effect of toothing details was noticed although toothing at every brick course was preferred for better post‐peak response. For perforated walls, provision of vertical elements along with continuous horizontal bands around openings was more effective in improving the overall response. Several empirical and semi‐empirical equations are available to estimate the lateral strength and stiffness of CM walls, but those including the contribution of longitudinal reinforcement in tie‐columns provided better predictions. The available equations along with reduction factors proposed for infills could not provide good estimates of strength and stiffness for perforated CM walls. However, recently proposed relations correlating strength/stiffness with the degree of confinement provided reasonable predictions for all wall specimens. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

轻质砌块填充墙对钢框架地震反应影响分析

本文根据现有的填充墙钢框架结构试验和理论研究成果,提出了一种适用于结构整体分析的框架填充墙有限元模型。采用杆系模型并编制了相应的弹塑性地震反应分析程序。通过对空框架和带填充墙钢框架的地震反应分析,研究了轻质砌块填充墙的存在对钢框架顶层位移反应、底层柱弯矩及柱轴力反应的影响,得出了有益的结论。为进一步完善钢结构抗震设计提供了理论基础。     

北京地区农村砖木结构振动台试验研究

为了了解北京地区典型砖木结构(木柱支撑,木屋盖,外砖墙)农村住宅结构的抗震能力,根据北京地区这类农村住宅结构的调研结果,本文介绍了一座典型砖木结构单层三开间农村住宅2/3缩尺振动台试验结构模型的设计与动力试验结果。按照北京地区8度抗震设防的要求,分别完成了模型在设计小震(0.072g)、中震(0.2g)和大震(0.4g)条件下的振动台动力试验,量测了模型的动力响应,记录了不同激励水平下模型的开裂情况。基于试验结果,分析了这种结构的抗震能力以及该类型房屋的抗震薄弱点,为制定这类结构的抗震加固方案提供依据。     

Earthquake performance improvement of low rise RC buildings using high strength clay brick walls

Large number of vulnerable reinforced concrete (RC) buildings exists in earthquake prone areas. These low cost residential and/or commercial buildings, which are three to seven-stories high, usually do not receive essential engineering services during the construction phase. Finding cheap, easily applicable and occupant friendly retrofitting techniques are extremely important to reduce the seismic risk of these buildings. As an attempt to this, a particular type of high strength clay brick is studied to evaluate its potential for the structural retrofitting. A set of experiment was conducted to assess the important mechanical characteristics of the infill walls made from these bricks. Also the performance of two RC frames retrofitted with these walls, having different connection details between the wall and RC members was examined experimentally. The analytical nonlinear static analyses of these specimens have been performed using SeismoStruct to achieve some model parameters for representing the “infill wall model” in the program. Adaptive pushover and nonlinear time history analyses were conducted to investigate the performance of a six storey representative RC frame retrofitted with these walls. Evaluation of the results obtained in these analyses prove that this retrofitting technique introduces important strength and stiffness increments to the structure, regarding its seismic demands, which are similar to the results obtained from the experiments.     

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A THREE-STOREY UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDING DURING THE 1992 ERZİNCAN EARTHQUAKE

Seismic performance of a three-storey unreinforced masonry building which survived the 1992 Erzincan earthquake without damage is evaluated. Mechanical properties of the masonry walls have been determined experimentally by using identical brick and mortar used in construction. An accurate material model is developed for masonry and employed in a computer program for the non-linear dynamic analysis of masonry buildings. The analytical results based on measured material properties indicated that masonry buildings which satisfy basic seismic code requirements possess remarkable lateral strength, stiffness and energy dissipation capacity. Accordingly, a simple elastic design approach is rendered suitable for unreinforced masonry under seismic excitations, provided that realistic material properties are employed in design.     

新疆塔什库尔干5.5级地震建筑结构震害

2017年5月11日新疆塔什库尔干5.5级地震给震区建筑结构造成了不同程度破坏。选择震区钢筋混凝土（RC）框架结构、砖混结构以及土石木结构等3类典型建筑结构,介绍了各类建筑结构地震破坏特点,分析了震害特征与破坏机理。结果表明:RC框架结构在地震中表现出了优异的抗震性能,即使在震中区,破坏也仅仅表现为非结构性破坏,如填充墙开裂和吊顶脱落等;砖混结构绝大多数抗震性能优良,仅震中区的少数建筑物发生了承重墙墙体开裂情况;土石木结构房屋抗震性能最差,地震破坏最为严重,是导致该次地震人员伤亡主要原因。建议地震高烈度设防区房屋建筑应采用抗震性能较好的RC框架结构和砖混结构,而抗震性能差的土石木建筑房屋应尽量避免继续建设和使用。结果可供类似地区房屋建设和建筑结构抗震设计等工作参考。     

Evaluation of efficiency of ALSC floating-sliding base-isolation system based on shake table test and floor response spectra

The ALSC base isolation system was investigated by testing a church model to the scale 1/3.5 on the two-component shaking table at the IZIIS’ Laboratory, Skopje, Macedonia. The investigation was performed within the frames of the European FP6 project PROHITECH, related to seismic protection of historical buildings by innovative and reversible mixed technology systems. This system was originally developed in 2001 and applied on a model of a steel reservoir. The church model was tested twice: with an active base-isolation system and fixed to the base. The effectiveness of the base-isolation system was investigated by the transfer function/floor response spectra technique. Special software for calculation of the transfer functions and floor response spectra based on experimental data, referred as “SPECTRA”, was developed by the authors of this paper. The main objective of the investigations presented in this paper was evaluation of the effectiveness of the ALSC floating sliding base-isolation system by using the Response Spectra approach. Comparison of the Floor Response Spectra was done for two cases a fixed base model and a base-isolated model. The base response spectrum was calculated from the input time history of the Montenegro earthquake compressed 3.5 times (geometry scale of the model). The Transfer Functions and the Floor response Spectra at a particular level were calculated from the Cross Power Spectra (CPS) and the Auto-Power Spectra. The obtained results showed that the effect of the base-isolation system was considerable, with a low transmissibility of energy from shake table to the model.     

不同烈度区农村自建砖砌体房屋震害特征研究

农村自建砖砌体房屋通常没有正规的设计和施工导致该类房屋抗震性能较差。文中以汶川8.0级地震为例,在不同烈度区选择具有代表性地区的农村自建砖砌体房屋为研究对象,分析了该类型房屋不同烈度区的震害特征。通过使用数量化术语的震害描述,对在不同烈度区的农村自建砖砌体房屋的墙体、楼板屋盖、附属结构的破坏进行了震害分析,得到了地震作用下仅考虑结构振动破坏时该类型房屋的破坏特征。最后也给出了降低农村自建砖砌体房屋震害的一些建议。     

Pseudo‐dynamic seismic response of reinforced concrete frames infilled with non‐structural brick masonry

This paper presents pseudo‐dynamic test results on the in‐plane seismic behaviour of infilled frames. Thirteen single‐storey, single‐bay, half‐size‐scale, reinforced concrete‐frame specimens, most of which infilled with non‐structural masonry made of perforated bricks and cement mortar are tested. The infills are in contact with frames, without any connector; openings are not covered. The frames are different in their strength and details, reinforcement grade, and aspect ratio. Seismic input is the 1976 Tolmezzo (Friuli, Italy) ground acceleration, to which specimens are subjected two times: virgin and damaged by the previous test. The global seismic response of initially virgin infilled specimens considerably differs from that of bare specimens. This follows a dramatic change of properties: compared to a bare frame, the initial stiffness increases by one order of magnitude, and the peak strength more than doubles. The peak drift lessens; however, the displacement ductility demand does not. The energy demand is greater. Nevertheless, the influence of infill decreases as damage proceeds. Displacement time histories of damaged specimens are quite similar. At the local level, infill causes asymmetry and concentration of the frame deformation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢结构建筑轻质砂加气混凝土墙体的抗震性能试验研究

本文介绍了一钢结构建筑轻质砂加气混凝土外墙板和砌块填充墙的足尺模型振动台试验，并通过试验结果分析，重点研究砌块填充墙的抗震性能、砌块墙体与墙板墙体抗震性能的对比以及两者对钢结构动力特性的影响对比。文中得出了与带墙体钢结构抗震设计有关的结论。     

基于ECC的小雁塔抗震加固性能分析

高延性纤维增强水泥基复合材料(ECC)是一种高强度、高延性的新型建筑材料,在加固工程中具有广泛的应用前景。本文利用ECC的高延性和抗剪性,提出一种采用ECC面层加固小雁塔的保护方案,以提高古塔抗震性能;通过有限元软件ANSYS进行模拟分析,比较了小雁塔加固前后的地震响应。分析结果表明:采用ECC面层加固可显著增强塔身整体的延性和承载力,有效地提高塔体损伤容限,为ECC在古塔抗震加固的实际应用中提供借鉴,可作为古塔抗震保护的新途径。     

基于AdaBoost算法的多层砖房震害影响因素评估

多层砖房是最常用的结构形式之一,对其进行震害预测尤为重要,选择合适的影响因素是震害预测中最重要的环节之一。本文基于AdaBoost算法对多层砖房震害影响因素进行评估,给出影响因素重要度排序,并将结果与灰色关联分析法进行比较。研究发现结构合理性、地震峰值加速度、砖墙面积率和场地条件对多层砖房震害影响最大,因此在多层砖房震害预测中应优先考虑这4个因素,并在结构设计建造过程中予以足够重视。