美丽中国建设——人地和谐共生理论与评估指标体系及应用

The Beautiful China Initiative(BCI)is a plan for the sustainable development of the Chinese nation as well as for China to fulfill the United Nations’2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.The Chinese government’s“five-in-one”approach provides strategic arrangements for developing the BCI,and President Xi Jinping proposed a timetable and“road map”for the BCI at the National Conference on Ecological and Environmental Protection.Nevertheless,the theoretical basis,evaluation index system,evaluation criteria and effectiveness of the BCI are currently unclear.This paper begins by exploring the basic content of the BCI from narrow and broad perspectives.It regards the theory of human-nature harmonious coexistence and the five-in-one beauty theory as the core theoretical bases of the BCI and constructs a five-element BCI evaluation index system(ecological environment,green development,social harmony,system perfection and cultural heritage)and utilizes the assessment method of the United Nations’Human Development Index to assess scientifically the effectiveness of the BCI in 341 prefecture-level cities.The results show the average BCI index(the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beauty Index)score to be 0.28,which is quite low,while the average scores for the individual element indexes of the ecological environment index,green development index,social harmony index,system perfection index and cultural heritage index are 0.6,0.22,0.29,0.22 and 0.07,respectively.All of these are relatively low values,with relatively large discrepancies in regional development,indicating that progress in the BCI is generally slow and unbalanced.To realize the BCI’s timetable and roadmap to a high quality and high standard,it is suggested that a common system for evaluating the progress of the BCI is developed and promulgated so that dynamic monitoring and phased evaluations can take place;BCI technical assessment standards are compiled and published;BCI comprehensive zoning is undertaken;pilot projects adapted to local conditions are launched in BCI sample areas;and BCI results are incorporated into performance indicators at all levels of government.     

9.5–2.3 ka BP燕辽地区考古文化演变及其遗址的时空分布（英文）

With basic information from 8353 archaeological sites, this study describes a holistic spatial-temporal distribution pattern of archaeological sites of the prehistoric culture sequence from 9.5 ka BP (ka BP = thousands of years before 0 BP, where "0 BP" is defined as the year AD 1950) to 2.3 ka BP in the region that extends from the Yanshan Mountains to the Liaohe River Plain(i.e., the Yan-Liao region) in northern China. Based on spatial statistics analysis – including the spatial density of the sites and Geographic Information System nearest-neighbour analysis, combined with a review of environmental and climatic data – this paper analyses cultural evolution, the spatial-temporal features of the archaeological sites and human activities against the backdrop of climatic and environmental changes in this region. The results reveal that prehistoric cultural evolution in the Yan-Liao region is extensively influenced by climatic and environmental changes. The Xinglongwa, Zhaobaogou and Fuhe cultures, which primarily developed during a habitable period from 8.5 ka BP to 6.0 ka BP with strong summer monsoons, have similar maximum density values, spatial patterns and subsistence strategies dominated by hunting-gathering. Significant changes occurred in the Hongshan and Lower Xiajiadian cultures, with a significant increase in numbers and densities of sites and a slump in average nearest-neighbour ratio when the environment began to deteriorate starting in 6.0 ka BP. Additionally, with the onset of a weak summer monsoon and the predominance of primitive agriculture, sites of these two cultures present a different type of concentric circle-shaped pattern in space. As the environment continuously deteriorated with increasing aridity and the spread of steppe, more sites were distributed towards the south, and primitive agriculture was replaced by livestock husbandry in the Upper Xiajiadian culture. The most densely populated areas of the studied cultures are centralized within a limited area. The Laohahe River and Jiaolaihe River basins formed the core area in which most archaeological sites were distributed during the strong summer monsoon period and the first few thousand years of the weak summer monsoon period.     

自然保护地旅游人地关系演进过程研究——以博格达为例

Protected areas have a double mandate of both "protection" and "use." Naturebased tourism is considered an effective tool in terms of environmental conservation. Understanding the causes and consequences of a spatiotemporal succession of tourism construction is an important channel to explore the changes of tourism-environment interaction in the protected area. To analyze the spatio-temporal variations in tourism construction lands, we adopted Mt. Bogda as an example. We systematically quantified the interaction between these changes and environmental variables and explored the evolution process of tourism-environment interaction of the mountainous protected area in the northwest arid region. Our results revealed the following:(1) In the Bogda protected area, the proportion of tourism construction lands first appeared to be increasing, then decreasing dramatically, and finally growing slowly. The spatial expansion of tourism construction lands followed the "core-periphery" pattern, respectively showing shapely infilling, reasonable agglomeration, barycenter shift, and outlying growth from 1990 to 2018 as the stages of concentrating on the core.(2) The higher land-use intensity of tourism construction drove the changes of landscape fragmentation, diversity, stability, primitive, and nature degree in the protected area. The coupling coordination between tourism and the environment in the Bogda area decreased at first, and then slowly increased. Meanwhile, tourism did not cause irreversible damage to the natural environment, and the coupling coordination degree between tourism and the environment was still in the state of balanced development. It expressed the states of original balanced, development exceeds environment and barely balanced, and superiorly balanced. The historical evolution of tourism-environment interaction in Bogda reflects the pattern of periodic changes in China’s protected areas to a certain extent.     

1986-2015年小浪底水库运行前后黄河下游主槽调整规律

Based on the measured discharge,sediment load,and cross-sectional data from 1986 to 2015 for the lower Yellow River,changes in the morphological parameters(width,depth,and cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient)of the main channel are analyzed in this paper.The results show that before the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir(XLDR)from 1986 to 1999,the main channel shrunk continually,with decreasing width and depth.The rate of reduction in its width decreased along the river whereas that of depth increased in the downstream direction.Because the rate of decrease in the width of the main channel was greater than that in channel depth,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient decreased in the sub-reach above Gaocun.By contrast,for the sub-reach below Gaocun,the rate of decrease in channel width was smaller than that in channel depth,and the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient increased.Once the XLDR had begun operation,the main channel eroded continually,and both its width and depth increased from 2000 to 2015.The rate of increase in channel width decreased in the longitudinal direction,and the depth of the main channel in all sub-reaches increased by more than 2 m.Because the rate of increase in the depth of the main channel was clearly larger than that of its width,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient decreased in all sub-reaches.The cross-sectional geometry of the main-channel of the lower Yellow River exhibited different adjustment patterns before and after the XLDR began operation.Before its operation,the main channel mainly narrowed in the transverse direction and silted in the vertical direction in the sub-reach above Aishan;in the sub-reach below Aishan,it primarily silted in the vertical direction.After the XLDR began operation,the main channel adjusted by widening in the transverse direction and deepening in the vertical direction in the sub-reach above Aishan;in the sub-reach below it,the main channel adjusted mainly by deepening in the vertical direction.Compared with the rates of decrease in the width and depth of the main channel during the siltation period,the rate of increase in channel width during the scouring period was clearly smaller while the rate of increase in channel depth was larger.After continual siltation and scouring from 1986 to 2015,the cross-sectional geometry of the main-channel changed from wide and shallow to relatively narrow and deep.The pattern of adjustment in the main channel was closely related to the water and sediment conditions.For the braided reach,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient was negatively correlated with discharge and positively correlated with suspended sediment concentration(SSC)during the siltation period.By contrast,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient was positively correlated with discharge and negatively correlated with SSC during the scouring period.For the transitional and meandering reaches,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient was negatively correlated with discharge and positively correlated with SSC.     

Effect of climatic change on surface environments in the typical region of Horqin Sandy Land

The town of Agura,a typical region in Horqin Sandy Land,was selected as the study area in this paper.Using 12 remote sensing images and climatic data from the past 20 years,the effects of climate change on surface environments were analyzed.The impact indices of climatic factors,along with their corresponding ranks,were used to characterize the responses of different types of surface environments to climate change.Results show that in the past 20 years,the surface environments of the study area have been deteriorating.Furthermore,there is a positive relationship between the changes in surface environments and those in climatic factors.Various climatic factors influence surface environments in different ways and at different levels.The most sensitive factor is relative humidity,followed by precipitation and evaporation.Overall,moisture is the key factor that affects the changes in surface environments of arid and semi-arid areas.     

海峡两岸联动观测夏至正午太阳直射暨刘南威教授畅谈广东地理学界贡献

今年是广东省建成北回归线标志25周年。2011-06-22台湾嘉义、广东汕头、从化、封开、广西桂平、云南墨江等海峡两岸6座北回归线标志所在市、县,举行联动观测夏至正午太阳直射的大型活动,华南师范大学地理科学学院刘南威教授在活动筹办期间接受记者采访,畅谈广东地理学界对北回归线标志兴建的主要贡献和海峡两岸联动观测正午太阳直射活动的重要意义。     

美食之都的夜总汇成都春熙路地名声名远播中外

名吃路一路名吃名吃路一路名店名吃路一路名牌四川成都被誉为美食之都,成都市的春熙路被誉为美食之都的夜总汇。春熙路位于成都市中心,包括东大街以北,南新街、中新街、北新街以东,总府路以南,红星路以西的范围及临街区域,面积约20公顷。春熙路是一条历史悠久、繁华的商业街,是成     

Spatial characteristics and driving forces of the morphological evolution of East Lake,Wuhan

The shapes of the urban lakes in Wuhan city have been strongly influenced by the rapid industrialization and urbanization experienced in recent decades.Based on topographic maps and remote sensing images,the temporal and spatial changes of East Lake,Wuhan city,over the past two decades were analyzed.The landscape shape index(LSI)and centroid method were applied to analyze the evolution of lake morphology and its causes.Several key results were obtained.(1)The surface area of East Lake decreased sharply by 2.13 km2 from 1995 to 2005,and slightly by 1.00 km2 from 2005 to 2015.The shoreline length of East Lake displayed a continuous trend of decline during the study period:The length reduced by 21.89 km from 1995 to 2005,and by 0.67 km from 2005 to 2015.The LSI values,7.04(1995),6.46(2005),and 6.28(2015),displayed an accelerated downward trend,indicating a reduction of complexity in East Lake and the intensification of manual interventions in the water body.(2)The changes to East Lake displayed a clear temporal and spatial heterogeneity.The centroid of East Lake moved northeast from 1995 to 2005 and southeast from 2005 to 2015.(3)The reduction in the area of East Lake was mainly affected by human activities.A lake area of about 4.8 km2 was converted to other land uses during 1995-2005,most of which was unused land,whereas from 2005 to 2015,0.43 km2 of the lake area was converted into built-up land,and 0.25 km2 was converted into other land uses.The reduction in area was caused by infrastructure construction by the government,the development of the real estate industry,illegal construction by villagers,and the development of scenic spots for tourism.The driving forces of this reduction included Wuhan's growing population,and the rapid development of the economy and urbanization between 1995 and 2015,which has resulted in a large demand for land.Finally,a formation mechanism model was constructed by analyzing the causes of East Lake's morphological evolution.     

Highway Roadway Stability Influenced by Warm Permafrost and Seasonal Frost Action: A Case Study from Glennallen, Alaska, USA

Ground temperatures from four of the seven extensively studied highway cross-sections near Gulkana/Glennallen,Alaska during 1954~1962,were chosen to better understand the impacts of highway construction on warm permafrost.Both the thawing of permafrost and seasonal frost action impacted on road surface stability for about 6 years until the maximum summer thaw reached about 3 m in depth.Seasonal frost action caused most of the ensuing stability problems.Unusually warm summers and the lengths of time required to re-freeze the active layer were far more important than the average annual air temperatures in determining the temperatures of the underlying shallow permafrost,or the development of taliks.The hypothesized climate warming would slightly and gradually deepen the active layer and the developed under-lying talik,but its effect would be obscured by unusually warm summers,by warmer than usual winters,and by the vari-able lengths of time of the zero curtains.At least one period of climate mini-cooling in the deeper permafrost during the early 20th century was noted.     

中国水利学会2007年学术年会在苏州召开

中国水利学会2007年学术年会于10月29-31日在苏州市召开.本届年会的主题是"现代水利与河湖管理",水利部各司局、长江水利委员会、黄河水利委员会、各省市自治区水利厅局的领导、以及来自全国有关水利科研、设计、施工、管理和教学一线的技术骨干近600人参加了大会.与中国科协其他学会的年会相比,水利学会年会除了学术讨论的性质外,还带有一定的工作会议内容.来自各方面的10位专家作了大会特邀报告.     

Bio-geomorphologic features and growth process of Tamarix nabkhas in Hotan River Basin, Xinjiang

Tamarix nabkha is one of the most widespread nabkhas, distributing in the arid region of China. Based on the observations outdoors and the simulation experiments in laboratories, analysis in this paper refers to the biological geomorphologic features and growth process of Tamarix nabkhas in the middle and lower reaches of the Hotan River, Xinjiang. And the results indicate that the ecological type of Tamarix in the study area is a kind of Tugaic soil habitat based on the deep soil of the Populus Diversifolia forests and shrubs. This type of habitat can be divided into three kinds of sub-habitats which demonstrate the features of ecological environment of Tamarix nabkhas during the differential developed phases. Meanwhile, the Tamarix nabkha can exert intensified disturbance current on wind-sand flow on the ground, and its root and stems not only have strong potential of sprouting but are characteristic of wind erosion-tolerance, resistance to be buried by sand and respectively tough rigid of the lignified branches, for it has a rather longer life-time. Thus, the wind speed profile influenced by the Tamarix nabkha is different from the Phragmites nabkha and Alhagi nabkha. And the structure of the wind flow is beneficial to aeolian sand accumulating in/around Tamarix shrub,which can create unique Tamarix nabkhas with higher average gradient and longer periodicity of life. Tamarix nabkha evolution in the area experienced three stages: growth stage, mature and steady stage and withering stage. In each stage, morphological features and geomorphic process of Tamarix nabkha are different due to the discrepant interaction between the nabkha and aeolian sand flow.     

新疆和田河流域柽柳沙堆的生物地貌发育过程

柽柳沙堆是我国干旱区分布最为广泛的灌丛沙堆类型之一。在实地考察新疆和田河流 域柽柳生态地理特征、测量223 个柽柳沙堆形态, 并在两个野外观测点上实测4 个沙堆的风沙流剖面, 结合室内风洞实验段风速8 m/s 条件下模拟沙堆风流场结构等综合分析方法, 本文探讨了柽柳沙堆的生物地貌学特征及其发育过程。结果表明: 研究区柽柳的生态类型属于以胡杨林与灌木林下土壤为基础的吐加依土生境类型, 这个生境类型可以进一步划分为三个亚生境, 这些亚生境反映了柽柳沙堆不同发育阶段的生态环境特征。由于柽柳灌丛的寿命长、木质化枝干的刚性较强、根株萌发力强耐风蚀沙埋, 可对地面风沙流运行产生强烈扰动, 其风速剖面有别于芦苇沙堆和骆驼刺沙堆, 风流场结构有利于聚集风沙, 因此风沙依托柽柳灌丛堆积发育而成的柽柳沙堆平均坡度较大、沙堆存活与发育的周期也较长     

和田河流域灌(草)丛沙堆的形态特征与发育过程

灌 (草)丛沙堆形态是由区域植物、风力和沙源相互作用塑造的一种动力平衡形态。本文在对新疆和田河流域灌 (草)丛沙堆野外考察、形态测量和统计分析的基础上,探讨了该区灌 (草)丛沙堆的形态变化规律和不同发育阶段的特征,结果表明:各种灌 (草)丛沙堆的长度、宽度与高度之间存在着较好的相关性,但不同种类灌 (草)丛沙堆以及同一类型沙堆在不同发育阶段的形态特征存在一定差异;基于沙堆形态特征的数学模型分析,并结合区域生态环境和风沙环境特点,可把灌 (草)丛沙堆发育划分为各形态指标协同变化的增长阶段,以植物动力影响为主、长宽尺度均衡发展、坡度较大的稳定阶段,以及沙堆长度相对缩短、各形态指标关系趋于复杂的风蚀衰退阶段。     

Plant life in the Umm as Samim,Oman – A case study in a major inland sabkha

The Umm as Samim is a vast salt flat of central Oman, in which many wadis which flow south-westwards from the central sector of the northern mountains converge. Most of the area is devoid of vegetation due to extraordinary salinity (sabkha). Significant plant growth is possible chiefly on miniature dunes, called nabkhas, which enable the plants to prosper in an otherwise harsh environment.The site conditions are depicted by mapping of miniature dunes and vegetation, accompanied by an account of morphometric parameters, i.e. height of nabkha, height of plant growth, and status of plant life. Within the chosen sample plot, 12.3% of the sabkha is covered by nabkhas. The total plant cover amounts to 5.0%, but only 3.1% of it is alive, while 2.0% is dead or lifeless.Two nabkhas were longitudinally excavated to examine the salinity of soil samples in relation to dune structure and root and shoot system position. The salinity analysis was done via electrical conductivity (EC_{1:5 extract}). Extremely high EC values were found on current or former sabkha surfaces and on the periphery of nabkhas, whereas central nabkha parts and bottom soil offer more favourable salinity values for plant and root growth.     

新疆主要柽柳属植物(Tamarix L.)的生态类型划分与生境相似性研究

研究了新疆柽柳属植物的生态类型和生境相似性。根据水、盐两个环境因子,将新疆柽柳属植物的生境划分为高水位-低盐组、中高水位-中低盐组、高水位-中盐组、高水位-高盐组、低水位-低盐组和低水位-中盐组六个生境类型组。其下,按照土壤类型又划分成次一级共十个生境类型。此外,分析了新疆十种柽柳属植物生境相似性,使用聚类分析从土壤类型学角度又将新疆柽柳属植物初步确定出河谷河滩沙砾质新积土型、盐化草甸土型、风沙土型、典型盐土型和泛生境型五个基质生态类群。     

艾比湖周边灌丛沙堆风沙沉积记录的气候环境演化

选择位于西风区的新疆艾比湖周边灌丛沙堆为研究对象,利用光释光测年初步建立风沙沉积的时间序列,分析了风沙沉积粒度和地球化学元素两个环境代用指标的古气候意义,并通过区域对比和综合分析,初步建立区域风沙气候环境演变序列。结果表明:研究区灌丛沙堆主要发育于晚全新世,缺失早中全新世的风沙沉积。晚冰期以来,艾比湖地区的风沙气候环境演变经历了一系列冷湿（凉湿）-暖干（温干）的变化过程,其中暖干（温干）时期气候干旱,风力强劲,湖滨阶地主要发生风蚀过程,不利于灌丛沙堆的发育。晚全新世以来,艾比湖周边灌丛沙堆发育较普遍,风沙沉积至少记录了3次相对干旱期和3次相对湿润期。灌丛沙堆记录的风沙气候环境演化序列与北疆其他全新世沉积记录有较好的一致性,基本遵循晚次冰期以来气候变化的西风模式,同时也受到局地风沙地貌环境的影响。     

额济纳绿洲沙漠化对柽柳群落影响的研究

柽柳群落是黑河下游额济纳绿洲重要的荒漠河岸林，有河滩和沙地两个亚群系。通过对该区域的考察和对植物群落、土壤的取样分析，表明了在绿洲因水资源短缺而发生环境恶化的过程中，两个亚群系均产生了群落衰退，包括群落种类组成趋向柽柳单一种群，当年生物量占现存生物量比率下降，枝条枯死率上升，而群落盖度、植丛高度、丛幅等无显著变化，因此评估沙漠化的指标应以枝条枯死率为主。土壤表层盐分、有机质和机械组成在河滩系列变化较缓，沙地系列较强烈。在水资源持续短缺情况下，柽柳群落演替的最终结果是柽柳全部死亡后直接演变成裸地和流沙。柽柳群落是额济纳绿洲面积最大的群落类型，因而也是阻止、延缓绿洲沙漠化的最后防线，应注意保护和抚育。     

民勤绿洲边缘柽柳荒漠林的时空变化及其驱动因素

柽柳属植物不仅是耐盐碱、耐干旱植物,同时也是最优良的防风固沙植物之一,曾在改善和维持民勤沙区生态环境中发挥了重要作用。在近40多年来,伴随民勤环境旱化,绿洲边缘柽柳荒漠林呈现出退化过程,并表现出旱生、超旱生植物增加,林带变窄,柽柳高度降低,柽柳种群及其群落盖度降低和防风固沙功能减弱等特征。目前,坝区、泉山区和湖区柽柳荒漠林均出现退化,其中坝区退化最为严重,残余宽度仅有30~75 m,依靠农田灌溉外溢水生存,是民勤绿洲边缘柽柳荒漠林发展的最终阶段。分析柽柳荒漠林时空变化的驱动因素,认为地表水消失是时空变化的诱导因素,地下水位下降和林地土壤水分减少是时空变化的主导因素,在地下水位下降到10 m的临界水位以下之前,地下水位起到主导作用;而下降到10 m以下之后,土壤水分起到主导作用。     

天山南麓山前平原土壤盐分空间异质性对植物群落组成及结构的影响

将轮台天山南麓山前平原中下部自北至南分为4个地貌带:洪水剥蚀带、溢出带、三角洲带及两河交汇区带。并以土壤电导作为积盐程度的指标,分析了天山南麓山前平原4个地貌带土壤盐的分布特征:溢出带和三角洲带土壤盐分含量高,两端洪水剥蚀带和两河交汇区带盐分含量低。物种多样性及物种组成分析结果表明,自北至南物种多样性及物种数量都在下降,洪水剥蚀带主要为柽柳群落、琵琶柴群落,溢出带主要为柽柳群落、盐节木群落、盐角草群落,三角洲带及两河交汇区均为柽柳群落。通过相关性分析,土壤盐分与群落物种多样性相关性不显著。但是,土壤盐渍化的变化明显影响到植物群落物种组成的变化、群落类型的空间分布和演替。     

荒漠河岸林胡杨和柽柳群落小气候特征研究

在内蒙古额济纳旗运用微气象学方法以多路传感器同步观测的方式对极端干旱区荒漠河岸林小气候进行了观测。对我国极端干旱区荒漠河岸林胡杨和柽柳群落内的小气候特征与空旷地的差异进行了初步的探讨,并分析了产生这些差异的原因。结果表明:荒漠河岸林具有独特的小气候作用。具有改变太阳辐射、调节近地层地表及地下温度、缩小温差、降低风速、增加土壤湿度和提高空气湿度等重要生态作用。(1)胡杨和柽柳群落均起到了改变太阳辐射的作用,林冠层顶部的太阳总辐射量月平均值分别为341.72MJ·m^-2、345.14MJ·m^-2,林冠遮蔽使胡杨和柽柳林内总辐射比林外分别减少49.8%、49.3%;(2)生长季胡杨和柽柳林内的气温均低于林外,胡杨林平均比对照低1.62℃,柽柳林平均比对照低0.83℃,而且森林覆盖率越高降温作用越明显;群落上层气温高于群落下层,气温随高度增加而增加;(3)林内平均大气相对湿度均高于林外,胡杨林生长季比对照平均高8.5%,柽柳林平均比对照大4.2%。胡杨林地空气相对湿度各月值高于柽柳林地,平均湿度比柽柳高4.33%;(4)柽柳林月平均土壤温度(19.43℃)高于胡杨林地(18.20℃);(5)林内风速低于林外,胡杨林地平均风速为0.33m·s^-1,比林外降低了2.7m·s^-1;柽柳林平均风速为0.72m·s^-1,比林外降低了2.31m·s^-1。胡杨林比柽柳林对风的阻挡作用强。