长江中下游中生代花岗岩类源区的壳—壳混源性质

长江中下游地区中生代花岗岩类形成于大别造山带碰撞后岩石圈物质的调整演化过程。Ｓｒ、Ｎｄ、Ｐｂ同位素组成数据表明，早、晚阶段花岗岩类具有相似的壳－壳混合源区性质，其主要源岩端员可能分别相当于以大别杂岩为代表的深变质岩系和中、新元古界底侵（ｕｎｄｅｒｐｌａｔｉｎｇ）基性物质与部分古元古界沉积－火山－侵入岩系组成的扬子陆块下地壳岩石。这两种成分不同的下地壳物质在这里呈指状穿插体结构。长江中下游地区下地壳在碰撞造山过程中曾是大别地块与扬子地块之间的深部构造混杂带。本文主要根据各类已有的Ｓｒ、Ｎｄ、Ｐｂ同位素组成资料讨论花岗岩类的源区性质问题     

水工建筑物岩溶渗漏问题综述

岩溶区水工建筑渗漏问题，与岩溶发育特征及其规律有密切关系，文拟从岩溶水动力循环条件，岩溶的立体空间配置，岩溶陷落等几个方面，对岩溶区的水库渗漏问题加以阐述。     

福建省表壳元素丰度

按新一代福建省地质图的岩石地层和侵入岩谱系单位划分的岩石类型采样，经无污染加工，制备组合分析样，由国同３家权威实验室，用中子活化法等１５种分析手段，定量测试６２种元素，又按构造区和岩石类型制备大组合样测定１５种元素。采用福建地壳厚度３１．５ｋｍ，三分法地壳模型，计算福建省表壳、各地质构造单元、以及四大岩石类型的元素丰度，初步讨论福建省地壳与各地质构造单元的主要成分特征。     

花岗岩与地壳厚度关系探讨

文中首先从板块构造与大陆构造的对比出发,指出板块构造主要研究洋壳,洋壳主要研究玄武岩,玄武岩主要研究构造环境.大陆构造主要研究陆壳,陆壳玄武岩少花岗岩多,因此,花岗岩在大陆构造研究中具有特殊的地位.由于花岗岩比玄武岩复杂得多,其中尤以源岩和深度对花岗岩的影响最大,是大陆花岗岩研究最重要的课题.文中接着讨论了Sr和Yb的...     

Crust of the arctic seas of Eurasia

Deep seismic studies are rather difficult in Arctic seas; it is therefore necessary to find other sources of information on the structure of the earth's crust. In this paper a number of crustal sections across the Arctic seas of Eurasia are presented. They are based on the analysis of magnetic field anomalies. Upper and lower boundaries of anomalous magnetic bodies, as well as zones where the magnetization changes rapidly in the vertical direction,indicate the position of the main seismic discontinuities. This inference has been confirmed by comparison with seismic data for the region of Okhotsk.     

Precambrian Weathering Crust of the Crystalline Basement in the Kaliningrad District

The weathering crust developed after the Precambrian crystalline basement in the Kaliningrad district is characterized on the basis of detailed mineralogical, geochemical, and isotopic investigations of the core material from deep wells. The Late Proterozoic age and zoned structure of the weathering crust is substantiated. The weathering crust is divided into the structural eluvium, hydromicaceous, and kaolinitic zones. After the replacement of a humid climate by the hot arid climate in the terminal Late Proterozoic, the kaolinitic weathering crust was dolomitized under the influence of mineralized waters. In the Early Cambrian, the Precambrian crust was partly eroded and its products (quartz sandstones with kaolinitic matrix, kaolinitic argillites, and oolitic iron ores) were redeposited in Lower and Middle Cambrian sediments of the Kaliningrad district.     

放射性元素集中于上地壳的原因及其地球动力学意义

地热学和陨石学的研究都指出, 地球上放射性热源浓度随深度指数衰减.但为何会存在这样的分布特征仍是地球科学的疑谜.通过地球排气现象的研究指出, 正是类地行星及小行星演化中的排气作用, 将放射性元素带到了类地行星及小行星的表面; 而且演化时间越长的类地行星, 深部的放射性元素也越少.目前流行的地球动力学理论是以地球内部的热为根本动力的学说, 地球深部放射性热源数量的稀少对“热机动力机制”提出了质疑.由于地球动力学依靠的能源只有地球内部的热和地球自转动能2种, “地球自转动力机制”应更多地被重视和研究      

大别造山带地壳的元素丰度

大别造山带具板片叠覆式构造形态。区域地壳具3个结构层,中地壳存在地震低速层和电性低阻层。地壳总体成分为花岗闪长岩质,深部地壳成分为中性。地壳稀土总量偏高、轻重稀土分馏程度高,铁族元素偏低、亲石元素富集。造山带内部横向不均一性明显,而地壳纵向演化分异程度低于一般大陆地壳。     

中太平洋多金属结壳的地球化学特征

采用XRF和ICP AES法对中太平洋CA等6座海山的4 0多个站位的多金属结壳中化学元素进行测试与分析, 并结合其他资料对调查区结壳主要成矿元素的含量组成、特征变化、元素间的相关关系以及结壳与水深、地形等重要环境因子进行探讨.研究表明太平洋海山结壳中元素丰度特征具有多种变化类型, 中太平洋结壳主成分和成矿元素丰度明显高于马绍尔群岛, 而与西北太平洋、麦哲伦海山相近; 中太平洋结壳化学元素相关关系分析表明: Ca与P、Al与K呈显著正相关性; Mn与Al呈显著负相关性.研究还发现中太平洋结壳富Co(0.6 3%)而贫Cu(0.1 1 %)及高Fe(1 6.9%)低Mn(2 1.3%)的分布特征, 与深海多金属结核在含量分布特征上存在较大差异.与多金属结核相比: 结壳中Mn组元素含量显著降低, Fe组元素含量和稀土总量明显增大, 尤其是Co和REEs的变化最为突出。      

Percolation of diagenetic fluids in the Archaean basement of the Franceville basin

The Palaeoproterozoic Franceville basin, Gabon, is mainly known for its high-grade uranium deposits, which are the only ones known to act as natural nuclear fission reactors. Previous work in the Kiéné region investigated the nature of the fluids responsible for these natural nuclear reactors. The present work focuses on the top of the Archaean granitic basement, specifically, to identify and date the successive alteration events that affected this basement just below the unconformity separating it from the Palaeoproterozoic basin. Core from four drill holes crosscutting the basin–basement unconformity have been studied. Dating is based on U–Pb isotopic analyses performed on monazite. The origin of fluids is discussed from the study of fluid inclusion planes (FIP) in quartz from basement granitoids. From the deepest part of the drill holes to the unconformable boundary with the basin, propylitic alteration assemblages are progressively replaced by illite and locally by a phengite + Fe chlorite ± Fe oxide assemblage. Illitic alteration is particularly strong along the sediment–granitoid contact and is associated with quartz dissolution. It was followed by calcite and anhydrite precipitation as fracture fillings. U–Pb isotopic dating outlines three successive events: a 3.0–2.9-Ga primary magmatic event, a 2.6-Ga propylitic alteration and a late 1.9-Ga diagenetic event. Fluid inclusion microthermometry suggests the circulation of three types of fluids: (1) a Na–Ca-rich diagenetic brine, (2) a moderately saline (diagenetic + meteoric) fluid, and (3) a low-salinity fluid of probable meteoric origin. These fluids are similar to those previously identified within the overlying sedimentary rocks of the Franceville basin. Overall, the data collected in this study show that the Proterozoic–Archaean unconformity has operated as a major flow corridor for fluids circulation, around 1.9 Ga.     

陆壳的垂向增生

陆壳的垂向增生是幔源物质进入到下地壳和下地壳物质进入到地幔的双向过程 ,前者主要表现为壳下底侵作用 ,后者主要表现为岩石圈规模的拆沉作用 ,其中拆沉作用往往诱发了陆壳下大规模的底侵作用。下地壳部分熔融残余的超镁铁质岩沉入到岩石圈地幔的过程称为陆壳沉没作用 ,它可能是陆壳物质进入地幔的一种重要方式。     

初论翡翠仔料皮壳的特征

翡翠仔料的皮壳是原生翡翠在搬运过程中,经过磨蚀、风化等作用所形成的风化层,其特征往往与原料内部的质量紧密相关。为此,商贸活动中,人们格外注意翡翠原料皮壳的有无及其颜色、结构特点,也总结出许多相关的经验,但历经几个世纪的摸索总结,人们仍感到“神仙难断寸玉”。这除了翡翠原料皮壳与内部质地关系复杂多变外,人为的做假手段亦不可忽视。下面就我们遇到的实例予以说明。１　样品特点３块要求鉴定皮壳真伪的翡翠仔料样品从外观上看,皮壳发育均较完整,分带性明显,由外皮（外带）、雾（中间带）和玉肉（内部带）组成,各自…     

Anorthosites and Related Megacrystic Units in the Evolution of Archean Crust

Archean anorthositic complexes occur in essentially all Archeancratons and contain large equidimensional plagioclase crystals(up to 30 cm. diam.) with highly calcic compositions (An₈₀ toAn₉₀) but are not readily amenable to determination of theirparent melt compositions. However, insight into petrogenesisof the complexes is provided by megacrysts of plagioclase thatare identical to those in the complexes and occur in many Archeanflows, sills, and dikes whose matrices display REE and fractionationpatterns that indicate tholeiitic trends and are compatiblewith prior subtraction of plagioclase during earlier evolutionof the melts. Included blocks of anorthosite and megacrystswith very thin rims that approach the more sodic compositionof lathy plagioclase in the matrices indicate an earlier stageof cryst formation under different conditions of crystallizationthan the matrices. The megacrystic units occur both in greenstonebelts that have oceanic affinities and stable cratonic dikeswarms that have continental affinities. Both major and traceelement contents of the matrices of the megacrystic units differbetween greenstone and cratonic dike environments; the dikesbeing higher in Si0₂, TiO₂ FeO, Na₂, K₂O, and light REEs butlower in Al₂O₃ and CaO. The matrices of both environments followseparate but parallel tholeiitic fractionation with high Fe-enrichmenttrends similar to Skaergaard liquids suggesting relatively lowvolatiles and fo₂. Experimental data and projections in CMAFspace suggest a multistage petrogenesis involving a relativelyhigh-pressure fractionation of olivine and/or orthopyroxenefrom a primitive mafic melt followed by ascension of the fractionated,less-dense melt, probably in several pulses, to a low-pressurechamber, probably at 1 to 2 kb. The depressurization accompaniedby cooling could easily place the melt composition in the plagioclasefield and significantly below the liquidus resulting in severalcrystallization cycles of plagioclase in the low pressure chamber.The melts would crystallize as anorthositic complexes and periodicallyexpel pulses that would form the observed megacrystic flows,sills, and dikes.     

冀西北新太古代下部陆壳及其性质初探

按其地壳组成比例、强烈的紫苏花岗岩化和高压麻粒岩相变质作用,冀西北怀安一带存在一个发育基本完整的下部陆壳（下地壳）剖面,由于地体碰撞向南掀斜而出露地表。本文讨论了其地球化学与构造环境。稀土分配平坦型的拉斑玄武岩（ＴＨ１）类似于洋壳,但与ＭＯＲＢ显著不同,更象不成熟的大陆性火山弧。轻稀土富集型的拉斑玄武岩（ＴＨ２）成分分散,有的跨入钙碱性玄武岩区,又有大量中酸性火山岩－沉积岩伴生,分离结晶作用显著,接近于板内热点产物。两种反映截然不同构造环境的玄武岩又密切地伴生在一起,使本区表现了许多不同于一般陆壳的特殊性。与冀东相比,本区并以古地热梯度变陡（２０℃／ｋｍ）为特征,这也许正是距今２８亿年之后地球上才开始出现了类似于现代样式板块的原因     

沙尘暴过程中颗粒对化学结皮的冲蚀破坏

针对风沙运动中结皮冲蚀破坏及其寿命问题,通过建立沙粒对结皮的冲蚀模型,采用量纲分析研究风沙运动中单颗沙粒对结皮冲蚀量与沙粒冲击速度、沙粒自旋角速度、沙粒直径、沙粒入射角、结皮硬度等的本构关系,并对结皮冲蚀破坏机理及其寿命预测进行理论研究。数值计算结果表明,沙粒冲击速度、沙粒自旋角速度、沙粒冲击角度、沙粒直径及沙尘暴日数、持续时间都对结皮寿命有明显影响。统计分析各项影响因素的平均值计算表明,在结皮厚度20 mm的情况下,结皮寿命为3～8年,平均寿命5.3年。此研究可以更深刻认识结皮的自然破坏特征,对防沙固沙具有一定的理论意义和实际应用价值。     

中太平洋富钴锰结壳水羟锰矿研究

采用场发射电镜（JSM-6700F）和透射电镜（JEM-2000FX）研究了富钴结壳中水羟锰矿的形态和结构。结果表明:水羟锰矿单体片径一般为30～50 nm,集合体成片状或鳞片状;获得了水羟锰矿d=0.142 9 nm的单晶和三连晶电子衍射结构;水羟锰矿中Fe³⁺、Co³⁺、Ni³⁺为高自旋态离子,Co³⁺、Ni³⁺、Cu³⁺易与Mn⁴⁺形成类质同像置换,部分Fe³⁺与Mn⁴⁺可能存在有限的类质同像置换,置换反应为3 Mn⁴⁺=4Co³⁺（Ni³⁺、Cu³⁺、Fe³⁺）,体系总电价平衡。