三江平原毛苔草沼泽蒸散量模拟研究

提高湿地蒸散量估算精度对于研究湿地水分和能量平衡以及区域气候特征具有重要意义。利用Penman、FAO Penman-Monteith、Priestley-Taylor、Blaney-Criddle、Hargreaves、Mc-Cloud、Linacre和Makkink模型,模拟三江平原毛苔草(Carex lasiocarpa)沼泽蒸散量。结果表明,采用FAO推荐的作物系数时,各模型模拟蒸散量明显高于涡度相关系统测量值,平均高估92.8%。利用实测数据修正作物系数后,除Makkink模型外,其余模型的模拟精度都明显提高,其中,基于能量平衡的Penman、FAO Penman-Monteith和Priestley-Taylor模型的模拟结果明显优于基于温度的Blaney-Criddle、Hargreaves、Mc Cloud和Linacre模型。在基于能量平衡的蒸散模型中,Priestley-Taylor模型的模拟结果最接近实测值;在基于温度的蒸散模型中,Hargreaves模型的模拟结果最接近实测值。     

基于多源遥感数据的湿地植物分类和生物量反演研究进展

湿地植物是湿地生态系统的重要组成部分,是指示湿地生态系统演化的重要指标。利用遥感技术,可以在区域尺度上对湿地植物进行多时段综合观测,识别湿地植物类型,并对植物生物量进行反演,定量估算湿地生态系统资源,因此,遥感技术是评价湿地生态系统健康的重要手段。但是,利用单一种类的遥感数据源的反演,在反演精度和提取湿地植物信息的丰富度上存在缺陷,而利用多源遥感数据提取湿地植物信息的精度更高,应用前景广阔。重点从遥感数据源、多源遥感融合技术、湿地植物遥感分类方法、多源遥感数据识别湿地植物类型的应用、湿地植物生物量反演模型以及应用等方面,阐述多源遥感技术在湿地植物分类和生物量反演研究中的主要进展,讨论多源遥感技术在湿地研究中的优势和不足,展望其未来发展趋势。     

生态水文过程观测与模拟的发展与展望

中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)水分分中心是管理CERN陆地生态系统台站水环境长期监测的专业分中心,也是从事生态水文学研究的一个学术团队.长期以来,CERN水分分中心致力于先进的生态水文观测方法和技术的引进与研究,先后在大型蒸渗仪、涡度相关技术、实验遥感方法、大孔径闪烁仪和同位素技术应用于生态水文过程的观测方面做了许多卓有成效的工作,对生态水文过程野外观测方法先进技术的应用在国内起到引领作用.CERN水分分中心也开展了以陆面蒸散过程机理与模拟的研究,围绕华北农田作物蒸散过程模拟方法,从早期的经验模型,到具有物理基础的模型,发展到基于水碳耦合机理的蒸散过程模拟方法.未来的发展,需要进一步深入推进新技术新方法在生态水文过程观测中的应用,并构建不同生态系统生态水文过程机理模型,为流域和区域水资源管理及生态系统管理提供科学数据和科学工具.     

湿地植被净初级生产力估算模型研究综述

湿地植被净初级生产力(net primary productivity,NPP)作为湿地生态系统物质与能量循环的基础,是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要研究内容之一。估算湿地植被NPP的方法经历了站点实测和模型方法两个发展阶段,其中估算模型可以分为统计模型、参数模型和过程模型。随着计算机和遥感技术的发展,一些利用遥感信息估算NPP的新方法得到了广泛应用。简单地沿袭传统模型分类方法,不能完全涵盖所有估算湿地植被NPP的方法。回顾了湿地植被NPP估算模型,在传统模型分类的基础上,补充了遥感在湿地植被NPP估算模型中的应用,进一步将统计模型分为气候相关和遥感相关模型,将生态系统过程模型分为过程模型、过程耦合模型和遥感-过程耦合模型。在此基础上,评述了各类模型在湿地植被NPP中的研究现状,探讨了湿地植被NPP估算研究中存在的问题,指出湿地植被NPP估算的工作重点可以从提高地面实测精度、减少模型模拟不确定性、使用多源数据等方面入手,其中引入数据同化的方法实现湿地植被NPP预测将是湿地植被NPP估算模型的重要发展方向。     

吉林省莫莫格湿地生态系统健康评价研究

湿地生态系统健康评价已成为21世纪湿地科学前沿研究领域的热点话题。以莫莫格湿地作为评价对象,基于PSR模型,选取22个评价指标建立指标体系,应用模糊综合评价法对莫莫格湿地生态系统的健康状况进行评价。结果表明:莫莫格湿地生态系统健康综合评价指数为0.7378,处于第Ⅱ等级(健康)状态,制约莫莫格湿地生态系统健康的主要因素是社会经济发展水平、化肥使用强度、湿地补水保证率、湿地水质、环保投资指数等方面。     

城市湿地气候调节功能遥感监测评估

湿地是地球上最为重要而独特的生态系统类型,在缓解全球气候变化和调节区域气候特征方面具有重要作用。以北京湿地为研究案例,在分析湿地气候调节作用过程机理的基础上,综合运用遥感数据和常规气象站点监测资料,利用CASA模型和植被指数累积模型分别定量反演获得北京湿地年地上生物量和年蒸散量,基于价值量方法定量评估了北京城市湿地气候调节能力。结果表明:①北京湿地地上生物量吸收固定二氧化碳和释放氧气分别约为1.42×10⁸kg和1.03×10⁸kg,价值量分别约为2.83亿元和0.42亿元;②北京湿地蒸散发量约为4.16亿m³,价值量约为1.14亿元。③北京湿地通过固碳释氧和地表蒸散发等过程所形成的气候调节功能总价值约为4.39亿元。     

基于突变理论模型的卧龙湖湿地退化判别研究

湿地生态系统退化的临界状态判别是湿地风险评价的重要内容,也是实施湿地生态系统健康有效管理与保护的重要前提。以中国北方半干旱地区天然内陆湿地——卧龙湖为例,在综合考虑湿地退化指标的基础上,选择水质、蓄水量、生物多样性和生态脆弱性等典型参数指标建立了湿地生态系统退化状态判别的尖点突变模型。研究表明湿地生态系统的退化过程与突变理论的基本特征相符,模型拟合结果较好地反映了卧龙湖湿地退化状态。通过对卧龙湖湿地1994~2009年的数据模拟,结果表明:1994~2001年间卧龙湖湿地生态系统处于较健康的状态,而2002年的判别结果显示卧龙湖湿地处于退化突变状态,即湿地退化导致了生态系统相当程度的损害。研究还表明,卧龙湖湿地生态水量的减少和水环境质量的降低是导致湿地退化的重要因素。为了保护湿地生态系统的健康,防止卧龙湖湿地生态系统退化的发生,应在科学配置区域水资源的同时合理调整区域的产业结构,提高农村污水处理率。     

环境因素对湿地土壤微生物群落影响研究进展

湿地生态系统具有水陆过渡带的重要特征,在养分循环、能量流动、环境净化、维持生态平衡等方面有着重要的生态环境功能。土壤微生物是湿地生态系统的重要组成部分,对于深入探讨湿地生态系统结构和功能具有非常重要的作用。总结了湿地生态系统土壤微生物组成与多样性的相关研究,综述了植被、盐度、水分、污染物等环境因素对微生物的影响,并对其未来的研究方向进行展望,提出加强分子生物学技术在湿地土壤微生物领域的应用、扩大环境因素的研究范围、采用多因素综合分析方法的研究方向。     

冠层表面阻力与环境因子关系模型及其在蒸散估算中的应用

建立了一个华北平原冬小麦群体冠层表面阻力与环境因子关系的模型。根据该地区冬小麦生态系统的一组波文比-能量平衡观测资料,用非线性最优化方法模拟冠层表面阻力与太阳辐射、气温、空气饱和差和土壤含水量等环境因子的关系,得到模型四个参数的拟合值。用另外两组观测资料验证该模型的预测能力。结果表明,该模型能较好地模拟表面阻力,拟合度分别为0.93和0.67.将该模型应用到Penman-Monteith蒸散公式,发现蒸散的模拟值与实测值的拟合度达0.9以上,相对偏差小于5%.通过比较发现,该模型对蒸散的预测精度高于空气动力学方法。     

湿地植被生物量测算方法研究进展

湿地植被生物量是衡量湿地生态系统健康状况的重要指标。传统的生物量测算方法主要是通过样方调查,采取收割法等方法;遥感估算法是借助遥感影像某些波段对湿地植被的灵敏反应,再配合典型的样地调查和GPS定位进行。在这两类方法的基础上,均可依据长时间序列的基础资料(实测资料、影像资料等),建立生物量的计算公式,以便进行类比或预测。笔者在查阅国内外相关文献的基础上,论述了湿地生物量测算方法的研究进展。将传统典型样方调查及实验室分析与遥感估算技术(分光学遥感和雷达遥感)不断融合,不仅可以及时掌控湿地生态系统的动态变化,而且为湿地生态系统生态资产的定量测算提供重要参数,并为湿地生态系统的恢复、重建以及管理提供科学依据。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

Assessment of GIAHS in Shizuoka: The Traditional Tea-grass Integrated System

<正>1 Introduction In 2013,Chagusaba,which is traditional tea-grass integrated system in Shizuoka,were accepted as new world heritage site of agriculture.Shizuoka prefecture occupies a variety of elevations,from 0 to 3000m or more above sea level.Because of the diversity of land features and climates,this area produces 167 agricultural commodities.In addition,a lot of traditional agriculture and over200 local native varieties of crops have been conserved in Shizuoka     

ERAHS: A New Platform for the Exchange of Regional Information and Experience on Agricultural Heritage Systems

<正>There are more than 10000 years of agricultural development history in the world that has provided very fruitful and ingenious traditional knowledge and experiences reflecting the evolution of humanity and the nature.In2002,the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)initiated an international partnership initiative of"Conservation and Adaptive Management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The City in Cultural Context . John Agnew, John Mercer, David Sopher, eds. Soils and Geomorphology Peter W. Birkeland. Urbanization and Settlement Systems, International Perspectives . L. S. Bourne, R. Sinclair, and K. Dziewoński. eds. An Introduction to Urban Historical Geography . Harold Carter. Overshoot, The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change . William J. Catton, Jr. Rivers of the World . Eberhard Czaya. Jewish Communities in Frontier Societies: Argentina, Australia and South Africa . Daniel J. Elazar with Peter Medding. Color in Public Spaces: Toward a Communication-Based Theory of the Urban Built Environment. Kenneth E. Foote. Spatial Statistics and Models. Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, eds. Mega-Geomorphology. Rita Gardner and Helen Scoging, eds. Technological Change and Regional Development. Gillespie, ed. The Arid Lands: Their Use and Abuse. R. L. Heathcote. The Location of Industry in Britain. A. G. Hoare. Groundwater as a Geomorphic Agent . R. G. LaFleur, ed. Rural Public Services: International Comparisons. Richard E. Lonsdale and Gyorgy Enyedi, eds. Saving Water in a Desert City. William E. Martin, Helen M. Ingram, Nancy K. Laney, and Adrian H. Griffin. Water Resources: Distribution, Use and Management. John R. Mather. Transnationals and the Third World: The Struggle for Culture. Armand Mattelart. South Hadley, MA: USGS Digital Cartographic Data Standards. R. B. McEwen, R. E. Witmer, and B. S. Ramey, eds. The Ecosystem Concept in Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran, ed. Boulder, CO: Women, Men, and the International Division of Labor. June Nash and Maria Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, eds. Nuclear Power: Assessing and Managing Hazardous Technology. Martin J. Pasqualetti and K. David Pijawka, eds. Mary Somerville and the Cultivation of Science 1815-1840. Elizabeth Chalmers Patterson. An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology. John Pethick. Late Quaternary Environments of the United States , Vol. 1, The Late Pleistocene. Stephen C. Porter, ed. Planning and Ecology. R. D. Roberts and T. M. Roberts, eds. Regionalism and the Pacific Northwest. William G. Robbins, Robert J. Frank, and Richard E. Ross, eds. Environment and Health. Anthony J. Rowland and Paul Cooper. Sunbelt/Snowbelt: Urban Development and Regional Restructuring. Larry Sawers and William K. Tabb, eds. The Bad Earth. Environmental Degradation in China. Vaclav Smil. Armonk, NY: Voyage into Substance: Art, Science, Nature, and the Illustrated Travel Account, 1760–1840. Barbara Maria Stafford. The Institute of British Geographers: The First Fifty Years. Robert W. Steel. Visions of the Past. Christopher Taylor and Richard Muir. Glacial Lake Agassiz. J. T. Teller and Lee Clayton, eds. The Tule Breakers: The Story of the California Dredge. John Thompson and Edward A. Dutra. The Balkan City 1400–1900. Nikolai Todorov. Explanation, Prediction and Planning: the Lowry model. Michael J. Webber. Mercedes Reales: Hispanic Land Grants of the Upper Rio Grande Region. Victor Westphall. The World Atlas of Revolutions. Andrew J. M. Wheatcroft. The West European City, A Social Geography. Paul White. Urban Elites and Mass Transportation. J. Allen Whitt. Princeton, NJ: Urban Life In Contemporary China. Martin King Whyte and William L. Parish. The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union. David Wilson. London and Canberra: Rethinking Geographical Inquiry. J. David Wood, ed.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)