天津近海可能最大风暴潮模拟研究

利用实测资料分析了天津近海增减水的变化规律,冬季温带气旋引起的增水在全年中所占的频率较高,夏季热带气旋引起的增水幅度较大,这两者较容易引起较大的风暴灾害。本文通过统计历史台风过程,确定了最大热带气旋参数,建立了风暴增减水数值模拟模型,计算了该海区台风引起的可能最大增水,增水值为3.6 m。构建了温带敏感性实验,确定了该海区温带气旋最大增水的方向,计算了温带可能最大增减水,增水值为3.3 m,减水值为-3.7 m。由此确定了该海区可能最大风暴潮增水值为3.6 m,减水值为-3.7 m。     

珠江口地区台风风暴潮的数值模拟试验

本文选取了3个珠江口对造成严重风暴潮灾害的南海西北向路径的台风作为个例,利用国家海洋环境预报中心建立的业务化的台风风暴潮模式进行风暴潮后报检验.将结果与珠江口地区三个验潮站实际观测资料进行对比发现:模式的后报效果比较理想,对业务预报中最为关心的最大风暴增水值模拟较好,说明该模式对模拟这类型路径台风引起的风暴增水有较好的预报适用性.并且进一步发现:强度越大的台风,增水峰值模拟效果越好;该地区各验潮站的最大增水通常发生在台风中心距离验潮站最短的几个小时内.     

2005年海南岛沿岸风暴潮特征分析

2005年海南岛沿岸出现三次明显风暴增水过程,分别由0508号强热带风暴"天鹰"、0516号热带风暴"韦森特"和0518号台风"达维"引发,给海南省的经济造成严重损失.本文从热带气旋特征、增水等方面进行分析,总结了各个热带气旋所引发的风暴增水特征,以便为今后的风暴潮预报积累经验,更好地为海洋减灾防灾服务.     

葫芦岛核电站可能最大风暴潮(PMSS)数值模拟研究

核电厂厂址的可能最大风暴潮(Possible Maximum Storm Surege,PMSS)是滨海核电厂厂址重要的设计基准之一。基于ADCIRC风暴潮模式计算葫芦岛地区的风暴潮,同时对网格进行精细化处理,网格分辨率精度较高。首先为检验数值模式的准确性,分别模拟了辽东湾地区发生的6005号、7203号和7303号典型台风风暴潮过程,计算葫芦岛站风暴潮最大增水值并与实测资料进行对比,计算表明本文模拟结果与实测结果吻合良好,验证了本文数值计算模型的准确性,为可能最大风暴潮(PMSS)的计算提供了依据。以渤海典型台风7303号台风为基础,建立多条影响核电站厂址的台风路径,计算得到201条派生路径下核电站厂址的最大风暴增水情况,为核电站厂址选址提供了重要依据。     

热带气旋影响福建沿海风暴潮特征分析

文中利用1990~2008年气象要素资料、热带气旋路径资料和福建沿海9个验潮站资料,从热带气旋登陆、路径以及福建沿海地理特征等方面,分析研究福建沿海热带气旋风暴潮特征。结果表明:每年平均约有5.58个热带气旋登陆或影响福建,风暴潮发生率为81.1%,福建沿海风暴潮主要出现在5~10月,风暴潮过程最多的是8~9月,平均每年有4.53次风暴潮过程。正面登陆福建的热带气旋和登陆浙南的影响热带气旋,最容易引发福建省沿海热带气旋风暴潮过程,且风暴增水最强,最大增水可达200cm以上,其次是登陆广东的影响热带气旋。由于闽江口的喇叭口地形作用,位于闽江入海处的闽江口岸段在全省4个岸段中风暴增水最强。     

海口市风暴潮分布特征与影响因子探析

基于1980—2017年实测潮位等资料,运用统计分析和数值模拟方法研究了海口市风暴潮分布特征与影响因子。结果表明：海口市受风暴潮影响较频繁,年均2.79次,通常发生在7—10月,且风暴潮引发的潮灾概率较大;风暴增水平面分布表现为：东寨港风暴增水强度位居第一,其次是秀英港,第三是海甸岛,南港增水相对较弱。影响因子体现为：地形的权重通常比热带气旋移动路径更大;热带气旋移动速度对海口市风暴增水有明显影响,移动速度为14~19 km/h时,风暴增水往往达到最大。     

上海沿海风暴潮历史特征分析

基于中国气象局台风最佳路径数据集和欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)风场再分析资料,遴选出1979—2019年影响上海的241场历史台风事件。采用ADCIRC风暴潮模型对241场历史台风所引起的风暴潮过程进行了模拟,计算得到了上海沿海历史风暴增水数据集,由此对上海沿海代表站点的历史风暴增水进行了特征分析。结果表明,崇西闸、堡镇、吴淞口、高桥、芦潮港、金山嘴、洋山港站和绿华山等8个代表站历史最大增水在1.38~2.58 m之间,各站最大增水小于1 m的累积频率均超过0.9。尽管各站最大增水时间序列未通过Mann Kendall趋势性检验,但吴淞口站的年最高水位却呈现出显著的增加趋势,这可能与上游径流、天文潮、风暴潮和海平面变化等因素的综合影响有关。     

东南沿海台风风暴潮特点及其变化规律

本文收集了1949-1990年的台风及相应验潮站的实测潮位资料，计算分析了连云港至汕头之间沿海港口的热带气旋增水，得出了东南沿海各港口的增水特征。该海域风暴潮强度较大，易形成特大潮灾，各港口最大增水出现时间不一，有的在热带气旋登陆前，有的在热带气旋登陆后，多数在热带气旋登陆前后0-6h。台风及风暴潮易造成舰船、码头等损坪，形成非战斗力减员。     

湛江港风暴增水特征分析

本文在统计1950－1997年影响湛江港的热带气旋的基础上，利用1953－1982年30年间湛江港发生的风暴增水的资料，对湛江港风暴增水的总体特征进行了分析，总结出湛江港风暴增水的特征在于季节分布的不均匀、大的正增水和高实测水位出现频繁、造成的风暴潮灾比较严重；通过两类典型风暴潮的详细分析，结果表明：湛江港的风暴增水与影响湛江的热带气旋密切相关，大的风暴增水主要由台风引起，湛江港的地理位置也是影响风暴增水的重要因子。     

闸坡站风暴潮增水与热带气旋登陆点及路径的关系

将1992～2006年15a间影响和登陆闸坡站的热带气旋按照登陆点和移动路径进行分类．研究各类热带气旋在闸坡站引起的风暴潮增水峰值的出现时间与热带气旋登陆点及移动路径的关系,定性分析热带气旋风场结构对风暴潮增水的影响并经过2007年至今风暴潮增水预报过程中的实例检验．结果表明：闸坡站的增水类型与热带气旋的登陆地点和路径关系密切．在闸坡站登陆的东北行热带气旋引起的风暴潮增水多出现在登陆前,其他路径则出现在登陆时或登陆后;在闸坡以西登陆的热带气旋引起的风暴潮增水峰值一般发生在登陆时或登陆后1h以内;在闸坡站以东登陆的热带气旋引起的风暴潮增水峰值一般发生在登陆前10h以上;而其他类型的热带气旋引起的风暴潮增水由于个例较少规律尚不明显．     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.