某水电站坝前堆积体稳定性的三维数值模拟分析

某水电站坝前堆积体边坡的稳定性关系到该大坝的建设与运营。野外工作发现,它是深切冲沟型崩塌式堆积体,由下伏基岩和松散的堆积物组成。在1 360~1 450 m高程之间堆积体有一个较为明显的收口转向特征,这有利于增加其稳定性。在野外工作的基础上,采用目前较为通用的两种三维有限元软件(3D-Sigma和3D-Flac)对其稳定性进行数值模拟研究。结果表明：（1）堆积体的应力场主要表现为以自重应力场为主,其应力分布主要受岩性控制;（2）堆积体的潜在滑动面为堆积体与其下伏基岩接触部位的一定范围内;（3）堆积体的位移表现为向坡外(临空面方向)滑移,且中前缘的位移量相对较大;（4）堆积体前缘的收口效应改善了其应力状态,增加了稳定性;（5）堆积体的整体稳定性较好,在1 472~1 610 m高程之间的堆积体有可能发生局部的中浅层破坏。     

洞坪水库大沟湾滑坡体变形机制

大沟湾滑坡是瞿家湾滑坡群中相对高差最大的滑坡体, 洞坪水库蓄水后滑坡体产生了较大变形且变形机制表现出一定的特殊性.野外调查研究表明: 蓄水前该滑坡体稳定性良好; 蓄水至452m后, 滑坡后缘堆积体与基岩交界处产生贯通滑坡两侧冲沟的连续裂缝, 剪出口位于整个滑体中部580m高程附近, 由于下部坡体的抗滑作用而使整个坡体仍处于稳定状态; 蓄水至488m后, 从整个滑体前缘到570m高程附近又形成另一滑坡体, 与先前上部滑坡呈梯级分布, 分析得出大沟湾滑坡为上部牵引-下部推移的复合式滑坡, 两个滑坡共同作用导致整个滑体发生明显变形.分析并利用FLAC3D模拟再现整个变形过程, 对滑坡体变形破坏机制做出了很好解释.      

古水水电站工程区域堆积体边坡工程地质分析

西南地区水电工程中堆积体边坡的稳定性问题研究对水电工程建设极为重要。堆积体边坡研究中比较关键的问题包括:堆积体的历史成因、不同条件下的力学参数取值和稳定性分析。本文通过对古水水电站坝址区域内下覆为板岩、上覆为堆积体的工程地质条件进行了相关分析,得到了该区域上覆堆积体和下覆板岩倾倒变形的历史演化过程:在冰水的携带作用下,边坡顶部的岩土体逐步向下迁移而形成堆积体,并且表现出明显的层状效应;板状岩体在构造运动、河谷下切和风化卸荷等共同作用下,加之上覆堆积体重量的不断增加,从而发生折断并导致倾倒变形。在对冰水堆积体物理力学特性分析的基础上,结合现场的工程地质调查,得到了区域内堆积体边坡的变形破坏模式表现为顺软弱面整体滑动破坏和局部圆弧型滑动。     

煤矿排土场边坡变形失稳特征FLAC~(3D)模拟分析

煤矿排土场边坡是一类特殊的人工堆积边坡,它的变形破坏具有自身的特点。由于其堆积材料的特征性,使得煤矸石堆积体及其下部粘土层具有较强的应变软化特征。本文结合四川某煤矿排土场边坡,运用FLAC3D程序对该排土场边坡失稳变形特征进行三维数值模拟分析,分析结果表明:①通过参数软化重现该类边坡失稳变形过程是可行的;②可以通过边坡位移特征寻找其滑面形态和失稳区域;③最大不平衡力是否收敛可以判定边坡的稳定状态。④模拟结果与实际吻合。     

四川甘孜孟底水电站库区坝前堆积体稳定性数值分析

孟底沟沟口右岸堆积体体积高达1500×104m3,其稳定性直接关系到下游孟底电站的建设和运营。研究该堆积体在库水位变化影响下的潜在破坏模式及评价其稳定性对防治工作具有重要的指导意义。本文针对水库蓄水对该堆积体稳定性的影响,在工程地质勘察的基础上,分别采用三维有限差分数值模拟对其稳定性进行了详细的定性分析,并结合二维数值模拟对两条典型剖面的稳定性做出了定量评价。研究结果表明:(1)初始水位时,天然工况下该堆积体基本处于稳定状态;(2)蓄水后稳定性明显恶化,尤其在暴雨的影响下,堆积体极可能沿着基覆界面出现蠕滑变形,引起堆积体发生叠瓦状的后退式破坏。     

隧道穿越泥石流堆积体的数值模拟及优化处治

根据泥石流堆积体的地质特征, 结合都汶高速公路福堂隧道工程背景, 建立三维数值模型, 分别进行隧道穿越泥石流堆积体时无支护状态、设计支护状态和优化支护状态下以及泥石流堆积与侵蚀条件下的模拟分析。结果表明:在泥石流堆积体内开挖隧道时, 拱顶沉降是隧道变形的主体部分, 并直接导致了地表的沉陷及隧道边墙的收敛变形; 在采用超前注浆并加长锚杆长度的措施进行针对性的优化处治后, 隧道衬砌的变形及地表沉陷明显降低, 表明处治优化是有效的; 隧道拱顶上方泥石流覆盖层的厚度小于14m时, 隧道处于明显不安全状态, 泥石流覆盖层厚度大于42m时, 围岩形成自稳体系。     

万州西溪铺松散堆积体成因分析及稳定性评价

根据勘探钻孔资料,对西溪铺一带松散堆积体的特征及成因进行了详细的探讨.研究结果表明:分布在基岩面高程190m以下的斜坡与基岩面高程140～150 m平台上的粉质黏土夹碎石土层是由滑坡作用形成的(即西溪铺滑坡);分布在基岩面高程190 m以上的粉质黏土夹碎石土层是由崩积、残积及坡积作用形成的;卵石砂土层是苎溪河的冲积作用形成的.对西溪铺滑坡的形态、滑动面特征、水文地质条件及形成年代等进行了论述,这些特征说明西溪铺滑坡曾发生过一次大型的堆积体滑动、多次小型的表层滑动,其是在一级阶地形成时代T1以后的几千年之内形成的.根据下伏卵石砂土层的地质结构,对西溪铺滑坡的稳定性进行了评价,评价结果表明库水位的变化对西溪铺滑坡的稳定性有巨大的影响,在滑坡的防治设计中必须引起高度的重视.     

金沙江乌东德水电站岸坡槽谷堆积体成因分析

在西南地区江河流域,岸坡上常常发育有一系列的凹槽负地形,这些地形呈上宽下窄形态,也就是上部表现出U形洼地,稍显开阔,紧接其下部谷地变窄一直连到江河沟谷边。这样的地貌形态其上部洼地发育的高程一般在1 500~2000m。在以往的地质灾害调查中,这种现象常常被认为是滑坡堆积地貌。本文以金沙江乌东德水电站岸坡槽谷堆积体为主要研究对象,从堆积体地貌、物质结构特征以及对比分析了其成因。最后提出该岸坡槽谷堆积体的成因与冰雪作用有关,而不是简单的滑坡堆积地貌。     

长江三峡库区木鱼包滑坡地表变形规律分析

三峡库区木鱼包滑坡自2006年实施专业监测以来,一直持续变形,对三峡大坝工程和长江航道造成巨大威胁。通过多次野外地质调查资料、长期现场巡查、人工GPS位移监测数据、近1年的全自动监测数据等,深入分析该滑坡在库水涨落及降雨条件下的变形特征、演化规律及变形机制。结果表明,滑坡坡体结构、岩性及地质构造等地质因素控制了木鱼包滑坡的变形,库水位是主要的驱动因素。库水位上升过程中,库水位由145 m升到155 m左右,月位移量为最小值;动水压力向坡内,滑坡变形最小;库水位155 m上升至175 m期间,库水入渗前部坡体,对滑坡前部抗滑段形成浮托减重效应,变形有所增加。库水位由175 m下降到170 m左右,累积位移形成阶跃,坡受向坡外动水压力和浮托减重效应作用,月位移达最大值。库水位由170 m降到145 m期间,浮托减重效应作用减小,月位移量降低。目前,木鱼包滑坡变形趋势减小,产生大规模滑动的可能性较小,但须进一步加强监测和机制研究。     

典型冰水堆积体浪蚀作用下变形破坏机制研究

大渡河中游沿岸中海拔地区广泛分布的一层冰水堆积体大多具有较为密实的结构和一定程度的胶结, 在风浪作用下的变形破坏机制与其他堆积体存在较大差别。通过对某电站库区高速公路冰水堆积路基岸坡调查和试验分析认为, 该冰水堆积体属级配良好的含细颗粒的粗粒～巨粒混合土, 颗粒之间嵌合紧密, 一般呈中密～密实状, 具有不同程度的泥质、钙质胶结, 其强度明显较其他松散堆积体高。通过采用地质过程定性分析和有限元半定量评价相结合的手段对该冰水堆积体在风浪作用下的变形破坏机制进行了分析和研究, 认为该类冰水堆积体在风浪作用下主要表现为淘蚀- 坍塌型失稳模式。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the