新藏公路(新疆境内)沿线道路病害

新藏公路（新疆境内）地处昆仑山中、西段，沿线道路病害类型多样，有泥石流、滑坡、水毁、崩塌、雪害、涎流冰、翻浆、冻土等，严重威胁和破坏交通。由于所处地域自然环境条件特殊，病害频频发生，随着全球气候变暖，冰川退缩，病害将愈演愈烈。本文在实地调查的基础上，分析了研究区病害发育现状、分布规律、成因以及发展趋势，提出了进一步工作的建议。     

培龙沟泥石流及其堵江可能性探讨

培龙沟是由冰川和降水共同激发的一条大规模泥石流沟。流域内充足的冰水资源，丰富的冰碛，有利的地形条件是泥石流发生及今后发展的动因。1983-1986年培龙沟泥石流堵塞了帕隆藏布江，本文就今后不同泥石流发生频率探讨了泥石流再次堵江的可能性。这一探讨为该沟泥石流工程整治及过沟工程设计提供科学依据。     

哈巴雪山第四纪冰川发育特点的初步研究

哈巴雪山(5 396 m)位于横断山脉中北段,与玉龙雪山(5 596 m)以金沙江相隔,受西南季风影响强烈。在哈巴雪山3 100 m以上保存第四纪冰川侵蚀与堆积地貌,主要沿哈巴雪山西北脊两侧分布。应用相对地貌法,对比邻近山地尤其是玉龙雪山,将哈巴雪山冰期系列初步划分为:倒数第二次冰期、末次冰期早期和末次冰盛期(LGM)。以哈巴雪山哈巴河谷的冰碛物为研究对象,其末端海拔高度在倒数第二次冰期、末次冰期早期、末次冰盛期分别约为3 100 m、3 500 m、3 900 m。应用TSAM法、MEIM法、CF法计算得出哈巴雪山古雪线高度在倒数第二次冰期、末次冰期早期、末次冰盛期分别为3 675 m、4 000 m、4 200 m。     

新藏公路新疆段泥石流灾害初探

新藏公路新疆段沿线共有泥石流灾害149处，直接危害线路53．05km。泥石流可分为暴雨型、冰雪融水型及雨水和冰雪融水混合型三个成因类型．其灾害集中分布于哈拉斯坦河、采拉克河、叶尔羌河及喀拉喀什河沿溪线路段。沿线泥石流具有松散堆积物丰富，水源不足，暴发频率低，规模火，受冰川和气候变化影响大等特点。在对泥石流成灾方式、活动现状和发展趋势分析研究的基础上．提出了灾害治理的基本原则和拟采取的主要工程措施及进一步工作的建议。     

库木托拜沙漠公路风沙-风雪复合灾害的形成机制及治理方案

伴随交通建设的快速发展,极端环境对交通造成了复杂多样的灾害。穿越新疆库木托拜沙漠的克特公路冬季遭遇频发的风沙-风雪复合灾害,危害严重。此种灾害的发生与区域特殊孕灾环境有关（冬季有强劲的“闹海风”和丰富的风沙（雪）源）,也与公路防沙体系布局和路基断面设置以及清沙（雪）堆放等人为扰动有关。本研究按照因地制宜、因害设防、顺应自然、标本兼治的防治原则,提出了加强防护能力、机械防治与植物防治相衔接的防治思路,制定了路侧地形平整、阻-固-输结合防护体系建设及后期科学管护的综合治理方案,以统筹防治春季风沙灾害与冬季风沙-风雪复合灾害。     

广东公路地质灾害的特点及防治对策

介绍了广东近年公路出现崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害的基本类型和特点, 分析了各种类型的成因机制和触发因素, 提出在道路选线和施工时, 应重视地质环境调查, 必须对路线的工程地质条件和场地的稳定性进行综合评价, 提高防灾意识。对崩塌或滑坡等地质灾害作整治时, 应注意调查灾害区的地质环境及其灾害的机制, 必须重视排除地表水和地下水的措施, 有针对性地施用抗滑和边坡治理方法。应加强重点路段潜在危险的路基和边坡进行预测预报, 提高减灾防灾的成效。     

西藏帕隆藏布河谷崩塌滑坡、泥石流的分布规律

西藏帕隆藏布河谷崩塌滑坡、泥石流灾害严重。崩塌滑坡、泥石流的分布 ,因谷坡坡向的水热条件差异而导致坡向差异 ,因地貌发育和形态的沿程分异显现沿程差异 ,因其促发条件的差异又显现灾种差异。采用有序样品最优分割和方差分析等定量方法 ,揭示了崩塌滑坡、泥石流的差异性分布规律 :全河段可分为上游峡谷泥石流密集段 ,中游宽谷泥石流及崩塌滑坡较密集段 ,和下游、拉月曲峡谷崩塌滑坡、泥石流极密集段 ;北岸崩塌滑坡和泥石流比南岸数量多、规模大 ;崩塌滑坡有向下游增大增多之趋势。进而对道路平面选线原则提出了建议。     

西藏古乡沟泥石流的数值模拟

泥石流运动数值模拟是确定泥石流泛滥范围、进行危险性分区、辅助减灾工程设计与检验的重要方法。以西藏波密古乡沟为实例,从泥石流的二维运动方程出发,使用一种新的数值方法对古乡沟50a一遇泥石流在堆积扇上的运动过程进行了数值模拟,获得了其最大流速、流深、动量和动能的空间分布,并据此确定了受泥石流危害较小的川藏公路穿越堆积扇方案。将泥石流数值模拟结果与游勇等1997年做的模型试验结果进行了比较,具有较好的相似性。     

新疆天山山地自然灾害垂直带谱及其特征

分析天山山地由气候原因引起的自然灾害分布的垂直带谱,主要灾害类型有１２种,可分为３个带：（１）基带（暴雨－塌方带）：主要是由中、低山突发性的降雨引起的各种灾害。此带灾害频发时期与最大降水期是同步的。（２）中带（融水－冰冻带）：其灾害大多同温度的变化有密切的关系。（３）上带（风吹雪－雪崩带）：由积雪运动造成的灾害多集中在这里。山地坡向和高度对自然灾害垂直带谱的组成和灾害出现的频率影响很大。由于温度和     

CHANGES IN ICE-MARGIN PROCESSES AND SEDIMENT ROUTING DURING ICE-SHEET ADVANCE ACROSS A MARGINAL MORAINE

Advance of part of the margin of the Greenland ice sheet across a proglacial moraine ridge between 1968 and 2002 caused progressive changes in moraine morphology, basal ice formation, debris release, ice‐marginal sediment storage, and sediment transfer to the distal proglacial zone. When the ice margin is behind the moraine, most of the sediment released from the glacier is stored close to the ice margin. As the margin advances across the moraine the potential for ice‐proximal sediment storage decreases and distal sediment flux is augmented by reactivation of moraine sediment. For six stages of advance associated with distinctive glacial and sedimentary processes we describe the ice margin, the debris‐rich basal ice, debris release from the glacier, sediment routing into the proglacial zone, and geomorphic processes on the moraine. The overtopping of a moraine ridge is a significant glaciological, geomorphological and sedimentological threshold in glacier advance, likely to cause a distinctive pulse in distal sediment accumulation rates that should be taken into account when glacial sediments are interpreted to reconstruct glacier fluctuations.     

都汶公路沿线泥石流危险性评价

汶川地震诱发的次生泥石流灾害,已成为灾区防灾减灾工作的突出问题和灾后恢复重建的重要制约因素之一,泥石流危险性评价是泥石流灾害风险管理的核心基础技术。以都汶公路沿线的31条泥石流沟为研究对象,通过野外考察、遥感图像的解译、查阅相关文献资料等手段获取研究区泥石流沟的基础数据,通过选取地质、地形、气象、水文指标,并利用主成分分析法对关键因子进行筛选和灰色系统模型进行权重的确定,建立泥石流危险性评价模型,计算得到每条沟的泥石流危险度值。评价结果表明:公路沿线31条泥石流沟处于不同泥石流危险等级:极高危险占23%,高危险占35%,中度危险占13%,轻度危险占29%;其中红椿沟、肖家沟、烧房沟等沟属于泥石流极高危险沟道,高家沟、牛圈沟等属于高度危险沟道,公路选线须采取避让或充分的防治对策。     

青藏铁路沿线雪灾风险评估

雪灾是青藏铁路及其沿线地区所面临的严重自然灾害之一,对其风险等级进行科学评估,是制定应急方案、确保青藏铁路安全运行的重要基础。本文基于历史雪灾数据和铁路相关数据,选择27项指标构建青藏铁路及其沿线的雪灾综合风险评估体系,对青藏铁路沿线积雪雪灾、雪崩雪灾和风吹雪雪灾的致灾危险性、铁路系统的脆弱性进行了综合分析。分析表明:青藏铁路沿线雪灾高风险区分布在唐古拉-安多路段,雪灾中等风险区主要分布在天峻-乌兰、五道梁-安多等2个路段,雪灾低风险区主要集中在西宁-天峻、德令哈-格尔木和那曲-拉萨等3个路段。从整个青藏铁路沿线来看,青南高原路段是青藏铁路沿线雪灾综合风险等级最高的区域。     

GIS‐based modeling of glacial hazards and their interactions using Landsat‐TM and IKONOS imagery

Hazard interactions in glacial and periglacial environments are of crucial importance due to their potential for causing major catastrophes. Nevertheless, glacial and periglacial hazards have usually been modeled separately to date. In this study, we therefore propose a methodological strategy for modeling and assessing glacial and periglacial hazard interactions on a regional scale, including ice avalanches, lake outbursts and periglacial debris flows. Due to climate‐related rapid changes in glacial and periglacial areas, methods which incorporate monitoring capacities are needed. Hence, the methods presented here are based on remote sensing data, which are particularly powerful for monitoring tasks, and GIS modeling. For ice avalanche and lake‐outburst hazard detection and modeling, we applied recently published methods based on Landsat‐TM imagery, terrain modeling and flow routing. For detection of potential debris‐flow initiation zones in steep debris reservoirs, we present a novel method based on image processing of IKONOS data and terrain modeling, followed by flow modeling. Using this method, we achieve the synthesis of the individual process modeling in order to assess the potential interactions. The modeling is applied to a study region in the central Swiss Alps. The results show that systematic modeling based on remote sensing and GIS is suitable for first‐order assessment of glacial and periglacial hazard interactions as well as assessments of possible consequences, including impacts on traffic routes and other infrastructure. Based on this, critical cases can be detected and analyzed by subsequent detailed studies.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地路面沙害的空间分布研究

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地公路芦苇机械防沙体系失效后,在短时间内能够形成强度很大的路面沙害,严重影响交通。路面沙害的空间分布具有规律性:(1)沙垄区的路面沙害强度和发生频率均大于垄间地,而在沙垄次级地貌部位中,沙害强度垄顶>迎风坡>背风坡,但是沙害发生频率背风坡>垄顶>迎风坡;各地貌部位中沙害类型中都以路面积沙为主,沙丘前移压埋为辅。(2)在各种道路横断面中,路堑断面最易发生路面沙害,在各地貌区域都能够发生;零断面沙害发生频率其次,在垄间地比例最高;路堤断面沙害出现最少,只分布在垄间地。(3)道路与主风向大夹角路段的路面沙害发生频率和强度远大于小角度段,但是小角度之间的变化规律不明显。(4)地貌部位、道路断面和路风夹角3因素在空间上呈共轭分布。     

青藏高原冰湖研究进展及趋势

冰湖是由于冰川活动或者退缩产生的融水在冰川前部或者侧部汇集而成的,可分为冰川终碛湖(冰碛阻塞湖)、冰川阻塞湖、冰斗湖和冰蚀槽谷湖。其中分布数量较多、规模较大,且灾害风险较高的是冰川终碛湖。因此,冰川终碛湖是研究冰湖的主要对象。受全球气候变暖的影响,冰湖溃决产生的洪水、泥石流等重大冰川灾害的发生频率有所升高,灾害的影响程度以及范围也有所加大,引起了冰川山地国家的广泛关注。青藏高原内部发育着36793条现代冰川,冰川面积49873.44km2,分别占中国冰川总条数、总面积和冰储量的79.5%、84%和81.6%。在全球气候变暖的大背景下,多数冰川呈加速消融及退缩的态势,导致了冰湖溃决洪水和冰川泥石流等重大冰川灾害发生频率的加剧和影响程度的加大。本文围绕冰湖溃决条件、冰湖稳定性评价、冰湖溃决洪水模拟等几个研究方面,对青藏高原冰湖研究的现状及进展进行了较为系统的总结,并对未来研究趋势进行了展望。     

Snow-avalanche impact landforms, deposits and effects at Urdvatnet, southern Norway: implications for avalanche style and process

An unusual assemblage of landforms and deposits is described from upper Norangsdalen, Sunnmøre region, southern Norway, and interpreted as the product of snow‐avalanche events that vary in magnitude, frequency and debris content. An avalanche impact plunge pool, proximal scar and distal mound are associated with a coarse gravel deposit covering part of the valley floor. Landforms in this debris spread include gravel ridges, boulder lines, beaded ridges, fine sediment banked against and covering large boulders, and gravel clumps. Many of these landforms are aligned, indicating across‐valley transport radiating from the plunge pool. Features were mapped in the field and samples analysed for grain size and heavy‐mineral content. The debris spread is attributed to deposition by high‐energy, debris‐rich snow‐avalanche events that collect debris from large areas of the valley side, lower slopes and plunge pool. Aligned landforms develop through sediment transport in a basal shear zone, and randomly distributed gravel clumps represent melt pits following debris transport in the avalanche body. Air displacement ahead of larger avalanches is thought to have felled and tilted trees on the lower slopes of the distal valley side. Approximate ages of damaged trees allowed estimation of the frequency of snow‐avalanche events: (1) small, frequent events (several per annum) carry debris to the lower valley slopes and the plunge pool; (2) moderate events with an annual to decadal frequency maintain the pool–scar–mound complex; and (3) large, debris‐rich events with a decadal to centennial frequency add material to the debris spread.     

天山独库公路北段泥石流形成的水文气象条件

分析了新疆独库公路泥石流的形成特点及其水文气象条件，得出周期性气候背景是泥石流形成的有利条件，气温连续升高或高强度暴雨则是泥石流发生的关键。     

THE RESPONSE OF PARTIALLY DEBRIS‐COVERED VALLEY GLACIERS TO CLIMATE CHANGE: THE EXAMPLE OF THE PASTERZE GLACIER (AUSTRIA) IN THE PERIOD 1964 TO 2006

Long‐term observations of partly debris‐covered glaciers have allowed us to assess the impact of supra‐glacial debris on volumetric changes. In this paper, the behaviour of the partially debris‐covered, 3.6 km² tongue of Pasterze Glacier (47°05′N, 12°44′E) was studied in the context of ongoing climate changes. The right part of the glacier tongue is covered by a continuous supra‐glacial debris mantle with variable thicknesses (a few centimetres to about 1 m). For the period 1964–2000 three digital elevation models (1964, 1981, 2000) and related debris‐cover distributions were analysed. These datasets were compared with long‐term series of glaciological field data (displacement, elevation change, glacier terminus behaviour) from the 1960s to 2006. Differences between the debriscovered and the clean ice parts were emphasised. Results show that volumetric losses increased by 2.3 times between the periods 1964–1981 and 1981–2000 with significant regional variations at the glacier tongue. Such variations are controlled by the glacier emergence velocity pattern, existence and thickness of supra‐glacial debris, direct solar radiation, counter‐radiation from the valley sides and their changes over time. The downward‐increasing debris thickness is counteracting to a compensational stage against the common decrease of ablation with elevation. A continuous debris cover not less than 15 cm in thickness reduces ablation rates by 30–35%. No relationship exists between glacier retreat rates and summer air temperatures. Substantial and varying differences of the two different terminus parts occurred. Our findings clearly underline the importance of supra‐glacial debris on mass balance and glacier tongue morphology.     

Glacial change in the vicinity of Mt. Qomolangma (Everest), central high Himalayas since 1976

Glaciers are one of the most important land covers in alpine regions and especially sensitive to global climate change. Remote sensing has proved to be the best method of investigating the extent of glacial variations in remote mountainous areas. Using Landsat thematic mapping (TM) and multi-spectral-scanner (MSS) images from Mt. Qomolangma (Everest) National Nature Preserve (QNNP), central high Himalayas for 1976, 1988 and 2006, we derived glacial extent for these three periods. A combination of object-oriented image interpretation methods, expert knowledge rules and field surveys were employed. Results showed that (1) the glacial area in 2006 was 2710.17 ± 0.011 km2 (about 7.41% of the whole study area), and located mainly to the south and between 4700 m to 6800 m above sea level; (2) from 1976 to 2006, glaciers reduced by 501.91 ± 0.035 km2 and glacial lakes expanded by 36.88 ± 0.035 km2; the rate of glacier retreat was higher in sub-basins on the southern slopes (16.79%) of the Himalayas than on the northern slopes (14.40%); most glaciers retreated, and mainly occurred at an elevation of 4700–6400 m, and the estimated upper limit of the retreat zone is between 6600 m and 6700 m; (3) increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation over the study period are the key factors driving retreat.     

Glacial change in the vicinity of Mt. Qomolangma （Everest）, central high Himalayas since 1976

Glaciers are one of the most important land covers in alpine regions and especially sensitive to global climate change. Remote sensing has proved to be the best method of investigating the extent of glacial variations in remote mountainous areas. Using Landsat thematic mapping (TM) and multi-spectral-scanner (MSS) images from Mt. Qomolangma (Everest) National Nature Preserve (QNNP), central high Himalayas for 1976, 1988 and 2006, we derived glacial extent for these three periods. A combination of object-oriented image interpretation methods, expert knowledge rules and field surveys were employed. Results showed that (1) the glacial area in 2006 was 2710.17 ± 0.011 km² (about 7.41% of the whole study area), and located mainly to the south and between 4700 m to 6800 m above sea level; (2) from 1976 to 2006, glaciers reduced by 501.91 ± 0.035 km² and glacial lakes expanded by 36.88 ± 0.035 km²; the rate of glacier retreat was higher in sub-basins on the southern slopes (16.79%) of the Himalayas than on the northern slopes (14.40%); most glaciers retreated, and mainly occurred at an elevation of 4700–6400 m, and the estimated upper limit of the retreat zone is between 6600 m and 6700 m; (3) increase in temperature and decrease in precipitation over the study period are the key factors driving retreat.