WHY WAS HUMBOLDT FORGOTTEN IN THE UNITED STATES?*

ABSTRACT. In the nineteenth century Alexander von Humboldt was acclaimed as “the second Columbus” and “the scientific discoverer of America.” His prestige and fame were such that on 14 September 1869, the hundredth anniversary of his birth, a grand celebration was held with parades, speeches, concerts, and the unveiling of memorials in cities across the country. Humboldt's popularity in the United States endured for the remainder of the nineteenth century, but he dropped from public consciousness in the twentieth century. To account for the eclipse of Humboldt's fame in the United States three hypotheses are discussed: a shift in the character of scientific endeavor; the quality of Humboldt's written work; and the rise of anti‐German sentiment with a concurrent rush to “de‐Germanize” the United States in the early twentieth century.     

HUMBOLDT'S NODES AND MODES OF INTERDISCIPLINARY ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE IN THE ANDEAN WORLD*

ABSTRACT. Alexander von Humboldt engaged in a staggering array of diverse experiences in the Andes and adjoining lowlands of northwestern South America between 1801 and 1803. Yet examination of Humboldt's diaries, letters, and published works shows how his principal activities in the Andes centered on three interests: mining and geological landscapes; communications and cartography; and use and distribution of the quinine‐yielding cinchona trees. Each node represented a pragmatic concern dealing with environmental resources in the context of the Andes. To pursue these interests in his Andean field studies, Humboldt relied on varied cultural interactions and vast social networks for knowledge exchange, in addition to extensive textual comparisons. These modes of inquiry dovetailed with his pragmatic interests and his open‐ended intellectual curiosity. Fertile combinations in his Andean studies provided the foundation and main testing ground for Humboldt's fused nature‐culture approach as well as his contributions to early geography and interdisciplinary environmental science.     

THOMAS JEFFERSON,AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS,AND THE USES OF GEOGRAPHY*

ABSTRACT. Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) had a lifelong interest in geography. Except for his role in the Lewis and Clark Expedition and a few references to his Notes on the State of Virginia, however, geographers have taken a relatively slight interest in this aspect of his thought, despite his having sometimes been referred to as “one of the greatest American geographers.” This essay suggests that we need to reexamine Jefferson as a geographical thinker. Reviewing some of the more important literature thus far, it suggests where such topics may profitably be extended and points to some aspects of his geographical interests not yet incorporated into the geographical literature.     

GEOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATION AND THE ELUSIVE MAPPING OF AMAZONIA*

In this article I reexamine Alexander Hamilton Rice's seventh expedition to Amazonia (1924–1925) in order to highlight the ways in which the image of the modern explorer was constructed through various technologies of visualization, including maps, still photography, and film. The Rice expedition was equipped with the latest surveying instruments, among them a hydroplane especially adapted for taking aerial photographs, and it was the first to attempt shortwave radio communication in the Tropics. However, the expedition's efforts to reach the headwaters of the Rio Branco ended in failure. I investigate Rice's heavy investment in making a visual record of the expedition in the context of his academic ambitions. Despite his influence in learned societies in the United States and Europe, his questionable reputation within academic circles was difficult to overcome: His reliance on publicity to enhance his academic career had adverse consequences. The retelling of Rice's tale here also sheds light on the role of indigenous local knowledge and agency in the history of exploration. All the modern surveying technology employed notwithstanding, local support remained crucial for Amazonian exploration.     

加拿大西北航道与俄罗斯北方海航道管理的对比研究

加拿大和俄罗斯分别是北极西北航道与北方海航道的实际管理者。本论文采用对比研究的方式分析两国北极航道管理举措的异同点,以此为切入点,深入解析两国航道主权诉求的异同点,了解两国在诉求北极航道主权及实现航道经济潜能之间的权衡,探究两国对待未来北极航道商业通航的态度。并且,两国不同的北极航道管理举措还可以揭示各自对航道在国家政治军事安全重要性的认知差异、对海域环境保护的不同重视程度。北极航道管理举措折射出两国北极航道的政策现状及走向,围绕其展开的对比研究有助于国际社会更好应对未来北极航道的全面商业通航。     

鲁西北地区土地资源条件与土地利用变化趋势的研究

本文从分析鲁西北地区土地资源的基本特点入手,讨论了该地区土地需求、土地利用结构和土地利用方式的变化趋势,以及水土资源条件对未来土地利用变化的影响。本文还探讨了土地利用变化对环境和农业持续发展可能产生的影响,并提出了一些实现土地资源高效持续利用的措施。     

南极附近水域微小型藻类的研究 Ⅴ．长城站周围不同生境淡水藻类的分布

本文报道了长城站周围西湖水、西湖泥沙、陆地雪（西湖雪、企鹅粪便和藓类沼泽地）等不同生境淡水藻类的种类组成、密度及分布、生态类群及相似性。分析结果表明，不同生境的种类组成和密度差异显著。陆地雪（４、５站）的藻类密度大于西湖中的水、雪、泥沙。在已鉴定３个门类５０种淡水藻类中，划分为两大生态类群：根据其生存环境，划分为水生藻类和雪生藻类；或根据生活方式的不同，划分为浮游藻类和底生（着生）藻类。     

西南极乔治王岛北海岸火山岩的~（40）Ar／~（39）Ar和K-Ar年龄测定

本文采用４０Ａｒ／３９Ａｒ、Ｋ－Ａｒ和激光微区等时线方法，对乔治王岛北海岸的火山岩进行了系统的年龄测定。实验结果表明，该区的火山活动从晚白垩世延续到始新世末期，主要喷发时代为始新世。岩石的年龄由南西向北东依次变新，表明乔治王岛的火山活动中心在不断迁移，与整个南设得兰群岛火山岩的时、空分布规律相符。侵入岩比火山岩生成晚而岩石化学成分更偏酸性，说明侵入岩可能是火山岩同源岩浆分异演化的产物。这批高质量数据的获得，将为区域火山岩地层时代的厘定和构造岩浆演化过程的研究提供有力的依据。