WOMEN'S WORLDS AT THE AMERICAN GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY*

ABSTRACT. For much of the twentieth century, women in the United States found it difficult to obtain university positions in geography. Opportunities existed in other types of institutions, however, including the American Geographical Society (ags ). This article addresses ways in which the Society's mission intersected with its historical context from 1895 to 1970 to create niches for women in editorial and library work. It explores the women's origins, their perspectives and experiences with the ags , and the significance of their contributions to the discipline. It suggests the potential of a gendered social approach for enriching understanding of the histories of geographical institutions.     

GEOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATION AND THE ELUSIVE MAPPING OF AMAZONIA*

In this article I reexamine Alexander Hamilton Rice's seventh expedition to Amazonia (1924–1925) in order to highlight the ways in which the image of the modern explorer was constructed through various technologies of visualization, including maps, still photography, and film. The Rice expedition was equipped with the latest surveying instruments, among them a hydroplane especially adapted for taking aerial photographs, and it was the first to attempt shortwave radio communication in the Tropics. However, the expedition's efforts to reach the headwaters of the Rio Branco ended in failure. I investigate Rice's heavy investment in making a visual record of the expedition in the context of his academic ambitions. Despite his influence in learned societies in the United States and Europe, his questionable reputation within academic circles was difficult to overcome: His reliance on publicity to enhance his academic career had adverse consequences. The retelling of Rice's tale here also sheds light on the role of indigenous local knowledge and agency in the history of exploration. All the modern surveying technology employed notwithstanding, local support remained crucial for Amazonian exploration.     

BRAZILIAN IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES AND THE GEOGRAPHICAL IMAGINATION*

ABSTRACT. In the late 1980s more than 1 million Brazilians left Brazil without returning. Today an estimated 2 million Brazilians live abroad, 1.2 million of them in the United States. In this article I show that Brazilians migrate for a variety of reasons, including the geographical imagination. Why are so many Brazilians leaving for the United States? What are their geographical imaginations, and how are they described in their migration process? Using primary and secondary data and multiple methods, I address these questions by providing insights into Brazilian migrants' place perceptions, experiences, and reasons for migrating, focusing on the geographical imagination. Those migrants who end up returning to Brazil are more likely to cite financial and curiosity reasons for having migrated. A web of transnational religious and social networks sustains those immigrants who remain in the United States. Reasons for migrating are not economic alone; rather, they are based on interrelated and complex factors that range from adventure to curiosity, the cultural influence of the United States, family members, education, and escape.     

论地理环境对潮汕饮食文化的影响

潮汕饮食文化作为岭南文化的有机组成部分，以丰富多样，无所不食而名震南粤，享誉全国。它的形成既有历史文化的影响，也与独特的地理环境有着千丝万缕的联系。湿热的气候、濒临大海、水网密布、人多地少和相对封闭的地理环境，百越之族与中原文化的碰撞交融等孕育了注重饮食口味“清、淡、甘、和”，汤水讲究原汁原味，小吃多样、原料丰富、佐料齐全以及工夫茶等饮食特色，在中华饮食文化中形成了潮菜流派。     

ETHICS IN GEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH*

Ethical dilemmas involving issues of harm-benefit, privacy, deception, and sponsor relations are encountered frequently in geographical research. Geographers have not always been sensitive to ethical issues, nor have they always been able to reconcile their obligations to understanding and knowledge with those of respecting the dignity and integrity of research subjects. This paper reviews these fundamental ethical concerns. Four strategies for handling ethical difficulties are reviewed: individual self-regulation, disciplinary responses, institutional controls, and external controls. Individual self-regulation is recommended.     

MAKING THE STRANGE FAMILIAR: GEOGRAPHICAL ANALOGY IN GLOBAL GEOPOLITICS*

ABSTRACT. In several publications in the 1950s, Donald Meinig raised two themes that are central to contemporary “critical geopolitics”: criticizing the idea of a determining global physical geography that directs global geopolitics, and suggesting that geographical labels and geopolitical concepts have political consequences. I take off from Meinig's insight about geopolitics as an active process of naming and acting by discussing the broad power of analogy in world politics and by examining recent use of two geographical analogies—the Macedonian syndrome and balkanization—as symptomatic of a wider process of making the strange familiar by recycling geographical analogies.     

自然地理区划问题探讨

本文从较新的角度探讨了自然地理区划的对象和原则等问题。文章指出,地球内能与太阳辐射能都是地表自然综合体演化的外部条件;高度地带性也是地理地带性规律的主要内容。并强调了水热对比关系是各级自然综合体差异的主要根源。     

论农业结构变化及其地理学研究

本文阐述农业结构的内涵，分析我国农业现代化过程引起的农业结构变化，提出发展农业地理学的若干思考。     

青藏高原自然地理研究的进展

本文综述青藏高原自然地理研究所取得的主要进展,诸如晚新生代以来高原剧烈抬升引起的自然环境巨大变化,上新世的古地理环境和高原隆起,湖泊和水系的演变,第四纪冰川作用,全新世古地理环境演化以及高原隆起对自然环境和过程的影响等。指出了青藏高原具有的独特自然环境类型和特征,阐述了山地垂直自然带谱类型的比较研究,三维空间的地域分异,自然区划以及对独特地生态现象和区域的研究成果。