昆仑断裂带东段滑动速率梯度

欧亚大陆走滑断裂带是否实现对青藏地壳及岩石层的向东挤出,很大程度上取决于断层尾端变形的动力学机制。本文我们利用青藏高原北部昆仑断裂最东段千年尺度的地貌标志物提供一组最新的滑动速率测定结果。该断裂带是印度?亚欧碰撞带产生的最主要走滑断裂带之一,在西藏岩石层向东挤出的模型中扮演着主要的作用。曾有人争论在相当长的长度内该断裂显示出相同的滑动速率。黄河支流上的河流阶地位移以及阶地上物质的14C测年可以控制晚更新世至全新世断层以来的滑动速率。结果显示沿断裂东部约150km滑动速率从>10mm/a～<2mm/a自西向东系统地递减。这些数据向那些认为整条断裂滑动速率保持一致的观点提出质疑,相反揭示出位错的梯度性,这与那些在断层尾端预期的情形是类似的。另外,沿断层的滑动看起来在增厚的高原地壳内部终结,因此沿昆仑断裂的滑动导致的西藏岩石层的挤出都会被断裂尾端周围高原的内部变形所吸收。     

阿尔金断裂带东段距今20ka以来的滑动速率

阿尔金断裂带作为青藏高原北部边界 ,其走滑量和走滑速率一直为地学界所关注 ,对这样一条大陆内部巨型走滑断裂带的滑动速率进行研究 ,对于了解阿尔金断裂带左旋走滑和青藏高原北部隆升之间的耦合关系 ,具有重要意义。在阿尔金断裂带东段的疏勒河口以西 ,阿尔金断裂错断了几条规模相近的河流阶地和洪积扇 ,形成典型的走滑断层断错地貌。通过对这些典型断错地貌点的地貌观测和年代学研究 ,得到阿尔金断裂带东段石堡城以东疏勒河以西自 2 0kaBP以来的滑动速率约为 4～ 5mm/a。自 50kaBP以来 ,阿尔金断裂带东段断层平均滑动速率具有较高的时间、空间一致性 ,约为 4～ 6mm/a ,表明利用河流阶地和洪积扇位错作为断层走滑位移标志计算断层滑动速率 ,具有较高的可信度     

东昆仑活动断裂带东段古地震活动特征

东昆仑活动断裂托索湖——玛曲以东肯定那一带， 可据阿尼玛卿玛积峰为界再分为花石峡段和玛沁段两个在几何上不连续的段落. 两段在表征断层全新世活动特征的古地震事件方面有明显差异， 花石峡段的地震活动性明显高于玛沁段的地震活动性. 古地震研究表明， 花石峡段上3次强震活动相邻两次地震发生的时间间隔分别约为500 a和640 a， 玛沁段上最近两次古地震事件间大致有1 000 a左右的时间间隔. 根据断层平均滑动速率计算的花石峡段7.5级地震的平均复发间隔为411~608 a， 相对应的同震平均水平位错约为（5.75plusmn;0.57）m. 虽然玛沁段的地震活动性较弱， 但由于该段上最近一次地震事件离现在较为久远， 已经积累的应变能应该使我们对其未来地震危险性的分析有足够重视.      

阿尔金断裂带西段车尔臣河以西晚第四纪以来的滑动速率研究

通过分析阿尔金断裂带西段车尔臣河出山口以西 85°～ 86°E的高精度SPOT卫星影像 ,结合野外考察和年代学研究 ,对阿尔金断裂带西段 3个典型走滑断层的断错地貌进行了研究。在库拉木拉克 ,阿尔金断裂带西段自 (6 0 2± 0 4 7)kaBP以来的左旋滑动速率为 (11 6± 2 6 )mm/a ,自 (15 6 7± 1 19)kaBP以来的左旋滑动速率为 (9 6± 2 6 )mm/a ;阿羌牧场附近 ,自 (2 0 6± 0 16 )kaBP以来的左旋滑动速率为 (12 1± 1 9)mm/a ;达拉库岸萨依附近 ,自 (4 91± 0 39)kaBP以来的左旋滑动速率为(12 2± 3 0 )mm/a。由此得到阿尔金断裂带全新世以来的平均滑动速率约为 (11 4± 2 5 )mm/a。以阿尔金断裂带走向N75°E计算 ,阿尔金断裂带西段左旋走滑所吸收的青藏高原SN向缩短速率为 (3 0±0 6 )mm/a     

鲜水河—安宁河断裂带磨西—冕宁段的滑动速率与强震位错

航片解译及野外地震地质考察结果表明，鲜水河－安宁河断裂带磨西－冕宁段存在明显的晚第四纪活动性，其以左旋走滑运动为主，并伴有显著的垂直滑动分量。晚第四纪以来的平均水平滑动速率在鲜水河断裂磨西以南段为6．0－9．9mm/a，安宁河断裂冕宁以北段为4．7－5．3mm/a。同震位错及地震地表破裂研究表明，A．D．1786年康定－泸定磨西73／4级地震的地表破裂可能南延至田湾以南；安宁河断裂冕宁以北段则具有蕴育71／2级左右地震的构造背景，最晚一次强震的地质记录极有可能是史料记载不全的A．D．1327年一次6级或6级以上地震的证据。     

鲜水河断裂带南东段滑动速率与断层几何关系的数值模拟

本文在分析鲜水河断裂带南东段平面断层几何的基础上,利用二维有限单元数值分析方法探讨了该段各分支断层水平滑动速率以及各断块间的整体抬升速率。数值计算中设该断裂带北西段已知的滑动位移势是由南东段各分支断层分担的,并利用已知南东段的断层滑动速率作检验。结果表明:断裂带北西段水平滑动位移势中的91%是由南东段各分支断层的水平滑动分担的,雅拉河断层、色拉哈断层分担的比例最大,玉龙西断层次之。北西段滑动位移势中的其余9%由南东段垂直差异运动所转换。     

用阶地测量方法探讨阿尔金断裂中段全新世滑动速率

通过分析高精度数字化SPOT卫星影像 ,结合野外考察和年代学测试 ,对阿尔金南缘走滑断裂带的 3个典型走滑断层断错地貌点进行了研究。在安南坝沟 ,阿尔金南缘走滑断裂带一主要分支自 (9.36± 0 .73)kaBP以来的左旋滑动速率为 (7.5± 1.7)mm/a ;在七个泉子阿尔金南缘走滑断裂带有 4条分支 ,其中 1条规模较小的断层分支自 (13 86± 1 0 7)kaBP以来的左旋滑动速率为 (2 .3±0 5 )mm/a ,由此推断七个泉子附近断裂带全新世以来的滑动速率为 (6 .9± 1.5 )～ (9.2± 2 .0 )mm/a ;约马克其断裂带自 (4 .73± 0 .38)kaBP以来的左旋滑动速率为 (10 .6± 3.0 )mm/a。综合以上各点结果 ,阿尔金南缘走滑断裂带中段 88°30′E与 93°0 5′E之间全新世以来的水平滑动速率为 7～ 11mm/a ,与最新的GPS观测结果非常接近     

冷龙岭活动断裂的滑动速率研究

根据对冷龙岭断裂重点地段的野外调查,研究了该断裂的几何特征及浮雕劝速率。结果表明：该断裂为一条全新世活动断层,由一组近于平行的次级断裂所组成。按总体特征可将该断裂分为３段,中更新世以来各时代的断裂平均滑动速率分别为：中更新世：２．１４～４．６４ｍｍ／ａ,晚更新世：２．８６～４．０７ｍｍ／ａ,全新世：３．３５～４．６２ｍｍ／ａ,全新世以来该断裂平均垂直滑动速率为０．３８ｍｍ／ａ。     

东昆仑断裂带东段玛曲断裂新活动特征及全新世滑动速率研究

东昆仑活动断裂是青藏高原东北部一条重要的NWW向边界断裂。 玛曲断裂位于东昆仑断裂带的最东段。 根据野外考察结果认为玛曲断裂全新世以来活动强烈, 主要表现为左旋走滑运动, 并伴有正倾滑运动性质。 断错地貌特征明显, 断裂过玛曲县城以后, 沿黑河南岸穿过若尔盖草地向东, 直至岷山北端求吉附近。 通过两处断错地貌的全站仪器实测和测年资料讨论了玛曲断裂新活动特征和全新世滑动速率, 玛曲断裂全新世早期以来的平均水平滑动速率为6.29～5.71 mm/a, 全新世晚期以来的平均水平滑动速率为4.19～4.03 mm/a。     

博—阿断裂带中东段晚第四纪以来滑动速率

通过对新疆博—阿断裂带中东段的实地调查,发现断裂在吐鲁番盆地西南山前冲洪积扇上形成了冲沟右旋错动、断层陡坎、挤压隆起等与断裂活动相关的典型断错地貌。对比区域地貌面的分布和年龄,并结合测年结果,认为研究区内主要分布了3期冲洪积扇,并对应3级河流阶地。实测Fan3冲洪积扇上冲沟的最大右旋位错达40.8 m,其余分布在22～27 m区间内,Fan2冲洪积扇上冲沟的右旋位错达26.5 m,结合光释光年代样品的测试结果,得到1.8万年以来断裂平均右旋走滑速率为(1.42±0.18)mm/a。     

利用岷江阶地的变形估算龙门山断裂带中段晚第四纪滑动速率

用岷江都江堰—汶川段晚第四纪阶地面的变形量估算了龙门山断裂带中段的滑动速率。岷江及其支流发育3级晚第四纪河流阶地,阶地面的年龄分别约为10,20,50kaBP。阶地纵剖面在茂汶-汶川断裂、北川-映秀断裂和江油-灌县断裂处有明显的垂直变形。断裂活动具有间歇性特点,晚第四纪以来有过3期活动,其起始时间分别为50,20,10kaBP。依据各级阶地面年龄和变形量估算的茂汶-汶川断裂、北川-映秀断裂和江油-灌县断裂晚第四纪逆冲滑动速率分别为0.5,0.6～0.3,0.2mm/a;据阶地走滑位错估算的茂汶-汶川断裂和北川-映秀断裂的晚第四纪右旋走滑速率均约为1mm/a。现代河床之下发育很厚的河流堆积物表明,龙门山的构造抬升经历了较为复杂的过程     

HOLOCENE LEFT-LATERAL SLIP RATE OF THE LENGLONGLING FAULT,NORTHEASTERN MARGIN OF THE TIBETAN PLATEAU

The Lenglongling Fault(LLLF) is a major active left-lateral strike-slip fault along the northeastern margin of the Tibetan plateau. Fault slip rate is of great significance for researching the dynamics of tectonic deformation in NE Tibetan plateau and understanding the activity and seismic risk of the fault. However, slip rate of the LLLF, which remains controversial, is limited within~3~24mm/a, a relatively broad range. Taking Niutougou site(37.440 2°N, 102.094 0°E)and Chailong site(37.447 3°N, 102.063 0°E) in the upstream of Talihua gully in Menyuan County, Qinghai Province as the research objects, where faulted landform is typical, we analyzed the displacement evolution model and measured the slip amounts by back-slip of the faulted landform using high-resolution DEM from Terrestrial LiDAR and high-precision satellite images of Google Earth, and by collecting and testing samples from stratigraphic pit excavated in the faulted landform surface and stripping fresh stratigraphic section, we determined the abandonment age of the surface. Holocene slip rate obtained from Niutougou site and Chailong site is(6.4±0.7)mm/a and(6.6±0.3)mm/a, respectively, which have a good consistency. Taking into account the error range of the slip rate, the left-lateral slip rate of the LLLF is(6.6±0.8)mm/a since Holocene, which is between the previons results from geological method, also within the slip rate range of 4.2~8mm/a from InSAR, but slightly larger than that from GPS((4.0±1.0)mm/a). Late Quaternary slip rate of Qilian-Haiyuan fault zone, which displays an arc-shape distribution, turns to be the largest in LLLF region. The most intensive uplift in the LLLF region of the NE Tibetan plateau confirms the important role of the LLLF in accommodating the eastward component of movement of Tibetan plateau relative to the Gobi-Ala Shan block from one side.     

龙陵-瑞丽断裂(南支)北段晚第四纪活动性特征

遥感影像解译和野外地质地貌调查表明,龙陵-瑞丽断裂(南支)北段是以左旋走滑为主兼张性正断的区域性活动断裂。根据一些断错地貌点的大比例尺填图、实地测量及其年代学分析,确定了该断裂为全新世活动断裂,断裂晚更新世以来的平均水平滑动速率为2.2mm/a,平均垂直滑动速率为0.6mm/a;全新世以来的平均水平滑动速率为1.8～3.0mm/a,平均垂直滑动速率为0.5mm/a。断裂晚更新世以来的滑动速率在不同的时间尺度上变化不大,反映了该断裂晚更新世以来的活动强度比较平稳     

DETERMINATION OF SLIP RATE ON THE SOUTHERN SEGMENT OF THE ANNINGHE FAULT

The Anninghe Fault has been suggested as an important segment of the fault system along the eastern boundary of the Sichuan-Yunnan faulted block in the southeastern region of the Tibetan plateau. Reliable determination of the Late Quaternary slip rate on the Anninghe Fault is very helpful and significant for revealing deformation mechanism and kinematic characteristics of the Sichuan-Yunnan faulted block, which further helps us understand fault activity and seismic potential of the region. However, previous studies were focused mainly on the northern segment of the Anninghe Fault, while slip rate on its southern segment has been less studied. Therefore, in this paper, we chose two sites at Dashuigou and Maoheshan on the southern segment of the Anninghe Fault, and used high-resolution images of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)photogrammetry technology, detailed field survey, multiple paleoseismic trenching and radiocarbon dating methods to constrain slip rate on the southern fault segment of the Anninghe Fault. Specifically, we suggest that the slip rate at the Dashuigouo site is narrowly constrained to be~4.4mm/a since about 3^￣￣300a^￣￣BP based on a linear regression calculation method, and speculate that a slip rate of 2.6~5.2mm/a at the Maoheshan site would be highly possible, although we poorly constrained the whole deformation amount of the two branch faults at the Maoheshan site from multiple paleoseismic trenching. The data at the two sites on the southern segment show a consistent slip rate compared with that of the northern segment of the Anninghe Fault. Moreover, considering a similar paleoseismic recurrence interval on the two segments of the Anninghe Fault from previous studies, we further suggest that the fault activity and deformation pattern on the two segments of the Annignhe Fault appears to be well consistent, which is also in agreement with the regional tectonic deformation.     

THE TECTONIC ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF AWANCANG FAULT IN THE LATE QUATERNARY,THE SUB-STRAND OF THE EASTERN KUNLUN FAULT

It is well known that the slip rate of Kunlun Fault descends at the east segment, but little known about the Awancang Fault and its role in strain partitioning with Kunlun Fault. Whether the sub-strand(Awancang Fault) can rupture simultaneously with Kunlun Fault remains unknown. Based on field investigations, aerial-photo morphological analysis, topographic surveys and ¹⁴C dating of alluvial surfaces, we used displaced terrace risers to estimate geological slip rates along the Awancang Fault, which lies on the western margin of the Ruoergai Basin and the eastern edge of the Tibetan plateau, the results indicate that the slip rate is 3mm/a in the middle Holocene, similar to the reduced value of the Kunlun Fault. The fault consists of two segments with strike N50° W, located at distance about 16km, and converged to single stand to the SE direction. Our results demonstrate that the Awancang fault zone is predominantly left-lateral with a small amount of northeast-verging thrust component. The slip rates decrease sharply about 4mm/a from west to east between the intersection zone of the Awancang Fault and Kunlun Fault. Together with our previous trenching results on the Kunlun Fault, the comparison with slip rates at the Kunlun fault zone suggests that the Awancang fault zone has an important role in strain partitioning for east extension of Kunlun Fault in eastern Tibet. At the same time, the 15km long surface rupture zone of the southeast segment was found at the Awancang Fault. By dating the latest faulted geomorphologic surface, the last event may be since the 1766±54 Cal a BP. Through analysis of the trench, there are four paleoearthquake events identified recurring in situ on the Awancang Fault and the latest event is since (850±30)a BP. The slip rate of the Awancang Fault is almost equivalent to the descending value of the eastern part of the east Kunlun Fault, which can well explain the slip rate decreasing of the eastern part of the east Kunlun Fault(the Maqin-Maqu segment)and the characteristics of the structure dynamics of the eastern edge of the Tibet Plateau. The falling slip rate gradient of the eastern Kunlun Fault corresponds to the geometric characteristic. It is the Awancang Fault, the strand of the East Kunlun Fault that accommodates the strain distribution of the eastward extension of the east Kunlun Fault. This study is helpful to seismic hazard assessment and understanding the deformation mechanism in eastern Tibet.     

THE HOLOCENE ACTIVITY AND STRIKE-SLIP RATE OF THE SOUTHERN SEGMENT OF XIAOJIANG FAULT IN THE SOUTHEASTERN YUNNAN REGION,CHINA

The southern segment of the Xiaojiang Fault (SSXF) is located at the intersection of the Xianshuihe-Xiaojiang Fault and Red River-Ailao Shan fault systems in the southeast margin of the Tibetan plateau. Based on the interpretation of remote sensing image, the SSXF clearly shows the linear feature and continuous distribution as a single, penetrating fault. It has a total length of about 70km, trends generally about 20° to the northeast and protrudes slightly in the middle to the east. A typically geomorphologic phenomenon about the synchronous left-lateral dislocation of ridges and gullies can be found at Liangchahe, Longtan Village along the SSXF. The distribution of faults, the sedimentary features, attitude variance and the primary dating results of the offset strata in the trench section across fault sag ponds reveal three paleoseismic events rupturing obviously the surface, which demonstrates that the SSXF has the ability of recurrence of strong earthquakes. High-precision topographic map about two gullies and the platform between them with synchronous dislocation is acquired by using the Trimble 5800 GPS real-time difference measurement system. The dislocation is (18.3±0.5)m. As the top geomorphologic surface between the above two gullies and their adjacent area, the terrace surface T₂ stopped accepting deposits at ~2606a, based on the linear regression analysis of three dating data. According to the geological method, a sinistral strike-slip rate of (7.02±0.20)mm/a on the SSXF in the Holocene is obtained, which has a good consistency with the results provided by using GPS data. The preliminary results about the Holocene activity and slip rate of the SSXF demonstrate that the southward or south-southeast motion of the Sichuan-Yunnan block in the SE Yunnan region has not been absorbed by the possible shortening deformation and the sinistral strike-slip rate of the SSXF has not been drastically reduced. The SSXF is a Holocene fault with obvious activity. This preliminary understanding provides some basic geological data for the seismic risk evaluation of the SSXF in the future, and for the establishment and inspection of the seismotectonic model about the Sichuan-Yunnan block.     

HOLOCENE SLIP RATE ALONG THE NE-TRENDING QIXIANG CO FAULT IN THE CENTRAL TIBETAN PLATEAU AND ITS TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS

The two mainstream deformation models of the Tibet plateau are continental escape model and crustal thickening model, the former suggests that the NW-trending Karakoram Fault, Gyaring Co Fault, Beng Co Fault and the Jiali Fault as the Karakoram-Jiali fault zone is the southern border belt and that the dextral strike-slip rate is estimated as up to 10~20mm/yr. However, research results in recent years show that the slip rates along those faults are significantly less than earlier estimates. Taylor et al. (2003)suggest that the conjugate strike-slip faults control the active deformation in the central Tibet. The lack of research on the slip behavior of the NE-trending faults in the central Tibet Plateau constrains our understanding of the central Tibet deformation model. Thus, we choose the NE-direction Qixiang Co Fault located at the north of the Gyaring Co Fault as research object. Based on the interpretation of satellite images, we found several faulted geomorphic sites. Using RTK-GPS ground control point and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)topographic surveying, we obtained less than 10cm/pix-resolution digital elevation model (DEM)in the Yaqu town site. We used the LaDiCaoz_v2.1 software to automatically extract the left-lateral offset of the largest gully on the terrace T₂ surface, which is (21.3±7.1)m, and the vertical dislocation of the scarp on the terrace T₂ surface, which is (0.9±0.1)m. The age of both U-series dating samples on the terrace T₂ is (4.98±0.17)ka and (5.98±0.07)ka, respectively. The Holocene left-lateral slip rate along Qixiang Co Fault is (3.56±1.19)mm/a and the vertical slip rate is (0.15±0.02)mm/a. The kinematic characteristics of the sinistral strike-slip with normal slip coincide with the eastward motion of the central Tibet plateau, and its magnitude is in agreement with its conjugate Gyaring Co Fault, suggesting that the deformation pattern of the central Tibetan plateau complies with the conjugate strike-slip faults mode.     

滇西北通甸-巍山断裂中段的晚第四纪滑动速率

通甸-巍山断裂属于红河断裂带的分支断裂,目前对该断裂中段的晚第四纪活动特征研究较少。野外地质地貌调查和年代学研究结果表明,通甸-巍山断裂中段是以右旋走滑运动为主,兼有张性正断的全新世活动断裂,其最新活动时代距今约2.2ka。晚更新世中晚期以来断裂中段平均水平滑动速率为1.25mm/a,全新世晚期以来垂直运动趋于增强。该研究不仅为该断裂的地震危险性评价工作提供了基础资料,而且有助于理解川滇菱形块体西南边界构造变形的空间分配特点     

郯庐断裂带中段全新世活断层的特征滑动行为与特征地震

郯庐断裂带中段全新世活断层由３个独立的破裂段组成。从各破裂段的运动性质、位移分布看，断层的运动属特征地震型滑动。地震活动以强震活动为主，强震具有周期性原地重复发生的特点，且其强度基本相同；中强地震缺失或很少发生；ｂ值在高震级范围内具低ｂ值的非线性关系。这些特点正是特征地震的典型表现．根据郯庐断裂带中段活断层全新世以来的活动特点看，未来该区仍然以特征地震方式活动．按郯庐带的强震复发间隔和各段的最新一次活动时代推算，未来一段时期内新沂－宿迁段复发大震的可能性较大，安丘段次之，莒县－郯城段复发大震的可能性则很小。