核废料地下处置过程中相关动力学问题及控制措施

深地层地下处置是目前首选的核废料处置方案。由于放射性核素的长期的衰变和辐射导致的某些不可预见性因素．综合评估和预测核废料处置场的安全性是至关重要的。本文从理论上分析了核废料地下处置过程中温度场、应力场、渗流场三场相互影响、相互作用的力学机理,并提出了核废料泄漏的防治措施,为核废料地下处置过程中环境评价提供了基础理论依据。     

A natural analogue for the long-term corrosion of copper nuclear waste containers—reanalysis of a study of a bronze cannon

The study of natural analogues is often used to support long-term predictions of the safety of geological disposal of used nuclear fuel. The case of a bronze cannon, submerged in seawater-saturated clay sediments for a period of 310 a, is reassessed with reference to a corrosion mechanism developed for copper nuclear waste containers in a conceptual disposal vault in the Canadian Shield. Redox reactions between Cu, Fe and dissolved O₂ are believed to have played an important role in the corrosion of the bronze cannon and also form an essential part of the corrosion mechanism proposed for nuclear waste containers. Limited rates of mass transport through compacted clay are also important in determining the corrosion behaviour of both the cannon and the containers.     

现代核分析技术在资源环境研究中的应用

现代核分析技术是当今核科学的一个重要领域,是现代科学和高新技术发展中应用非常广泛的研究手段。本文论述了多种核分析技术,诸如同步辐射X荧光分析,源激发X射线莹光分析,裂变径迹技术,中子活化分析等对单个流体包裹体,矿物学,热液成矿作用,构造活动,蛇绿岩的形成环境以及大气环境等学科的应用研究。      

航空伽马能谱测量在突发核事件中的应用

航空放射性测量由于其独特的优点,在区域环境辐射测量、突发核事件测量等方面具有广泛的应用前景,通过一些实例来展现航空放射性测量在突发核事件测量中的优势,讨论了制定航空放射性应急测量预案的可行性。     

Long-term risk assessment of possible accidental release of nuclear power plants in complex terrains with respect to synoptic weather patterns

This paper presents an integrated effort of a long-term risk analysis for the emergency response of nuclear power plants in complex terrains. Use of coupled source term, fate and transport, and exposure assessment models associated with eight synoptic weather patterns successfully provides timely and reasonably accurate long-range prognostic wind fields to simulate the possible exposure episodes and risk potential. The seamless integration of multi-scale simulation models in accordance with different release scenarios of process source term in the nuclear power plants permits the simulation of pollutant fate, transport, and deposition processes in multiple dimensions of atmospheric environment. With the aid of spatial analysis, the assessment of potential detrimental impacts for the accidental release of various nuclides from nuclear power plants becomes achievable. The practical implementation of this integrated modeling system was assessed by case studies at one existing nuclear power plant in southern Taiwan, China. Two- and three-dimensional fly-through visualization technologies make risk assessment practical and credible based on the differing weather patterns identified at the continental scale in advance.     

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2016.09.005

We propose the nuclear geyser model to elucidate an optimal site to bear the first life.Our model overcomes the difficulties that previously proposed models have encountered.Nuclear geyser is a geyser driven by a natural nuclear reactor,which was likely common in the Hadean Earth,because of a much higher abundance of ~(235)U as nuclear fuel.The nuclear geyser supplies the following:(1)high-density ionizing radiation to promote chemical chain reactions that even tar can be used for intermediate material to restart chemical reactions,(2)a system to maintain the circulation of material and energy,which includes cyclic environmental conditions(warm/cool,dry/wet,etc.)to enable to produce complex organic compounds,(3)a lower temperature than 100℃ as not to break down macromolecular organic compounds,(4)a locally reductive environment depending on rock types exposed along the geyser wall,and(5)a container to confine and accumulate volatile chemicals.These five factors are the necessary conditions that the birth place of life must satisfy.Only the nuclear geyser can meet all five,in contrast to the previously proposed birth sites,such as tidal flat,submarine hydrothermal vent,and outer space.The nuclear reactor and associated geyser,which maintain the circulations of material and energy with its surrounding environment,are regarded as the nuclear geyser system that enables numerous kinds of chemical reactions to synthesize complex organic compounds,and where the most primitive metabolism could be generated.     

导线环垂直激发场高精度数值模拟

导线环垂直激发场是导线环在地下产生的激发场中垂直于地磁场的分量,在地面核磁共振找水方法中,垂直激发场在地下的分布直接决定地面核磁共振响应,探讨影响垂直激发场地下分布的诸因素进而研究这些因素对地面核磁共振响应的作用,对核磁共振找水正确野外施工具有一定的指导意义,有助于采集更高质量的野外数据.利用经典Chave算法对含有贝塞尔函数的强振荡积分核进行了数值积分试验,将其计算结果和对应的解析解进行了对比,试验结果显示该算法用于强震荡函数无穷积分的计算具有良好的收敛性、较高的精度和较快的计算速度,采用Chave算法对含有贝塞尔函数的强振荡函数进行积分是可行的.在此基础上,进一步计算并数值模拟了导线环垂直激发场及其相位,分别从地磁倾角、磁偏角、地下介质导电性、深度等方面探讨了影响垂直激发场及其相位分布的主要因素.     

核子在地学中的应用与发展──缅怀导师侯德封先生

核子是组成物质的基本粒子。自然界物质千差万别，就其本质来说是由核子决定的。对核子的研究不仅是物理学，也是地学及其它自然科学的一个主题。核子理论在地学中得到广泛应用。侯德封先生提出的核子地质学，开拓了地学研究的新领域。核转变能是地质作用的主要动力，放射性衰变规律为地球演化建立了准确时钟，同位素分馏为探讨地球演化、环境变迁提供了重要依据，同位素示踪是地质探测、环境监测的重要手段，核子地质学把地球科学与基础物理学、天文学、古气候学及其它科学和现代技术紧密地结合在一起。     

地质系统热-水-力耦合作用的随机建模初步研究

热-水-力(THM)耦合作用是岩石力学与环境地质中的重要基础理论问题,核废料地质处置库周围的缓冲材料和围岩中的热-水-力耦合现象将影响其力学稳定性、热传导性和渗透性,进而影响放射性核素在裂隙岩体中的迁移规律。核废料或放射性废料的地下深埋处置是国际上正在研究的永久性隔离的有效方法之一。因此,对核废料地质处置法安全性评估的一个重要内容就是对裂隙岩体中力学稳定性与构造应力、地下水渗流及热载荷等的耦合作用之数值模拟和评估。这已成为当前刻不容缓的重要的环境影响评价课题。笔者研究了温度场-渗流场-应力场中热传导系数和渗透率以及岩体力学参数的空间变异性,用实验方法研究三场耦合效应及裂隙岩体的场性能等效处理,试图建立热-水-力耦合作用的随机性数学模型及可视化数值模拟方法,为核废料地质处置安全性评估提供直观的新方法。     

我国铀地勘业可持续发展的战略思考

以国家能源、矿业、铀和核电政策为依托,讨论、分析了我国未来核电用铀趋势及铀地勘业发展的机遇和挑战。我国铀资源潜力深远,地质勘查程度相对较低;地域辽阔,资金投入尚少;宏观上看,铀矿找矿周期与国际水平相当,而找铀装备、方法存在差距,铀矿经济评价体系和理念亟待建立。为了确保国家核电安全运行,未来15年是我国铀地勘业十分关键的时期。     

正确对待放射性与核安全

通过天然放射性的变化,放射性安全标准体系知识介绍,以及日本3.11大地震及引发的海啸和核泄漏对环境影响范围的分析,说明福岛第一核电站核泄漏对中国领域没有任何影响;以WHO安全标准衡量,在本洲岛的影响范围小于1万km2.同时通过实例讨论,强调了加强对核电站周边环境的日常监测,重视核电站周边放射性环境微小变化,是保障核安全的重要环节之一.最后介绍了大亚湾核电站周边水库水质重金属元素分析结果,并评价了核电站环境的安全性,指出具有好的安全保障体系的核能利用是清洁、环保的能源.     

核地球物理勘查技术发展概况

本文简要叙述了80年代以来,国内外发展较快的几种主要核地球物理勘查技术的概况。这些方法有：中微子在地球科学中的应用;应用核技术探测纳米级微粒和气体;航空伽马能谱测量;应用核技术原位测品位并计算线储量(包括X射线荧光辐射取样;中子活化辐射取样和伽马射线辐射取样);地面伽马能谱测量;互射线荧光测井;水底和海底天然放射性方法测量;水底和海底中子活化方法测量;水下X射线荧光测量;核磁共振方法;在工程中应用核技术;反射宇宙中子法;以及在环境科学中应用核技术等。     

Cold Crucible Induction Melting for Production of Murataite Matrices for Immobilization of Actinides

Doklady Earth Sciences - Crystalline phases are promising materials (matrices) for isolating nuclear waste with long-lived radionuclides, actinides first of all. Melting in an induction-heated cold...     

核应急航空监测方法

本概述了国际上核应急航空监测方法的开发和研究现状，介绍了我国建立的第一套兼容的能基本满足核应急航测要求的航空监测系统。结合实例，探讨了根据核事故应急航空监测的不同目的需采取的相应航空监测方法。     

地球物质演变的能源问题

地球发展历史是地球物质运动的过程。核转变更新着地球的化学元素与同位素组成;它影响着地球发展过程中各特殊矛盾的发展与转化。地球的能源有外来能与内生能,这两种近于相互独立而又统一的能源体系组成了地球的演化能源。我们研究和计算了各种外来能与内生能的产生方式、能量大小及对地球演化的影响,而地球演化的主要内能源是核转变能。天然核转变有两种,一种是在地球发展过程中自发产生的(核衰变、自发裂变等),一种是受外因条件所激发而产生的(诱发裂变,核反应等)。     

氢质子弛豫过程

论述了原子核系统磁化强度的的弛豫原理,分析了含水地层中氢质子磁化强度的弛豫过程,推导出磁化强度的布洛赫方程,从而给出接受线圈中感应电动势的衰减规律,通过计算得到磁化强度各分量随时间的衰减过程以及感应电动势的衰减曲线,分析了纵向弛豫和横向弛豫时间常数与磁化强度各分量和感应电动势的关系。     

核电站扩建工程基坑开挖爆破振动安全控制

结合秦山核电二期扩建工程,在已运行核电站附近新扩建核电站的大型基坑开挖过程中进行爆破振动的监测与爆破振动的控制。通过理论分析与监测等多种手段对爆破振动进行有效的控制,确保了正在运行核电站的安全。所总结的减震措施经验对其他核电站的爆破振动控制具有借鉴作用。     

航空磁测在我国核电站选址中的应用

为解决广东某核电站的选址问题,评价预选核电站厂址的核安全是否合格,94年航遥中心利用航空磁测资料,研究了该区域的深部构造特征及其地壳的稳定性,取得了重要的地质成果,为选择核电站厂址提供了深部地球物理依据,开拓了航磁的应用领域.     

Supportive elements to the decision-making process in the emergency planning of the Angra dos Reis Nuclear Power Complex,Brazil

Accidents in nuclear power plants are problems of great complexity, mainly due to their consequences, such as the population evacuation from the enterprise influence area. The decision-making and emergency plans must be well articulated and require good local geographic space knowledge and the interactions of their environments. This study is a contribution to the emergency plans for the Almirante Álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant, currently the only nuclear complex in Brazil, located in Angra dos Reis, Rio de Janeiro. The study confirmed the region’s main geoenvironmental aspects as winds and rainfall, landslides and population density were evaluated as important elements in the local emergency process. Their integrated analysis supported scenario identification and critical regional points and highlighted population evacuation escape routes. These important results characterized the support to local emergency management actions and guidelines. Furthermore, the geographic information systems was configured as an integrated spatial and temporal analysis platform to associate meteorological, geological/geomorphological and socio-economic data, playing a key role to support the evacuation planning in the event of nuclear power plant accidents.     

炸药触地爆炸后核电站安全壳基底振动响应分析

现代战争或恐怖活动中,核电站很可能受到精确制导炸弹的攻击。运用有限元软件LS－DYNA3D,以5 000 kg等效TNT当量的装药在安全壳100 m外触地爆炸为例,将装药爆炸、土中传播和结构构成有限元分析体系,对安全壳基底的振动响应进行了分析。结果表明,安全壳基底和壳体的压力呈环状分布,在基底和壳体的连接处有明显的应力集中;等效应力-时程曲线和径向应力-时程曲线显示,壳体的最大等效应力为35 kPa、最大径向应力为32 kPa,均在安全范围。在给定的条件下,基底和壳体的响应值远未超出设计值,核电站的运行安全可靠。