中国天山高山冰缘环境中的寒冻风化剥蚀作用及其影响因素

通过量测天山高山冰缘环境中崩落在公路上的寒冻风化碎屑,给出寒冻风化剥蚀速率及其主要影响因素。玉希莫勒盖达坂寒冻风化剥蚀率平均为0.0115m/a,哈希勒根达坂的平均剥蚀率是0.0014m/a,冰达坂的平均剥蚀率是0.0018m/a。对寒冻风化作用的主要影响因素有海拔、坡向、温度和降水、岩性构造及地形条件等。     

寒冻风化控制的祁连山风化碎屑的空间分布

寒冻风化是冰缘地貌区及高寒山区的主要物理风化过程,其提供的风化碎屑物质是该区域崩塌等灾害性地貌过程的主要物质来源。由于寒冻风化对基岩的破碎是由温度控制的累积过程,过去温度变化对地貌演化具有重要意义,但其时间尺度的选取尚需进一步探究。因此本文选取祁连山北部为研究区,通过对比分析风化碎屑的空间分布特征与不同时间尺度温度变化控制的平均寒冻风化强度的空间分布特征,探讨干旱半干旱高寒山区风化碎屑空间分布的主要控制因素。结果显示,万年尺度及十万年尺度平均寒冻风化强度的高值与风化碎屑边界存在较好的空间一致性,祁连山西段万年尺度平均寒冻风化强度的高值与风化碎屑边界的空间相关性优于十万年尺度。本研究同时指出,温度升高导致寒冻风化的作用区向高海拔区域移动,进而产生新的高风险灾害区域。本研究强调寒冻风化对灾害性地貌过程的调控作用,为全球变暖背景下灾害性地貌过程的预测提供了新的思路,可以成为防灾减灾决策的重要参考。     

浙东南中生代晚期火山岩Nd同位素组成及其他地层学意义

浙江东南部中生代晚期火山地层可划分为三个火山旋回，通过对不同层位火岩岩Nd同位素组成的研究，得出结果：第一至第三旋回火山岩（自下而上）εNd(t)值依次为－14．1－6．2，平均－9．9；－7．7－－6．4，平均－7．0及－7．5－＋0．1，平均－4．6。t2DM值依次为1．6－1．8Ga，平均1．7Ga；1．4－1．6Ga，平均1．5Ga及0．9－1．5Ga。由此可见，在不同的火山旋回之间具有明显的Nd同位素组成特征差异，它反映了该区中生代晚期火山活动随时间的推移，在构造环境和岩浆来源上所发生的有序变化，从而，Nd同位素示踪信息也就有可能作为火山地层划分和对比的重要依据之一。     

流动注射在线分离预浓集—同位素稀释—电感耦合等离子体质谱测定地质样品中的铕

建立了一种利用P507树脂微柱在线分离预浓集－同位素稀释－电感耦合等离子体质谱测定地质样品中铕的方法。样品消耗量为7．5mL时，实现了16倍的预浓集因数。通过分析标准地质样品验证了该方法的可行性，结果与标准值一致，相对标准偏差（n＝5）为6．9％－9．2％。用于分析重晶石样品并作加入回收实验，进一步验证了该方法的可行性，回收率为82％－98％。该方法测定Eu的检出限为22ng／L。     

风对山地雨量的影响

采用１５°、２５°、３５°三个斜度的马蹄口雨量筒，代表三个山地坡度，使斜口分别朝向Ｓ、Ｎ两个方向，测定风对山地雨量的影响。结果表明：当风速在１．５—６．５ｍ／ｓ时，背风坡的雨量比平地少１．５％－７．５％，迎风坡的雨量比平地多１．９％－６．０％，背风和迎风两个坡面相差３．４％－１３．５％。同时采用实测与理论推导相结合的方法，确定了风对山地雨量影响的数学模型。     

广州清水濠建筑场地地基岩土的工程地质特征及基础施工建议

广州清水濠建筑场的地基岩土自上而下为：人工填土（包括杂填土和素填土－－粉质粘土），冲积层（包括淤泥质土、淤泥和中砂），残积层（粉质粘土）和风化基岩（白垩纪三水组泥岩，按风化的程度划分为强风化、中等风化和微风化带），属软弱土场地类型，总厚17．3－55．6m。根据地基岩土的工程地质特征及拟建建筑物对地基岩土的要求，认为人工填土层、冲积层、残积层和强风化泥岩均不宜作为基础的持力层；中等风化泥岩的天然湿度单轴抗压强度标准值为4．0MPa，可作为裙楼的桩端持力层；微风化泥岩的天然湿度单轴抗压强度标准值为9．0MPa，是拟建建筑物理想的基桩持力层。     

可可西里马兰山冰川的近期变化

位于可可西里地区的马兰山冰帽，冰川覆盖了整个山体，冰川面积达195km^2，属极大陆型冰川，雪线海拔在5340－5540m之间，大多数冰川末端存在小冰期的碛垄，一般可分辨出3道，自小冰期以来，随着气候的变化，马兰山冰帽表现出波动退缩趋势。小冰期时，冰舌末端南坡比现在低20m，北坡低20－40m，由冰川退缩引起的冰川面积的减小相当于现代冰川面积的4．6％，略小于整个羌塘高原地区小冰期以来冰川面积减小的幅度（8％）。近百年来，冰川的退缩量为45－60m左右，而从1970年以来的30a中，马兰山冰川的退缩量为30－50m，平均年退缩量为1－1．7m。虽然小于高原边缘和其它地区冰川退缩幅度，但是退缩速率正在逐渐增大，这将对高原内陆脆弱的生态系统和生态环境产生较大的影响。     

济阳拗陷第三纪玄武岩的氧同位素

研究了山东刘阳拗陷29个第三纪玄武岩样品的氧同位素组成。结果表明，这些玄武岩的全岩氧同位素组成变化明显，δ^18○值为6．3‰－12．2‰。其中，蚀变轻微的晚第三纪玄武岩的δ^18○值为6．3‰－7．9‰，与正常大陆玄武岩的值（5．0‰－7．4‰）相似；而蚀变明显的早第三纪玄武岩的δ^18○值为6．3‰－12．2‰，并且90％以上样品的δ^18○值都大于7．5‰。结合岩石学与岩石化学研究，是第三纪玄武岩δ^18○值不同程度升高是由低温雨水热液蚀变（碳酸盐化）作用造成的。     

城市灰尘粒径组成及环境效应—以西安市为例

以西安市为例，不同粒径城市灰尘质量分数分别为：大于20目基本为零；20－30目占13．54％；30－50目占23．00％；50－80目占14．04％；80－100目占10．40％；100－120目占5．52％；120－140目占3．02％；140－160目占7．90％；160－180目占1．74％；180－200目占7．52％；小于200目占11．98％。灰尘粒径基本都小于1mm，很容易在外力作用下扬起、沉降、扬起、沉降往复交替循环，形成大气颗粒污染物，对人体和环境造成严重危害。     

碳酸酐酶对碳酸盐岩溶解的催化作用及其在大气CO2沉降中的意义

CO2向H^ 和HCO3^－的转换是一相对慢速过程。因此，其动力学可能决定碳酸盐岩的溶解速率。在灰岩和白云岩的溶解实验中，使用了自然界普遍存在的碳酸酐酶（CA）来催化这一CO2转换反应，结果发现，对灰岩而言，加入CA后，其溶解速率在高CO2分层时可增加10倍，而对白云岩，其溶解速率增加主要在低CO2分压时，可达3倍左右。这一发现表明，化学风化（包括碳酸盐岩溶解和硅酸盐风化）作用在大气CO2沉降和全球碳循环里的所谓丢失的汇中的重要性需要重新评价。毫无疑问，已往的研究由于未认识到CA在风化中的催化作用，因此低估了风化作用的速率，同时也低估了风化作用对大气CO2沉降的贡献。另一方面，也表明了研究自然界不同水体中CA分布及其活度和CA在自然界风化作用中的作用的必要性。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861