The formation and tectonic evolution of Philippine Sea Plate and KPR

The Philippine Sea Plate has an extremely special tectonic background. As an oceanic plate, it is almost entirely surrounded by subduction zones with complex internal tectonic features. On the basis of enormous published literature, this paper offers a comprehensive overview of the tectonic and evolution history of the Philippine Basin and the Kyushu-Palau Ridge (KPR) in the Philippine Sea Plate, and discusses the geological features of KPR. Referring to relevant definitions of various "ridges" stipulated in United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, so the KPR is believed to be a remnant arc formed during the opening of the Parece Vela and Shikoku Basins in the Philippine Sea Plate. It is a submarine ridge on oceanic plate rather than a submarine elevation. And thus, it is not a natural component of the Japan continental margin.     

莫桑比克盆地构造演化与沉积充填特征

在阅读相关文献资料的基础上,分析了莫桑比克盆地的区域性幕式构造演化,并进一步总结归纳了其沉积充填特征。研究显示该盆地为东非边缘陆内裂谷盆地,以晚侏罗世破裂不整合面为界划分为断陷期及坳陷期,断陷期为陆相湖盆沉积充填,进入坳陷期后逐渐从海陆过渡相向浅海相和深水相演变。晚白垩世末和渐新世末两次构造抬升,使得盆地沉积环境及物源供应发生明显改变,也逐渐从深水相向滨浅海相或三角洲相演变。     

西菲律宾海盆I8孔黏土矿物的物源分析

应用X-射线衍射(XRD)方法分析了菲律宾海盆西部I8柱状样35个沉积物样品中的黏土矿物组分,结果表明:I8孔中黏土矿物以伊利石(40%)为主,蒙皂石(28%)和绿泥石(20%)次之,高岭石(12%)相对较低,且伊利石结晶度较好。黏土矿物来源分析表明,伊利石主要来源于亚洲大陆的风尘输入;蒙皂石主要源于研究样品周围火山物质的蚀变;而绿泥石和高岭石可能主要源自吕宋岛风化产物。     

西菲律宾海盆中央裂谷周缘地质灾害特征及诱发因素

基于2018年在西菲律宾海盆最新实测的高分辨率浅地层剖面和多波束测深数据,对西菲律宾海盆中部的中央裂谷及周缘区域的海洋地质灾害进行分析。在研究区总体识别出两大类灾害地质因素：（1）破坏性地质因素,主要包括滑坡、活动断层、冲刷沟谷和岩浆底辟;（2）限制性地质因素,以海山、陡坎、沟槽为主。利用浅地层剖面资料,精细刻画出灾害地质体的类型、形态、内部结构特征,并论述其分布区域、发育特点,探讨地质灾害产生的主要诱发因素及造成的不利影响。对研究区地质灾害的识别、分布范围的圈定和成因的分析,能够为海洋工程建设、装备预设和海上航行提供重要的地质依据,规避不利影响,提前做好风险预判。     

Basement-involved faults and deep structures in the West Philippine Basin: constrains from gravity field

To reveal the basement-involved faults and deep structures of the West Philippine Basin (WPB), the gravitational responses caused by these faults are observed and analyzed based on the latest spherical gravity model: WGM2012 Model. By mapping the free-air and Bouguer gravity anomalies, several main faults and some other linear structures are located and observed in the WPB. Then, by conducting a 2D discrete multi-scale wavelet decomposition, the Bouguer anomalies are decomposed into the first- to eighth-order detail and approximation fields (the first- to eighth-order Details and Approximations). The first- to third-order Details reflect detailed and localized geological information of the crust at different depths, and of which the higher-order reflects gravity field of the deeper depth. The first- to fourth-order Approximations represent the regional gravity fields at different depths of the crust, respectively. The fourth-order Approximation represents the regional gravity fluctuation caused by the density inhomogeneity of Moho interface. Therefore, taking the fourth-order Approximation as input, and adopting Parker-Oldenburg interactive inversion, We calculated the depth of Moho interface in the WPB. Results show that the Moho interface depth in the WPB ranges approximately from 8 to 12 km, indicating that there is typical oceanic crust in the basin. In the Urdaneta Plateau and the Benham Rise, the Moho interface depths are about 14 and 16 km, respectively, which provides a piece of evidence to support that the Banham Rise could be a transitional crust caused by a large igneous province. The second-order vertical derivative and the horizontal derivatives in direction 0° and 90° are computed based on the data of the third-order Detail, and most of the basement-involved faults and structures in the WPB, such as the Central Basin Fault Zone, the Gagua Ridge, the Luzon-Okinawa Fault Zone, and the Mindanao Fault Zone are interpreted by the gravity derivatives.     

莺歌海盆地构造演化动力学机制探讨

莺歌海盆地是在印支地块与华南地块缝合线上发展起来的新生代沉积盆地,其奇特的地质现象与复杂的动力学背景是国内外学者研究的热点。关于其形成机制,目前主要有四种观点:"中国东部裂陷式"观点、"左旋走滑"观点、"右旋走滑"观点、"先左旋后右旋"观点。通过对该盆地区域地质背景、盆地构造几何学、运动学及沉积学综合分析,认为莺歌海盆地形成演化受印-藏碰撞、太平洋板块俯冲以及地幔上涌的影响,主要经历了古新世—早渐新世左旋拉分、晚渐新世—中新世热沉降、上新世—第四纪右旋拉分三个阶段。     

Basin assemblages and tectonic evolution in the Bohai Gulf and its neighbors

According to multi-disciplinary research advances in recent years, three blocks which named Jiaoliao-Bohai block, central North China block and Ordos block are divided.The differences of the tectonic association, types, styles and features in the space, and ewlution fmm Archaean to Cenozoic in the time, between the former two blocks are discussed.Tectonic features and evolution in the four tectonic stages of Precambrian, Indo-China, Yanshanian and Cenozoic are emphasized especially here.All of them described above have inherit and neogenic property.The temporal-spatial change and interaction among basin assemblages in the above four stagers are analyzed.Escape tectonic model is employed to interpret coeval compressive and extensional basins in the study area.     

琼东南盆地深水区构造热演化特征及其影响因素分析

To reveal the tectonic thermal evolution and influence factors on the present heat flow distribution, based on 154 heat flow data, the present heat flow distribution features of the main tectonic units are first analyzed in detail, then the tectonic thermal evolution histories of 20 profiles are reestablished crossing the main deep-water sags with a structural, thermal and sedimentary coupled numerical model. On the basis of the present geothermal features, the Qiongdongnan Basin could be divided into three regions: the northern shelf and upper slope region with a heat flow of 50–70 m W/m2, most of the central depression zone of 70–85 m W/m2, and a NE trending high heat flow zone of 85–105 m W/m2 lying in the eastern basin. Numerical modeling shows that during the syn-rift phase, the heat flow increases generally with time, and is higher in basement high area than in its adjacent sags. At the end of the syn-rift phase, the heat flow in the deepwater sags was in a range of 60–85 m W/m2, while in the basement high area, it was in a range of 75–100 m W/m2. During the post-rift phase, the heat flow decreased gradually, and tended to be more uniform in the basement highs and sags. However, an extensive magmatism, which equivalently happened at around 5 Ma, has greatly increased the heat flow values, and the relict heat still contributes about 10–25 m W/m2 to the present surface heat flow in the central depression zone and the southern uplift zone. Further analyses suggested that the present high heat flow in the deep-water Qiongdongnan Basin is a combined result of the thermal anomaly in the upper mantle, highly thinning of the lithosphere, and the recent extensive magmatism. Other secondary factors might have affected the heat flow distribution features in some local regions. These factors include basement and seafloor topography, sediment heat generation, thermal blanketing, local magmatic injecting and hydrothermal activities related to faulting and overpressure.     

莺歌海盆地新生代构造沉积演化及动力学机制分析

南海西北陆缘构造演化极其复杂,受到红河断裂、海南地幔柱和南海形成演化等多种因素的控制。莺歌海盆地位于南海西北部,发育了巨厚的新生代沉积物,详细记录了南海西北陆缘新生代的演化历史。但是莺歌海盆地新生代以来主要受到何种构造因素的控制目前还不太清楚。本文在莺歌海盆地较为均匀地选择了7口钻井和23口模拟井,通过空盆构造沉降方法重建了莺歌海盆地的构造沉降量、构造沉降速率和沉积速率,同时运用重力反演方法模拟了莺歌海盆地深部地壳结构,并结合前人研究成果进行了综合分析。结果发现莺歌海盆地在裂陷期（45～23 Ma BP）,盆地北部和中部沉降速率较大,南部沉降速率较小;在裂后期（23～0 Ma BP）, 盆地北部和中部沉降速率存在两期“台阶式”上升,分别为23～11.7 Ma BP和11.7 Ma BP至今,北部裂后期构造沉降速率最大可达80 m/Ma,中部最大可达110 m/Ma;南部地堑和隆起裂后期分别在11.7～5.7 Ma BP和15.9～11.7 Ma BP构造沉降速率最大可达70 m/Ma。莺歌海盆地新生代整体上表现为沉降速率与沉积速率变化基本一致,说明构造沉降对沉积速率具有显著的控制作用。重力反演发现莺歌海盆地可能存在下地壳高密度异常体,结合盆地沉积物内部钻遇玄武岩,我们推测下地壳高密度异常体为基性侵入体。通过与南海周边其他沉积盆地沉降速率对比发现,几乎所有盆地都在中中新世−晚中新世（15.9～11.7 Ma BP）发生了加速沉降事件,我们认为这可能跟南海海盆停止扩张导致大陆边缘次生地幔对流消失有关。莺歌海盆地5.7 Ma BP至今的加速沉降则可能与红河断裂右旋走滑活动有关。     

Geological evolution,regional perspectives and hydrocarbon potential of the northwest Phu Khanh Basin,offshore Central Vietnam

Seismic stratigraphic and structural analyses of the northwest Phu Khanh Basin, offshore Central Vietnam, based on 2-D seismic data, indicate that the initial rifting began during the latest Cretaceous? or Palaeogene controlled by left-lateral transtension along the East Vietnam Boundary Fault Zone (EVBFZ) and northwest–southeast directed extension east of the EVBFZ. Rifting stopped due to transpression during middle Oligocene times but resumed by left-lateral transtension during the Late Oligocene. Thick sequences of lacustrine and alluvial sediments were deposited during the Palaeogene rift periods. The Late Oligocene rifting ended due to inversion, triggered by right-lateral wrenching near the Palaeogene–Neogene boundary. Following the onset of this inversion regional uplift and volcanism took place in the southern half of the study area and contemporaneous subsidence and transgression took place farther north, leading to widespread carbonate deposition. As the right-lateral wrenching decreased during the early Neogene, thermal subsidence and siliciclastic sedimentation became dominant, resulting in the buildup and southward propagation of the shelf slope. Sediment accumulation and subsidence rates increased after the Middle Miocene times due to eastward tilting of Central Vietnam and the adjacent offshore area.     

珠江口盆地?琼东南盆地深水区新生代构造沉积演化对比分析

南海北部陆缘记录了南海形成演化的历史,但是其新生代构造沉积演化特征在东段和西段的差异及其原因目前还不太清楚。本文分别在珠江口盆地和琼东南盆地的深水区选择了数口构造地理位置相似的井通过精细地层回剥分析,重建了两沉积盆地的沉积速率和沉降速率并结合前人研究成果进行了对比分析。研究结果发现,两沉积盆地在裂陷期的沉积和沉降特征基本相似,但是两者在裂后期的构造沉积演化特征差异明显。珠江口盆地深水区沉积和沉降速率都表现为幕式变化特征,其中沉积速率表现为“两快三慢”的特征而沉降速率表现为“两快一慢”的特征。琼东南盆地深水区的沉积速率表现为“地堑式”变化特征,但是沉降速率表现为“台阶式”上升的变化特征。琼东南盆地“台阶式”上升的沉降速率推测主要是受到海南地幔柱伴随红河断裂的右旋走滑而向西北漂移的影响,这也与南海西北部的岩浆活动以及周围盆地的沉降特征吻合。红河断裂在2.1 Ma BP的右旋走滑控制了琼东南盆地1.8 Ma BP以来的快速沉积和加速沉降分布。     

广东三水盆地玄武岩源区特征与南海早期演化

南海在扩张前是否经历了陆内裂谷阶段是南海成因研究中一个重要的问题。三水盆地位于南海北部陆缘,其新生代以来喷发的双峰式火山岩具备大陆裂谷的岩石组合特征。通过对其中玄武岩主微量元素分析认为三水盆地玄武岩可以分为亚碱性和碱性玄武岩系列,两者均显示出明显的Nb、Ta正异常,相对于大陆地壳具有较低的Th/Sc、La/Nb和U/Al×1000,陆壳混染程度低;首次对盆地内玄武岩进行40Ar-39Ar测年,结合前人年代学结果表明玄武质岩浆强烈喷发的时段为61～54 Ma,其中亚碱性玄武岩喷发时间（60 Ma）早于碱性玄武岩（56 Ma）;通过熔融柱模型反演得到亚碱性岩浆源区起止熔融温压分别为1 517 ℃（3.03 GPa）和1 471 ℃（2.25 GPa）,深度为101～76 km,碱性岩浆源区起止熔融温压分别为1 555 ℃（3.33 GPa）和1 506 ℃（2.48 GPa）,深度为110～84 km,整体为石榴石-尖晶石橄榄岩过渡区且呈逐渐变深的趋势。综合岩浆源区特征以及岩石组合特征认为三水盆地在古新世具备大陆裂谷特征。通过对比三水盆地与南海扩张期岩浆活动的分布时段及源区特征,发现三水盆地与南海扩张期岩浆活动时间分布存在较长间隔,深部过程差异较大,三水盆地岩浆活动与南海扩张并无直接因果联系。     

Oceanic crustal structure and tectonic origin of the southern Kyushu-Palau Ridge in the Philippine Sea

A new high-resolution velocity model of the southern Kyushu-Palau Ridge(KPR) was derived from an activesource wide-angle seismic reflection/refraction profile. The result shows that the KPR crust can be divided into the upper crust with the P-wave velocity less than 6.1 m/s, and lower crust with P-wave velocity between 6.1 km/s and 7.2 km/s. The crustal thickness of the KPR reaches 12.0 km in the center, which gradually decreases to 5.0–6.0 km at sides. The velocity structure of the KPR is simil...     

Geological evolution of the West Luzon Basin (South China Sea,Philippines)

Interpretation of deep 2-D multi-channel seismic data sheds insights into the geological evolution of the West Luzon Basin, Philippines. This basin is a sediment-filled trough that is located between the island of Luzon and the outer arc high of the west Luzon subduction zone. High-amplitude, low-frequency reflection bands mark the acoustic basement. The basement, at about 6 s (TWT), is dissected by normal faults with some of them being inverted in a later phase of deformation. The sedimentary successions, overlying the basement are stratified with partly chaotic structures and discontinuous reflectors. Five regional unconformities separate major stratigraphic units. Grid calculations of our seismic data reveal variations in the sedimentation pattern of the basin with a shift of the deposition centre from east to west and backwards during formation. A distinct bottom-simulating reflector is commonly observed. Because the northern boundary of the continental fragments to the South of the West Luzon Basin is unclear we speculate that the basin may be (partly) underlain by continental crust. The continental crust was affected by rifting prior to and during the opening of the South China Sea and the basin was overprinted at a later stage by a forearc structural setting when subduction was initiated.     

Geomorphology and tectonic movement of the sea floor,northwest off Kyushu,Japan

As a result of the sea bottom survey of continental shelf northwest off Kyushu including Tsushima, Iki and Goto Islands which has been carried out by the Hydrographic Department of Japan, the following features of the area are revealed. Topographically, three groups of shelf channels, trending NE-SW, N-S and NW-SE respectively, are discovered and several small banks are found. Sand wave-like shapes are also seen in a seafloor about 200 m deep in the vicinity of Tsushima Straits. Geologically, remarkable tectonic lines characterized by faults and folding axes are confirmed and named Tsushima, Iki, Hirato and Goto Tectonic Lines. Several tectonic provinces can be defined by these tectonic lines. Each province consists of small geological blocks formed by indivisual tectonic movement such as tilting, uplifting and sinking. Such differential tectonic movement is often seen on the continental shelves around active island arc. In this area, these tectonics might be caused by activity of the Ryukyu Arc. This area may thus be a metastable portion existing between the northwestern Kyushu and the Asiatic continental block. The present submarine topography is probably closely related to these tectonics in addition to the eustatic sea-level changes in Quaternary age.     

北极地区大地构造特征及其构造演化——北极地区大地构造编图研究进展

北极地区具有丰富的油气资源,但是受极度寒冷气候和广泛分布冰盖的影响,北极是全球地质研究程度最低的地区之一。为此,基于最新地球物理数据,结合文献资料中的地貌、地质、矿产资源资料,编制了北极地区大地构造图(1:500万)。通过系统的编图研究,认为北极地区位于泛大陆腹地,中生代以来的构造演化受到冰岛地幔柱的垂向作用和欧亚-劳伦板块缓慢的顺时针旋转的水平作用共同制约。其构造演化可归纳为3个阶段:(1)早中生代:北亚-北美西北部(远东-科迪勒拉)造山带俯冲-造山增生阶段,古太平洋向北俯冲,古亚洲洋最终关闭,泛大陆最终形成;(2)侏罗纪-白垩纪:伴随着加拿大盆地张开,南阿纽伊洋盆俯冲消亡并形成南阿纽伊缝合带,两者之间在运动学上具有耦合联系,并伴随其间转换断层的调节作用;(3)新生代以来北大西洋中脊持续扩展传播,造成欧亚盆地张开和加科尔洋中脊发育。北极地区处于全球不同构造域之间的桥梁和枢纽。随着北冰洋洋盆伸展作用发展及加科尔洋中脊向南传播,它将西南贯通北太平洋构造域(远东造山带),彻底改变全球中生代以来的构造格局。     

Constraining tectonic compression processes by reservoir pressure evolution: Overpressure generation and evolution in the Kelasu Thrust Belt of Kuqa Foreland Basin,NW China

The Kuqa Foreland Basin (KFB) immediately south of the South Tianshan Mountains is a major hydrocarbon producing basin in west China. The Kelasu Thrust Belt in the basin is the most favorable zone for hydrocarbon accumulations. Widespread overpressures are present in both the Cretaceous and Paleogene reservoirs with pressure coefficients up to 2.1. The tectonic compression process in KFB resulted from the South Tianshan Mountains uplift is examined from the viewpoint of the overpressure generation and evolution in the Kelasu Thrust Belt. The overpressure evolution in the reservoir sandstones were reconstructed through fluid inclusion analysis combined with PVT and basin modeling. Overpressures at present day in the mudstone units in the Kelasu Thrust Belt and reservoir sandstones of the Dabei Gas Field and the Keshen zone are believed to have been generated by horizontal tectonic compression. Both disequilibrium compaction and horizontal tectonic compression are thought to contribute to the overpressure development at present day in the reservoir of the Kela-2 Gas Field with the reservoir sandstones showing anomalously high primary porosities and low densities from wireline log and core data. The overpressure evolution for the Cretaceous reservoir sandstone in the Kelasu Thrust Belt evolved through four stages: a normal hydrostatic pressure (>12–5 Ma), a rapidly increasing overpressure (∼5–3 Ma), an overpressure release (∼3–1.64 Ma) and overpressure preservation (∼1.64–0 Ma). Overpressure developed in the second stage (∼5–3 Ma) was generated by disequilibrium compaction as tectonic compression due to the uplift of the Tianshan Mountains acted at the northern monocline of KFB from 5 Ma to 3 Ma, which provided abundant sediments for the KFB and caused the anomalously high sedimentation rate during the N₂k deposition. From 3 Ma to 1.64 Ma, the action of tectonic compression extended from the northern monocline to the Kelasu Thrust Belt and returned to the northern monocline of KFB from 1.64 Ma to present day. Therefore, the horizontal tectonic compression was the dominant overpressure mechanism for the overpressure generation in the third stage (∼3–1.64 Ma) and overpressure caused by disequilibrium compaction from 5 Ma to 3 Ma was only preserved in the Kela-2 Gas Field until present day.     

Age and origin of the South Caspian Basin

The South Caspian Basin (SCB) is a relic of the back-arc basin in the margin of the Tethys paleoocean. The SCB has an oceanic-type crust and is filled with a thick (15–28 km) sedimentary series. In the modern structure, it is a part of the South Caspian microplate, which also comprises the Lower Kura and West Turkmenian depressions, parts of the Kopet Dagh and Alborz ranges. The geological and seismological data evidence an underthrust (or, probably, subduction) of the South Caspian Basin’s lithosphere beneath the Apsheron threshold and the simultaneous westward displacement of the South Caspian Microplate (SCM). Different authors refer the South Caspian Basin’s formation to the Early Mesozoic, Late Jurassic, and Paleocene. In this paper, on the basis of geologic information, a two-phase model of the South Caspian Basin’s opening is considered. The first phase is referred to the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic, when the sinking of the Kopet Dagh Basin and the opening of the Great Caucasus rift began as well. Jointly, these three structures formed a prolonged basin related to the development of the Early Mesozoic subduction zone. The age of the oceanic crust in the central part of the South Caspian Basin calculated by the thermal flux is 200 Ma. The second phase of the South Caspian Basin opening referred to the Eocene is related to the extension in the back-arc part of the Elbrus volcanic arc. The formation of the oceanic crust in the southwestern part of the South Caspian Basin and in the Lower-Kura depression is associated with this phase, which is proved by the high values of the thermal flux.     

珠江口盆地恩平凹陷与惠州凹陷断裂特征差异及构造演化

在前人研究基础上,利用珠江口盆地恩平凹陷与惠州凹陷二维地震资料,结合断层活动速率分析方法,研究了凹陷内部断裂体系几何学与运动学差异性。依据断裂特征及其活动性差异,将珠江口盆地北部断裂体系发育演化重新划分为裂陷早期（E2w）、裂陷晚期（E2e）、拗陷期（E3z-N1z-N1h）和构造活化期（N1y-N2w-Q）4个构造期次。同时,依据断层展布规模、活动速率大小及活化时期等研究成果,推测惠州凹陷比恩平凹陷更有利于形成大中型油气田。建议将近EW向和NWW向断层作为后期构造研究的重点。