京津冀地区台风危险性评估——基于Gumbel分布的分析

台风引发的连续暴雨是京津冀地区主要的气象灾害之一,开展台风危险性评估,旨在识别台风灾害高危险区,为京津冀地区台风灾害防灾减灾能力提升和风险管理提供参考。根据1974-2015年间影响京津冀地区的台风资料,选取该地区148个国家气象站点的气象数据,包括最大日降水量、累积降水量及最大风速3个指标。借助Gumbel分布,求出各气象站点5 a、10 a、30 a及50 a一遇水平下的气象指标数值,利用ArcGIS空间插值表征其空间分布,据此评估京津冀地区台风危险性。结果表明,50 a一遇下台风灾害最大日降水最大值为190.62 mm,累积降水量最大值为253.04 mm,最大风速最大值为16.81 m/s。其中北京东南部、天津北部、河北省东南沿海地区和太行山一带的石家庄、邢台、邯郸等地区为高危险区。     

福建0608~#超强台风“桑美”灾害分析

根据福建省气象台和宁德市气象台提供的超强台风"桑美"的风情、雨情、水情、潮情和灾情资料,基于灾害系统理论,对"桑美"的致灾机制和灾情特征进行详细分析.结果表明:"桑美"的致灾因子强度超强,最大风力超过"卡特里娜"飓风,主要通过狂风、暴雨和风暴潮及其引发的灾害链致灾;灾情特重,主要以人员伤亡和船只沉毁、房屋损毁为主.造成巨大损失的原因与台风致灾因子强且"三碰头"有关外,还与福建东北部多山、港湾地形潮水上涨巨大、山地性河流短促、人们防灾意识薄弱、防灾工程水平低、灾害预警机制不够完善等有关.为此,提出若干减灾对策.     

福建0608#超强台风"桑美"灾害分析

根据福建省气象台和宁德市气象台提供的超强台风"桑美"的风情、雨情、水情、潮情和灾情资料,基于灾害系统理论,对"桑美"的致灾机制和灾情特征进行详细分析.结果表明:"桑美"的致灾因子强度超强,最大风力超过"卡特里娜"飓风,主要通过狂风、暴雨和风暴潮及其引发的灾害链致灾;灾情特重,主要以人员伤亡和船只沉毁、房屋损毁为主.造成巨大损失的原因与台风致灾因子强且"三碰头"有关外,还与福建东北部多山、港湾地形潮水上涨巨大、山地性河流短促、人们防灾意识薄弱、防灾工程水平低、灾害预警机制不够完善等有关.为此,提出若干减灾对策.     

浙江省台风灾害直接经济损失评估模型

基于浙江省1984―2007年发生的40个台风数据及历史灾情数据,从致灾因子、孕灾环境、承灾体和防灾减灾４个方面选取影响因子,利用模糊综合评价方法建立直接经济损失模型,并对其进行验证。结果显示：该模型具有较高的拟合率,相关性系数达到0.806;基于3次台风过程数据进行模型验证和误差分析得知其模拟值与实际统计值基本一致,模拟误差在合理的范围之内;模型能够较好地评估一次台风灾害可能造成的直接经济损失,为政府部门的防灾减灾工作提供科学依据和决策支持,具有实际意义。     

中国台风强度等级与可能灾害损失标准研究

台风灾害给中国沿海地区造成了严重损失,进行台风风险评估将为台风灾害有效规避提供科学依据,探讨台风强度等级和灾害损失之间的关系是台风风险定量评估的基础。利用1954-2008年间登陆中国东南沿海的174场成灾台风路径数据和对应的灾情记录数据,对台风强度等级和承灾体(农作物、人口、房屋和社会经济)的8项指标的损失数量关系进行分析,并对台风强度等级与各项损失率指标之间的关系进行拟合,得出各项灾损指标的损失率曲线。基于台风强度等级划分标准和损失率曲线,建立了适合于我国的四个强度等级的台风灾害损失标准划分方案:微度、轻度、中度和重度,对应的损失率用承灾体的社会经济指标来表征。研究表明:当台风强度等级达到第4等级时,灾害造成的损失率均有较大幅度的增加。本文构建的台风灾害损失标准可为进一步定量评估承灾体脆弱性及损失风险提供依据和参考。     

近10年福建台风灾害分析

台风灾害是地球上破坏性最大的一种气象灾害,是全球１０大自然灾害之首。而福建省是我国受台风灾害影响较大的省份之一。据１９４９～１９９９年资料统计［１］：在全国东部沿海有台风登陆的１０个省份中,福建省居第四位,仅次于广东、台湾和海南。登陆福建的重大台风（凡受面积≥３３－３３万公顷,或死亡人口≥５０人,或倒塌房屋≥２万间,或经济损失１亿元以上）有３３次,仅次粤琼５１次（因资料问题,作为一个单元统计）,却居第二位。本文根据《福建省气候影响评价》和省防汛办提供的台风灾情记录资料,研究分析了近１０年福建由于…     

西北太平洋台风风场模型中Holland B系数区域特征研究

Holland B系数是台风风场关键的形状参数,间接表征台风影响范围及强度。基于JTWC最佳路径数据集以及台风中心探测记录数据,构建了最大风速半径以及飞行层最大风速的统计模型;利用典型台风期间地面气象站点观测数据,采用误差分析方法,比较了7种Holland B系数计算方法对于风场模拟结果的影响,确定了最优Holland B参数模型;以“卡努”台风为例对Holland B系数进行敏感性分析,结果表明Holland B系数越大,极值风速越大,台风风场风速高值区范围越集中;利用CMA-STI热带气旋最佳路径数据集,计算了西北太平洋海域历史台风中心的Holland B系数,并对其空间分布特征进行统计分析,结果表明：1）西北太平洋海域低纬度地区比高纬度地区更易出现高Holland B值的台风;2）我国登陆台风中心Holland B系数从南到北逐渐减小,高值省份依次为海南省、广东省、广西壮族自治区、福建省以及浙江省。     

广东沿海地区近50年登陆台风灾害特征分析

根据1949~1998年广东沿海地区登陆台风灾害资料,并对这50年登陆台风活动特征进行分析,对台风灾害特征进行了初步探讨。分析了导致台风灾害的因素,对台风所造成的主要灾害进行归类并进行灾情统计,探讨了广东沿海地区台风灾害的特点以及主要台风灾害与台风路径的关系,提出了台风灾害的宏观防治对策。     

广东省台风灾害经济损失风险评估

广东省是我国的经济大省,频繁遭受台风侵袭,造成巨大的经济损失,进行区域台风灾害经济损失风险的定量评估在制定防灾减灾措施方面具有重要的理论意义.本文通过1954-2008年间全国台风灾情数据与台风强度等级构建直接经济损失率曲线,采用GIS空间分析方法,计算广东全省98个县域单元不同强度等级台风经济脆弱性,在计算不同强度等级台风登陆广东的频次基础上,确定不同强度等级台风发生可能性,最终采用风险评估模型,对不同强度等级台风造成的广东省经济损失风险进行定量评估.评估结果表明:广东台风灾害造成的经济损失风险在百亿元以上,微度、轻度、中度和重度分别达到104.67、144.29、77.53和135.91亿元.空间上表现为珠三角地区的广州市、东莞市、深圳市、中山市、珠海市风险最高,从珠江入海口地区向内地呈辐射状减弱,内陆远离海岸线的县市风险值最低,不足0.50亿元,随着台风强度由微度到中度增强,粤西风险高于粤东,当达到重度时,表现为粤东沿海高于粤西沿海的格局.     

浙江台风(热带风暴)灾害的若干特点

对1949-1992年的气象、水文和灾害资料分析,浙江台风灾害具有以下几个特点:1.登陆或严重影响浙江的台风日期与天文大潮期相遇机率高,沿海地区潮灾严重;2.台风大风是浙江沿海城市台风灾害危害的主因之一,且其危害具有连锁反应倾向;3.台风灾害对浙江农业的危害一般是直接和继发性灾害叠加而成的;4.台风灾害区的地理分布具有明显的山脉走向性;5.台风重灾年在年际分布上具有阶段性.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,