利用中国通量网和MODIS数据评估MISR地表反照率产品

地表反照率是反映地表能量平衡的重要参数。本文通过中国陆地生态系统通量观测研究网络的实测反照率和MODIS的地表反照率产品对MISR的短波反照率数据进行验证和分析:提取了中国通量网中的8个站点的数据和对应的MODIS、MISR的反照率产品用于验证。验证的结果显示,在多数站点,MISR短波反照率能与地面数据相吻合,大部分的反演误差都集中在0.04以内;MISR与MODIS短波反照率的吻合度更高,总体的误差为0.018,均方根误差在0.04左右。总的来说,MISR地表反照率产品具有较高的反演质量。     

利用POLDER数据验证MODIS BRDF模型参数产品及Ross-Li模型

将MODIS BRDF模型参数产品(MCD43A1)模拟的近红外波段反射率与从POLDER-3/PARASOL BRDF全球数据集中筛选的9961个像元的BRDF观测数据进行对比,验证了MCD43A1所采用的RossThick-LiSparseR BRDF 模型(Ross-Li模型)拟合二向反射的能力。结果表明,Ross-Li模型总体上可以有效地模拟地物的二向反射,所有像元的近红外波段反射率模拟值与POLDER-3观测数据之间的R²达到0.943,RMSE为0.016,模拟反射率比POLDER-3数据总体偏低5.2%。但Ross-Li模型明显低估了热点反射率,热点模拟结果比POLDER-3数据平均偏低14%,模拟值的R2为0.824,RMSE为0.07。热点反射率模拟误差与地表覆盖类型有关,针叶林热点反射率模拟值偏低最严重,其次是阔叶林、草地与农田,灌木与裸地热点反射率模拟值偏低相对较小。通过修正Ross-Li模型中的体散射核,可以明显改善热点反射率的模拟效果(R²＝0.839,RMSE＝0.043)。Ross-Li模型对天底、暗点等特征方向反射率的模拟较为准确。Ross-Li模型的模拟精度随太阳天顶角和观测天顶角的增大而降低。对于农田与草地而言,Ross-Li模型的模拟精度随NDVI的增加而降低;但在森林与灌木覆盖条件下,当NDVI约为0.5时,Ross-Li模型的模拟效果最差。     

改善MODIS BRDF产品热点效应的方法研究

核驱动的Ross Thick-LiSparse Reciprocal(RTLSR)双向反射函数(BRDF)模型已广泛地应用于MODIS等星载传感器的业务化产品处理中。但是,对于多年MODIS二向反射产品历史数据,如何基于RTMLSR模型发展一种简单有效快速的方法,进行热点效应的校正是一个迫切需要解决的问题。本文提出了一种简单有效的方法,不需要对观测数据重新反演,直接在现有MODIS二向反射产品的基础上进行热点校正,方便用户对历史MODIS二向反射产品的使用。该方法应用POLDER-3/BRDF数据库和部分经MODIS业务化算法筛选的反射率数据进行验证,并与RTLSR模型和RTMLSR模型的结果进行比较,结果表明:(1)该方法比现有的MODIS业务化RTLSR算法,对热点反射率有明显改善,拟合相对误差平均降低了10.12%;(2)该方法相对于RTMLSR模型在热点反射率拟合效果上差别不大,相对误差相差2.10%;(3)该方法对热点和冷点归一化的植被指数(NDHD)的估算效果有一定程度的改善,相对于RTLSR模型降低了约4.99%,与RTMLSR模型的相对误差相差1.32%,该方法对直接应用现有MODIS BRDF产品,基于热点方向反射率反演植被结构参数(如植被聚集指数)的精度提高有现实应用价值。     

评估MODIS的BRDF角度指数产品

应用地表观测的二向性反射数据集和多种MODIS数据产品,通过统计分析,对MODIS的二向性反射角度指数产品进行综合评估,结果表明:(1)MODIS角度指数包含了地表三维结构信息,有望用来反演地表的物理结构参数;(2)MODIS角度指数是内在的三维关系,各向异性因子(Anisotropic Factor:ANIF)和各向异性指数(Anisotropic Index:ANIX)高相关,建议去掉ANIF以精炼MODIS角度指数产品;(3)各向异性平整指数(Anisotropic FlatIndex:AFX)较好地指示了地表基本散射类型的变化,且具有较小的类内方差,对改善特定地表分类精度可能会更有用.     

MODIS二向反射模型方差函数的研究与应用

地表二向性反射分布函数(BRDF)是表征地物反射随太阳和观测方向变化的物理量。在统计意义上,BRDF表示均值统计量,BRVF(Bidirectional Reflectance Variance Function)表示方差统计量,它们对研究地表各向异性反射特征有着重要意义。本文首先采用误差传播理论,推导出基于MODIS BRDF模型的BRVF表达形式。研究结果表明,BRVF的空间分布模式主要由几何光学核Kgeo和体散射核Kvol的一次项和二次项权重和决定。然后利用EOS地面验证核心站点(EOS Land Validation Core Sites)的MODIS BRDF产品,对BRVF空间分布模式随地表类型、光谱波段和观测角度范围进行验证。验证结果表明,基于MODIS BRDF产品的验证与理论推导有较好的一致性。BRVF空间分布模式和地表类型有关,通常在热点处有一个峰值。在大观测天顶角(60°)下,BRVF随着角度的增大而增大。BRVF在近红外波段整体上大于红波段,表明其波段依赖性。最后,将上述理论成果初步应用于69组地表测量数据的模拟中。模拟结果表明,当大角度缺少观测数据时,模型外延所引起的方向反射方差显著增大,对地表反照率的反演精度和不确定性有较大影响。其中,红波段的白天空反照率的相对误差最大可达38.26%。本研究对利用小角度观测数据进行地表反照率反演的不确定性分析有指导意义;对大角度观测数据缺失情况下,先验知识在地表反照率的反演应用可提供有意义的理论支撑。     

用EOS MODIS和MISR数据计算全球BRDF和反照率(英文)

用空间分辨率为１ｋｍ的ＭＯＤＩＳ和ＭＩＳＲ数据可计算１６天ＢＲＤＦ和反照率产品，该文证明了在多数采样条件下，用ＭＯＤＩＳ／ＭＩＳＲ角度采样的ＢＲＤＦ和反照率反演精度在５到１０个百分点以内。     

通过航空POLDER数据估计地表二向性反射分布函数(英文)

研究中，通过选择目标区的ＰＯＬＤＥＲ图象数据来估计目标的二向性反射分布函数，其主要结果可简述如下：１）我们发展了一种大气纠正算法，它适用于源自ＰＯＬＤＥＲ传感器的图象数据格式。通过这种算法，将连续的不同视角的ＰＯＬＤＥＲ陆地图象转化为一系列表面反照率图象，该过程考虑了多次散射。２）然后，选定２１个目标区，包括河流、水塘、城市、道路、森林等，其光谱二向性反射分布函数通过连续的反照率图象来估计。研究发现，水表面的二向性反射分布函数５５０ｎｍ，６５０ｎｍ，８５０ｎｍ处呈现朗伯体特征，同时发现有植被覆盖地表的二向性反射分布函数在５５０ｎｍ和６５０ｎｍ处大致为各向同性，而在８５０ｎｍ处则表现为各向异性。该文给出了所有靶区按经验二向性反射分布函数的拟合参数值。     

MODIS数据北京城区热岛监测分析

随着城市化进程的深入,热岛效应问题越来越严重,从而影响城市及周边地区的生态环境与气候,因此备受人们的重视。本文从2000年—2007年724幅1km分辨率的MODIS地表温度产品中选取64幅质量较好,可以代表春、夏、秋、冬四个季节的昼夜影像,制作地表温度图和选取感兴趣区域分析北京城区热岛效应。结果表明,北京市城区温度明显高于周围地区,夏季夜间最高达到3.7℃,秋季白天相对热岛强度较大,夏季、冬季夜间热岛强度要大于白天,尤其冬季较为明显。     

地物的二向性反射和方向谱特征

本文简要介绍了地物二向性反射的概念及其与地物三维空间结构之间的关系。本文建议在建立高分辨率地物波谱数据库的同时,开展不同类型地物BRDF模型的研究。否则耗资巨大的数据库仍不能有效地应用于结构千变万化的环境遥感。     

MODIS V006和V005全球反照率产品精度对比分析

反照率作为一种非常重要的地表能量平衡、全球变化研究的参数,在众多研究领域中得到了广泛的应用,到目前为止已经有多种全球范围的反照率产品进行业务化生产和发布,针对不同反照率产品质量评价的研究也变得愈加重要。MODLAND团队在MODIS V005反照率产品反演算法的基础上通过改进16天周期内观测数据加权的方法生产出新版本的反照率产品MODIS V006。本文针对MODIS两个版本V005及V006的反照率产品,利用FLUXNET地面站点数据,比较验证两个版本反照率的总体精度以及在不同地表类型条件下的精度差异,同时通过交叉验证的方法分析二者的差异及稳定性。验证结果表明,MODIS V006反照率产品虽然在全反演高质量的数据比例上较V005有所下降,但是在同等条件下V006在提高时间分辨率的同时其精度也有所提高,在不同的地表类型条件下精度也优于V005,且在时间序列分布上具有稳定比例的高质量数据,可以满足大多数应用的精度需求。     

Spectral anisotropy of subtropical deciduous forest using MISR and MODIS data acquired under large seasonal variation in solar zenith angle

Recent studies in Amazonian tropical evergreen forests using the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) have highlighted the importance of considering the view-illumination geometry in satellite data analysis. However, contrary to the observed for evergreen forests, bidirectional effects have not been evaluated in Brazilian subtropical deciduous forests. In this study, we used MISR data to characterize the reflectance and vegetation index anisotropies in subtropical deciduous forest from south Brazil under large seasonal solar zenith angle (SZA) variation and decreasing leaf area index (LAI) from the summer to winter. MODIS data were used to observe seasonal changes in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI). Topographic effects on their determination were inspected by dividing data from the summer to winter and projecting results over a digital elevation model (DEM). By using the PROSAIL, we investigated the relative contribution of LAI and SZA to vegetation indices (VI) of deciduous forest. We also simulated and compared the MISR NDVI and EVI response of subtropical deciduous and tropical evergreen forests as a function of the large seasonal SZA amplitude of 33°. Results showed that the MODIS-MISR NDVI and EVI presented higher values in the summer and lower ones in the winter with decreasing LAI and increasing SZA or greater amounts of canopy shadows viewed by the sensors. In the winter, NDVI reduced local topographic effects due to the red-near infrared (NIR) band normalization. However, the contrary was observed for the three-band EVI that enhanced local variations in shaded and sunlit surfaces due to its strong dependence on the NIR band response. The reflectance anisotropy of the MISR bands increased from the summer to winter and was stronger in the backscattering direction at large view zenith angles (VZA). EVI was much more anisotropic than NDVI and the anisotropy increased from the summer to winter. It also increased from the forward scatter to the backscattering direction with the predominance of sunlit canopy components viewed by MISR, especially at large VZA. Modeling PROSAIL results confirmed the stronger anisotropy of EVI than NDVI for the subtropical deciduous and tropical evergreen forests. PROSAIL showed that LAI and SZA are coupled factors to decrease seasonally the VIs of deciduous forest with the first one having greater importance than the latter. However, PROSAIL seasonal variations in VIs were much smaller than those observed with MODIS data probably because the effects of shadows in heterogeneous canopy structures or/and cast by emergent trees and from local topography were not modeled.     

利用MODIS BRDF估算中国东北森林背景反射率——以大兴安岭加格达奇地区为例

基于MODIS二向反射分布函数(BRDF)模型参数产品数据,利用4-scale模型建立查找表,以中国东北大兴安岭加格达奇地区为研究区,反演森林背景反射率,并分析不同森林类型二向反射与背景反射率特性及其季节变化。研究结果表明:(1)研究区针叶林和混交林二向反射特征较为相似,夏季阔叶林在红光波段的二向反射率值均低于针叶林和混交林,而在近红外波段则相反;不同森林类型二向反射率均存在明显的季节变化,其中阔叶林二向反射率季节变化最为明显;(2)研究区夏季森林背景反射率在红光波段较低,均在0.1以下,近红外波段背景反射率普遍高于0.3,且空间差异较大;(3)不同森林类型的背景反射率季节变化趋势大致相同,但变化幅度存在差异:阔叶林的背景反射率值季节差异最大,尤其在近红外波段。     

A cloud detection method based on a time series of MODIS surface reflectance images

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-Terra surface reflectance product (MOD09A1), with bands 1 to 7, is a gridded, eight-day composite product derived from the MODIS-Terra top of atmosphere reflectance swaths. It performs cloud detection and corrects for the effects of atmospheric gases and aerosols. The cloud mask (CM) algorithms for MODIS are based on empirical thresholds on spectral reflectance and brightness temperature. Since the spatial resolution of the thermal band is 1000 m, while that of MOD09A1 is 500 m, many undetected and false clouds are observed in MOD09A1. These errors always result in temporal and spatial inconsistencies in higher-level products. In this paper, a cloud detection algorithm (TSCD) based on a MOD09A1 time series is introduced. Time series cloud detection (TSCD) algorithm is based on the relative stability of ground reflectance and the sudden variations in reflectance that result from cloud cover. The algorithm first searches the clear-sky reference data, and then discriminates clouded and unclouded pixels by detecting a sudden change of reflectance in the blue wavelength and spectral correlation coefficient at the pixel level. Compared with cloud cover assessments obtained from MODIS' original CM, TSCD provides similar or better discrimination in most situations when the land surface changes slowly.     

一种改进的MODIS影像BRDF辐射校正方法

针对二向性造成的辐射失真,在核驱动模型的基础上提出了一种改进的二向性反射分布模型,并通过对MODIS影像的试验,得到了减弱辐射差异的较好效果,并对试验结果进行了分析和评价。     

Inter- and intra-annual variations of clumping index derived from the MODIS BRDF product

Clumping index quantifies the level of foliage aggregation, relative to a random distribution, and is a key structural parameter of plant canopies and is widely used in ecological and meteorological models. In this study, the inter- and intra-annual variations in clumping index values, derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) BRDF product, are investigated at six forest sites, including conifer forests, a mixed deciduous forest and an oak-savanna system. We find that the clumping index displays large seasonal variation, particularly for the deciduous sites, with the magnitude in clumping index values at each site comparable on an intra-annual basis, and the seasonality of clumping index well captured after noise removal. For broadleaved and mixed forest sites, minimum clumping index values are usually found during the season when leaf area index is at its maximum. The magnitude of MODIS clumping index is validated by ground data collected from 17 sites. Validation shows that the MODIS clumping index can explain 75% of variance in measured values (bias = 0.03 and rmse = 0.08), although with a narrower amplitude in variation. This study suggests that the MODIS BRDF product has the potential to produce good seasonal trajectories of clumping index values, but with an improved estimation of background reflectance.