Laurentide and Cordilleran fast ice flow: some sedimentological evidence from Wisconsinan subglacial till and its substrate

With the aid of three case studies we summarize sedimentological and structural evidence in Wisconsinan subglacial till and its substrate that can be used to infer the presence of former fast-moving ice. We compare sedimentological characteristics of till with its stone fabric, stone surface erosional features and orientations of fractures, faults and folds in till and substrate, in order to interpret the processes that formed the till. In the cases we studied, stones in tills that experienced ductile deformation (inferred to be associated with fast-moving ice) show variable alignment of latest surface striae. Moreover, striae are inconsistent with the orientations of lee ends and chattermarks on the same stones, and with the dip directions of shallow shear planes and (or) steeper tension fractures in the till matrix. These observations indicate that stones were rotating in a flowing till matrix prior to their final emplacement. Ductile shear of fine-textured, water-saturated till and Jeffrey-like rotation of stones are invoked where most of the following occur together: (i) delicate striae follow the curvature of stone surfaces; (ii) a-axis fabrics are multimodal to girdle-like; (iii) stone a axis eigenvectors, striae orientation and stone lee end alignments fall between the modes of stone fabrics; (iv) stone pavements are uneven with vertically oriented and inverted bullet-shaped stones; (v) soft sediment clasts and (or) fragile fossils are preserved.     

景纹石的地质特征及合理开发利用

景纹石属于卵石类,它是一种具有色泽鲜艳、图案各异的观赏石类型,是在特定的地质环境条件下产生的.景纹石分布于安徽省皖南山区的宣州、宁国及泾县一带,它已在我国观赏石中中占有一席之地.本文在进行调查研究的基础上,论述了景纹石的分布特征、产出的地质环境条件,并对景纹石的石质特征及观赏性进行了分析研究,在此基础上提出了景纹石合理开发利用及保护的基本思路,这对我省观赏石资源的开发利用及研究提供了借鉴,并具有较好的社会效益及经济效益.     

Thermal expansion of granitoids

The thermal rock properties are particularly important for natural stones whenever a temperature change may occur, which becomes particularly important when different materials are combined on any architectural structure. The thermal expansion of a rock is dependent on the coefficients of the expansion of the individual rock-forming minerals and the rock fabric. A systematic study on 65 different stones, mostly granitoids and others magmatic rocks, most of them are often used as dimensional building stones, was performed. Temperature and moisture are very important parameters in the natural environment. Therefore, the thermal expansion, and in addition the thermohygric expansion on selected examples, was measured. The data were also discussed considering the effect of the mineralogy and the temperature. A modeling approach was introduced to show how the mineralogy and the related single crystal properties affect the thermal properties and how good a simple calculation can help to characterize the measured thermal expansion of a rock. The directional dependence of the thermal expansion was also discussed and explained based on detailed rock fabric measurements. In this study, the bowing of granitoid samples was tested and compared with bowing phenomena of granitoid facade panels. The slabs were cut in different directions and were studied under different conditions of temperatures and water saturation. It could be clearly documented that the temperature and the moisture have a control on the bowing behavior. The implication of our data is that thermal expansion depends greatly on wetting and drying, i.e., the thermal cracking is characterized by the residual strain observed after cooling to room temperature. The sensitivity to the thermal cracking has a significant control on the application in architectural constructions.     

Accelerated weathering tests on two highly porous limestones

A major cause of weathering of building and historic monuments constructed using limestones is associated with the salt crystallization. This may typically occur at the surface (due to efflorescence) or in subsurface layers while limestones are drying. Due to this reason structural damage or material loss (granular disintegration, flaking, contour scaling) may occur. In this paper, imbibition-drying cycles are carried out with pure water and solutions of NaCl with different concentrations to simulate the weathering effect on two limestones with similar total porosity values. The imbibition kinetics of these limestones was significantly influenced by the number of applied imbibition-drying cycles. In addition, imbibition kinetics was also dependent on the concentration of salt solutions, the mineralogical composition as well as on the pore-size distribution of these two stones. The structural and textural modifications that arise in the limestones due to the influence of imbibition characteristics of drying cycles are qualitatively confirmed by scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and quantitatively with helium pycnometry measurements.     

论华南栖霞组中的菊花石

本文中的菊花石指华南栖霞组中由柱状晶体放射状排列而成的菊花状晶簇。它最早发现于湖南浏阳永和镇栖霞组上部(方邺森等人,1988),之后又见于广西来宾县城郊栖霞组上部(沙庆安等人,1990),它们被认为是天青石或天青石假象。笔者(1991)在湖北省黄石地区栖霞组上部发现该类假象,并认为其原生矿物是六水碳钙石。虽然它们分别被解释成不同矿物,但无论是外部形态还是内部成分、结构构造均具极大的相似性。对该矿物集合体的不同解释将对栖霞组沉积环境的认识产生重要影响。本文通过与六水碳钙石假象的对比,讨论该矿物集合体的成因及其环境意义。不妥之处请批评指正。     

浙江省观赏石成因和分布规律

浙江省内观赏石资源丰富、类型齐全,目前已查明观赏石产地63处。本文初步探讨了浙江观赏石成因和分布规律。     

谈山东观赏石资源现状及分类

山东观赏石资源十分丰富,种类多,造型美,品相佳。自古山东为观赏石大省,具有深邃的齐鲁石文化积淀。文中对山东观赏石分类,并着重论述了泰山石奇石、琅砑石、临朐石等30多种观赏石的机理及特征。对观赏石的研究与开发,领先的奇石文化市场,必然对山东经济发展具添砖增瓦意义,山东石文化将在发展中谱写出新的篇章。     

Changing climate, changing process: implications for salt transportation and weathering within building sandstones in the UK

Salt weathering is a crucial process that brings about a change in stone, from the scale of landscapes to stone outcrops and natural building stone façades. It is acknowledged that salt weathering is controlled by fluctuations in temperature and moisture, where repeated oscillations in these parameters can cause re-crystallisation, hydration/de-hydration of salts, bringing about stone surface loss in the form of, for example, granular disaggregation, scaling, and multiple flaking. However, this ‘traditional’ view of how salt weathering proceeds may need to be re-evaluated in the light of current and future climatic trends. Indeed, there is considerable scope for the investigation of consequences of climate change on geomorphological processes in general. Building on contemporary research on the ‘deep wetting’ of natural building stones, it is proposed that (as stone may be wetter for longer), ion diffusion may become a more prominent mechanism for the mixing of molecular constituents, and a shift in focus from physical damage to chemical change is suggested. Data from ion diffusion cell experiments are presented for three different sandstone types, demonstrating that salts may diffuse through porous stone relatively rapidly (in comparison to, for example, dense concrete). Pore water from stones undergoing diffusion experiments was extracted and analysed. Factors controlling ion diffusion relating to ‘time of wetness’ within stones are discussed, (continued saturation, connectivity of pores, mineralogy, behaviour of salts, sedimentary structure), and potential changes in system dynamics as a result of climate change are addressed. System inputs may change in terms of increased moisture input, translating into a greater depth of wetting front. Salts are likely to be ‘stored’ differently in stones, with salt being in solution for longer periods (during prolonged winter wetness). This has myriad implications in terms of the movement of ions by diffusion and the potential for chemical change in the stone (especially in more mobile constituents), leading to a weakening of the stone matrix/grain boundary cementing. The ‘output’ may be mobilisation and precipitation of elements leading to, for example, uneven cementing in the stone. This reduced strength of the stone, or compromised ability of the stone to absorb stress, is likely to make crystallisation a more efficacious mechanism of decay when it does occur. Thus, a delay in the onset of crystallisation while stonework is wet does not preclude exaggerated or accelerated material loss when it finally happens.     

Significance of a combined approach for replacement stones in the heritage buildings’ conservation frame

Stone substitution is a conventional operation during heritage buildings’ restoration, but becomes problematic for architects and restorers when the quarry is mined out. The compatibility of the substitution stones with the original ones has been for long mainly based on the aesthetical aspect, this resulting too often in a patchwork of original and substitution stones with different patina after several years because of differences of properties. In this study, the objective is to show how substitution stones can be selected by combining aesthetic criteria and stones properties that are relevant for analyzing their compatibility. A couple of French limestones with their potential substitution stones were selected for the study. Our results showed that potential substitution stones selected on their aesthetic criteria require to be rejected because of their differences of physical properties. On the other hand, our results showed also the possibility to select substitution stones with satisfactory aesthetic aspect and properties that enable to expect a satisfactory compatibility with the original stone.     

透水石对GEO-Experts土水特征曲线压力板仪排水的影响

利用GEO-Experts应力相关的土水特征曲线压力板仪测定土水特征曲线时,预固结过程必须用到透水石。通过对南昌重塑饱和土样的脱水试验发现,试验过程中透水石中的水和土样中的水一样也会被排到量管里,由排出到量管中水量去反算试样含水率,得到的含水率是不真实的,这使得基质吸力相对应的土样含水率偏小。为减小试验误差,进行了6种不同处理方案试验。结果表明,在透水石下放置一层防水透气膜可以有效减少试验误差,得出的土水特征曲线更准确。最后利用这个最佳方案进行不同固结压力下的脱湿和吸湿试验。      

沉积鲕石和尿路结石若干特征的对比研究

本文从仿生学的思路出发，将几种沉积鲕石、核形石、结核等从其结构、成分和形成条件等方面与四种常见尿路结石进行对比研究。认为这些产物虽然发生在自然界或人体内两种截然不同的环境中，但是在研究其形成机理时，彼此有许多可以互相借鉴之处。沉积鲕石、核形石的分层结构和再结晶交代现象等，可以对比应用于尿石的形成和发育机理的解释；同时，尿路结石形成理论中的局部过饱和以及取向附生学说，也可引进于沉积鲕石、核形石和结核的形成理论中。此外，本文首次介绍了热发光方法研究沉积鲕石和尿路结石的成果，并认为这一研究方法仍有继续深入探讨其应用范围的潜力。     

The Mechanics of Rocking Stones: Equilibria on Separated Scales

Rocking stones, balanced in counter-intuitive positions, have always intrigued geologists. In our paper, we explain this phenomenon based on high-precision scans of pebbles which exhibit similar behavior. We construct their convex hull and the heteroclinic graph carrying their equilibrium points. By systematic simplification of the arising Morse–Smale complex in a one-parameter process, we demonstrate that equilibria occur typically in highly localized groups (flocks), the number of the latter being reliably observed and determined by hand experiments. Both local and global (micro and macro) equilibria can be either stable or unstable. Most commonly, rocks and pebbles are balanced on stable local equilibria belonging to stable flocks. However, it is possible to balance a convex body on a stable local equilibrium belonging to an unstable flock and this is the intriguing mechanical scenario corresponding to rocking stones. Since outside observers can only reliably perceive flocks, the last described situation will appear counter-intuitive. A comparison between computer experiments and hand experiments reveals that the latter are consistent, that is, the flocks can be reliably counted and the pebble classification system proposed in our previous work is robustly applicable. We also find an interesting logarithmic relationship between the flatness of pebbles and the average number of global equilibrium points, indicating a close relationship between classical shape categories and the new classification system.     

Modified permeability apparatus to determine the permeability of natural building stones

Natural building stones are commonly used for a broad variety of purposes in the construction of many different types of buildings. Knowledge of the permeability of natural building stones, which are widely used in interiors, exteriors, flooring, veneering, landscaping, and walkway laying, is important for correctly determining their lifetime as well as their areas of use. The current study proposes a new test method to determine the air permeability of natural building stones, based on a previously developed method used to assess the permeability values of concrete samples. In this context, the air permeability index values of 96 natural building stone samples, belonging to 16 different types of natural stones classified into five groups, were determined using a new air permeability testing apparatus. The obtained permeability values were compared with the water absorption, open porosity, and apparent density properties of the natural building stones. Strong correlations were identified between the air permeability values of natural building stones and the open porosity and water absorption values. In contrast to other types of tests, the designed apparatus allowed information to be obtained concerning the porosity of natural building stones within a time period as short as 6 h. Based on the obtained results, the air permeability values of the natural building stones were classified into three groups as permeable, semi-permeable, and non-permeable. The study results indicated that the air permeability index can be effectively used to measure the air permeability of natural building stones within a short a period of time and by using a simple test apparatus.     

微波等离子体炬质谱技术快速鉴别天然石材与人造石材

天然石材主要有大理石、花岗岩等;人造石材多以不饱和聚酯树脂为基料,添加适量的无机物粉料和添加剂固化制成。由于石材种类繁多,并且各种石材的岩体所含矿物成分也有差异,当前很少应用化学成分分析方法准确、快速鉴别天然和人造石材,仅有的红外光谱法由于对待测物纯度的要求较高而具局限性。本文基于微波等离子体炬源(MPT)同时具有热解吸与强电离能力,能在短时间内离子化待测物的特点,采用微波等离子体炬质谱(MPT-MS)技术,无需样品复杂预处理直接对天然与人造石材进行分析,获得正离子检测模式下在m/z 50~1000之间的石材的指纹谱图,并运用化学计量学的主成分分析(PCA)方法处理所获取的数据,实现了不同建筑石材的区分。结果表明,MPT-MS能够获得石材丰富的指纹谱图,结合PCA方法能够快速鉴别天然石材与人造石材,天然石材中解吸出的物质主要为CO₂和H₂O的团簇分子;而人造石材中解吸出的主要成分为有机物(人为添加的黏合剂等)。本研究采用的MPT-MS技术无需采用喷雾、激光、基质和加热等方法辅助,并且无需对石材进行任何复杂的处理即可进行质谱分析,从而获取石材表面及内部物质的质谱信息,为快速直接鉴定石材样品提供了一种新的质谱分析方法。     

福建明溪锆石的改色研究

福建明溪的锆石以灰褐色为多，通过热处理可将其改成浅蓝色或无色。本文讨论了热处理的温度、时间、氧化还原条件以及样品的性质对热处理结果的影响，认为热处理的温度过高过低，时间过长都不利于锆石颜色的改善，交替改变氧化还原条件，锆石颜色的改变可逆。在相同的热处理条件下，不同样品的改色效果不同。在此研究基础上提出了锆石的“二步法”改色工艺，并对改色结果的稳定性和热处理对锆石性质的影响进行了评估。     

碎石变形特征及挤密碎石桩复合地基效果评价

挤密碎石桩的材料是粒径较大的碎石,粒间粘结很小,其力学特性和其密度与侧压力有关,以往研究多作为弹性材料看待。利用大型三轴试验研究了碎石的变形特点,并根据试验结果总结了碎石的变形规律。在工程上常遇到的应变范围内,碎石三轴剪切试验的应力-应变关系可用双曲线拟合,体变曲线则接近于抛物线;单向压缩试验的轴向应力-应变符合幂函数曲线。徐－宿高速公路挤密碎石桩地基处理现场试验结果表明,经过碎石桩处理后的液化地基的液化势得到消除,该试验研究工作对类似工程有参考价值。     

Further stable isotope investigations of human urinary stones: comparison with other body components

Carbon and sulphur isotope investigations of human urinary stones have been expanded to relate such data to various body components and to diet. Techniques include isotopic determinations for various body components, for example, hair and urine, as well as trace sulphate and sulphide in apatite-struvite stones.Hair from individuals in Calgary was found to be, on average, about 3‰ depleted in¹³C in comparison to samples from Hawaii. Uric acid stones from both locations were found to be 1 to 3‰ enriched in¹³C, compared to hair. Oxalate stones from Calgary had δ¹³C values very close to those of hair. In contrast, oxalate stones from 31 patients from Honolulu fit the regression lineδ¹³C_oxalate= 0.8 δ¹³C_hair− 4.4‰, with a correlation coefficient of 0.77. It remains debatable as to whether the isotopic differences between the stones and hair reflects preferential incorporation of dietary components or kinetic isotope effects during biochemical conversions. There was no evidence in the data from Honolulu that ethnic background significantly influenced the carbon isotope composition of hair or kidney stones. There was a suggestion that recent arrivals had hair and stones slightly depleted in¹³C as compared to longer residents.The δ³⁴S values of cystine stones from Calgary were markedly consistent, near 0‰, and isotopic variations among different body components of individuals were of the order of 1‰.The trace sulphate content of a bladder stone from Papua New Guinea, was 300ppm S, whereas the sulphide content was negligible (determined by in vacuo Kiba extraction). The total S content of three samples from Calgary averaged 250 ppm, whereas 150 ppm was found for two stones each from Quito, Ecuador and Honolulu, Hawaii. For stones other than the speciment from Papua New Guinea, the sulphate-to-sulphide ratio varied from 1 to 4. The source of sulphide is uncertain but degradation of organic S could contribute to this fraction during Kiba extraction. The small range of δ³⁴S values (+3.5 to +7.4‰) for trace total S in the phosphate-containing urinary stones is believed to reflect only a fraction of the global variation of these materials. Trace sulphate was variably enriched in³⁴S (0 to 9‰) as compared to sulphide. Neither these enrichments, nor the sulphate-to-sulphide ratio, could be related to the struvite-to-apatite ratio.There were no significant differences in the carbon and sulphur isotope compositions of hair from patients and non-stone formers. Both the carbon and sulphur isotope variations can be attributed to the isotopic compositions of diets and the superposition of small kinetic isotope effects during biochemical conversions.     

寿山石的矿物组分和特征

寿山石是我国最负盛名的工艺雕刻石。以X射线衍射和红外光谱测试证实,寿山石的主要成分分别为高岭石族矿物、叶蜡石和伊利石．其中以高岭石族矿物,特别是地开石及地开石和高岭石的过渡矿物占大多数。研究表明,不仅寿山石中的极品田黄石存在珍珠陶石。而且在原生矿高山石鸡母窝品种也发现了珍珠陶石。     

Quality assessment of replacement stones for the Cologne Cathedral: mineralogical and petrophysical requirements

Owing to its long building history, different types of building stones comprised the construction of the Cologne Cathedral. Severe damage is observed on the different stones, e.g., sandstones, carbonate, and volcanic rocks, especially when the different stone materials neighbor the medieval “Drachenfels trachyte” from the “Siebengebirge”. The question arises, “Is the insufficient compatibility of the implemented building materials causatively related to the strong decay of the Drachenfels trachyte?” The present investigations focus on the petrography and mineralogical composition of eight different stones from the Cologne Cathedral. Petrophysical data, i.e., phase content, moisture and thermal characteristics as well as strength properties are determined and discussed in correlation to each other, showing that not only in terms of lithology great differences exist, but also the petrophysical properties strongly diverge. The ascertained parameters are discussed in view of the deterioration behavior and decay mechanisms of the different stones. To evaluate the compatibility of original, replacement and modern building materials, the properties of the investigated stones are compared to those of Drachenfels trachyte by means of constraints given in the literature. Besides optical properties, petrophysical criteria are also defined as well as strength values. It could be shown that primarily moisture properties, i.e., capillary and sorptive water uptake, water saturation, drying processes and moisture dilatation can be addressed to the deterioration processes.     

安徽省观赏石资源开发利用研究

观赏石是一种可开发利用的经济矿产资源,安徽复杂的地质背景造就了丰富多样的观赏石资源,为了合理开发和利用安徽的观赏石资源,本文对安徽观赏石资源的品种、分布、开发利用现状与前景、存在的主要问题进行了初步研究,并提出合理开发和利用观赏石资源的建议.