Accuracy of dynamic disk-based DDA with respect to a single sliding disk cluster

Disk clusters are developed to represent the shape of granular materials more precisely (compared to circular particles) and to minimise excessive rolling. Investigating the behaviour of dynamic disk-based discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) with disk clusters is very important to evaluate the applicability of disk-based DDA to dynamic problems in geomechanics. In this paper, the accuracy of disk-based DDA under dynamic conditions is studied by a comprehensive sensitivity analysis. The results obtained by disk-based DDA are compared with the analytical solutions of a disk cluster on an incline subjected to gravitational force only, and three different accelerations of increasing complexity with sinusoidal input functions as well as gravitational load. In this research, the effects of time step size and interface friction angles on the results are studied. Overall, most of the error for both velocity and displacement occurs at the beginning of the solution. With increasing friction angle, the initial perturbation of the solution increases in the case of sliding under gravitational force only, and decreases in the case of sliding under dynamic loads. This study shows that disk-based DDA predicts accurately the velocities and displacements derived with respect to the frictional resistance offered by the inclines.     

边坡岩体滑动稳定的动力学分析

在地震或爆破等强烈振动影响下边坡岩体往往产生块体滑动。这种失稳的动力学特性迄今尚未获得应有的研究。 在大部分现有的文献中都采用惯性力原理,将动力问题化为静力问题解决。这种常规的准动态分析,只考虑最大振动加速度,使问题过于简化而偏于保守。少数文献中探讨了动力问题,但也未考虑动荷载的全波形,所以未能解决块体滑动的真正的动力学问题。     

Modelling dynamic deformation in natural rock slopes and underground openings with DDA: review of recent results

We present validations and applications of the numerical Discontinuous Deformation Analysis method (DDA) for different cases of dynamic loading in the context of rock mass deformation. Following a review of 2D and 3D-DDA validations against analytical solutions for single and double face sliding, we present dynamic DDA applications in natural rock slopes and underground openings. Modelling dynamic rock slope deformation is demonstrated using the case of Masada rock slopes, with some new findings on the dynamic deformation of overhanging cliffs in general. Modelling underground deformation is demonstrated using the case of an active open pit mine in Israel developed in a rock mass containing multiple karstic caverns. The DDA method is shown here to be a powerful numerical tool for modelling dynamic rock mass deformation when the interaction between multiple discrete elements dictates the expected global deformation.     

含贯通性结构面岩质边坡动力演化规律

针对一种含贯通性顺倾结构面的岩质边坡,开展地震波场传播特性、动力演化规律和破坏机制研究。基于华丽高速公路金沙江大桥桥址边坡,实施了数值分析及振动台模型试验。通过地震波场数值模拟,明确了地震波场受贯通性结构面影响,在贯通性结构面和坡面之间反复叠加,加速度放大效应较均质边坡增大约1.8倍。振动台模型试验中不断增大地震输入烈度,加速度响应在烈度为Ⅷ度时发生突变,边坡由弹性响应阶段进入塑性阶段。在裂度为Ⅸ度时坡脚附近裂缝进一步扩展、贯通,直至发生整体滑动失稳,滑动面沿后缘陡倾结构面剪出、贯通性顺倾结构面滑动、下部坡脚附近剪出。强震后受扰动边坡若处在塑性阶段/不稳定阶段,在其他外力触发下有可能发生滑坡灾害。     

考虑滑床摩擦弱化的大光包滑坡运动机制DDA数值模拟研究

2008年汶川发生M_S8.0级地震,此次地震触发了大约20万处滑坡,其中大光包滑坡是汶川地震触发的最大规模的滑坡,其复杂的高速远程运动机理引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。本文结合热分解及动态结晶将地震中断层间摩擦弱化机制(闪速加热导致热分解及粉末润滑)运用于大光包滑坡高速远程运动的模拟。本文通过修改非连续变形分析(DDA)程序中强度参数的输入方式,以基于速度变化的强度参数取代原DDA程序中的常数强度参数,进而实现了摩擦系数随接触两侧相对速度变化的动态调整。运用修改后的DDA对大光包滑坡的运动过程进行模拟。模拟结果表明滑床摩擦弱化是导致大光包滑坡高速远程运动特征的重要原因,修改后的DDA由于考虑了滑床摩擦弱化能够更加合理地模拟滑坡的高速远程运动特征,本文模拟的大光包滑坡在地震作用下失稳后,由于滑床摩擦弱化,更多的能量转化为动能,高速滑体掠过黄洞子沟后,爬上对面的平梁子,最终由于平梁子的“急刹车”作用,滑体停止运动。与修改前DDA相比,修改后的DDA对大光包滑坡运动过程和最终堆积形态的模拟结果与已有文献记载和野外调查结果相吻合。这也间接证明了大光包滑坡滑动过程中由于白云岩间摩擦闪速加热导致热分解及粉末润滑造成的摩擦系数降低,可能是造成大光包滑坡高速远程运动的重要原因。     

Development of synthetic soil mixture for experimental shaking table tests on building frames resting on soft soils

In this study, a synthetic soil mixture has been developed and proposed for experimental soil-structure interaction shaking table tests on building frames with shallow foundations resting on soft soil deposits. The proposed mix provides adequate undrained shear strength to mobilise the required shallow foundation bearing capacity underneath the structural model while meeting both criteria of dynamic similarity between the model and the prototype to model soft soils in shaking table tests. To find the most appropriate mixture, different mixes with different proportions of mix components were examined in the soils laboratory. Performing bender element tests, the shear wave velocity of the soil specimens was acquired at different cure ages and the results were examined and compared. Based on the test results, a synthetic clay mixture consisting of kaolinite clay, bentonite, fly ash, lime and water has been proposed for experimental shaking table tests.     

Simulation of earthquake‐induced slope deformation using SPH method

This paper presents the development, calibration, and validation of a smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) model for the simulation of seismically induced slope deformation under undrained condition. A constitutive model that combines the isotropic strain softening viscoplasticity and the modified Kondner and Zelasko rule is developed and implemented into SPH formulations. The developed SPH model accounts for the effects of wave propagation in the sliding mass, cyclic nonlinear behavior of soil, and progressive reduction in shear strength during sliding, which are not explicitly considered in various Newmark‐type analyses widely used in the current research and practice in geotechnical earthquake engineering. Soil parameters needed for the developed model can be calibrated using typical laboratory shear strength tests, and experimental or empirical shear modulus reduction curve and damping curve. The strain‐rate effects on soil strength are considered. The developed SPH model is validated against a readily available and well‐documented model slope test on a shaking table. The model simulated slope failure mode, acceleration response spectra, and slope deformations are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. It is thus suggested that the developed SPH model may be utilized to reliably simulate earthquake‐induced slope deformations. This paper also indicates that if implemented with appropriate constitutive models, SPH method can be used to model large‐deformation problems with high fidelity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于冻融交界面直剪试验的冻土斜坡失稳过程研究

为了探讨多年冻土区自然斜坡失稳机制,开展了不同含水率黏土、粉土、砂土的土-冰交界面直接剪切试验和相应融土的直接剪切试验。结果表明,砂土和砂土-冰冻融交界面剪切应力-变形特性主要表现为弹性变形,且剪应力存在明显峰值;粉土、黏土及相应的冻融交界面在很小的变形范围内表现为塑性变形,且剪应力无峰值。水分对砂土活动层抗剪强度影响较弱,表现为水分增高,内摩擦角小幅降低。水分对粉黏土活动层抗剪强度影响剧烈,表现为水分增高,粉黏土黏聚力急剧减小。研究发现,冻土区斜坡失稳更易发生于细颗粒粉黏土中。相对于粉土,粉土-冰冻融交界面抵抗剪切变形的能力更强,粉土斜坡潜在滑动面更易发育在冻融交界面上层附近;相对于黏土,黏土-冰冻融交界面抵抗剪切变形的能力更弱,黏土斜坡更易在冻融交界面处发生滑动。同时,细粒土斜坡极易在达到最大融化深度前提前失稳,斜坡坡度越高,失稳时间越提前。融化期活动层水分增多导致潜在滑动面黏聚力降低是细粒土冻土斜坡失稳的最主要原因,孔隙水压对冻土斜坡具有一定影响,在稳定性评价时要考虑活动层水位的影响。     

Benchmarking numerical models of brittle thrust wedges

We report quantitative results from three brittle thrust wedge experiments, comparing numerical results directly with each other and with corresponding analogue results. We first test whether the participating codes reproduce predictions from analytical critical taper theory. Eleven codes pass the stable wedge test, showing negligible internal deformation and maintaining the initial surface slope upon horizontal translation over a frictional interface. Eight codes participated in the unstable wedge test that examines the evolution of a wedge by thrust formation from a subcritical state to the critical taper geometry. The critical taper is recovered, but the models show two deformation modes characterised by either mainly forward dipping thrusts or a series of thrust pop-ups. We speculate that the two modes are caused by differences in effective basal boundary friction related to different algorithms for modelling boundary friction. The third experiment examines stacking of forward thrusts that are translated upward along a backward thrust. The results of the seven codes that run this experiment show variability in deformation style, number of thrusts, thrust dip angles and surface slope. Overall, our experiments show that numerical models run with different numerical techniques can successfully simulate laboratory brittle thrust wedge models at the cm-scale. In more detail, however, we find that it is challenging to reproduce sandbox-type setups numerically, because of frictional boundary conditions and velocity discontinuities. We recommend that future numerical-analogue comparisons use simple boundary conditions and that the numerical Earth Science community defines a plasticity test to resolve the variability in model shear zones.     

The slope modeling method with GIS support for rockfall analysis using 3D DDA

Rockfall is the most frequent major hazard in mountainous areas. For hazard assessment and further countermeasure design, realistic and accurate prediction of rockfall trajectory is an important requirement. Thus, a modeling method to represent both geometrical parameters of slope and falling rock mass is required. This study, suggests taking the advantages of discontinues deformation analysis (DDA) and geographical information system (GIS). In this study, after developing a three dimensional (3D) DDA program, firstly a special element named contact face element (CFE) was introduced into 3D DDA; secondly, effectively modeling tools with GIS support were developed. The implementation of CFE also improves the efficiency of both the contact searching and solution process. Then a simple impact model was devised to compare the 3D DDA implemented directly with a sliding model with theoretical analysis to verify the reliability of the modified 3D DDA program and investigate the parameter settings. Finally, simulations concerning rock shapes and multi-rocks were carried out to show the applicable functions and advantages of the newly developed rockfall analysis code. It has been shown that the newly developed 3D DDA program with GIS support is applicable and effective.     

Seismic behaviors of soil slope in permafrost regions using a large-scale shaking table

Large-scale shaking table model tests were carried out to study the dynamic behaviors of slopes and failure mechanism of landslide in permafrost regions. The model slope was constituted of silty clay layer stacked on an ice layer with 8° surface slope. Acceleration, displacement, and pore pressure were measured subjected to vertical and horizontal seismic loadings. The horizontal wave has a stronger influence on the failure of the model than the vertical wave motion, and the natural frequency of vibration in the horizontal direction decreased obviously at the failure state. The model slope has three components of different nonlinear mechanical properties, which are the soil layer, soil-ice interface, and ice layer. The amplification factor of peak ground acceleration is obviously smaller at the soil-ice interface than that at the soil and ice layer. The acceleration responses are nonlinear because of the nonlinear soil properties and degradation of modulus with increasing horizontal acceleration. Especially, excess pore pressure generation was observed near the soil-ice interface of the slope subjected to higher input acceleration, which resulted in the decrease of the effective stress. Failure surface appeared to be the soil-ice interface, which was consistent with the field observations of landslides in permafrost regions. Slope failure could be defined based on the massive movement of the slope, characterized by integral sliding pattern along the soil-ice interface without the distinct deformation inside the sliding body. The results show that the sliding of the slope with soil layer at gentle gradient is mainly triggered by the combined action of horizontal seismic wave, existence of soil-ice interface, and pore pressure generation in permafrost regions.     

Implementation of displacement-dependent Barton-Bandis rock joint model into discontinuous deformation analysis

Discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) has been widely applied in analyzing various rock engineering problems. As the joint strength play a vital role in the stability of jointed rock mass, this paper makes an attempt to implement the Barton-Bandis rock joint model into the DDA code to replace the original Mohr-Coulomb joint model. The developed Barton-Bandis joint model which is characterized by displacement-dependent shear strength is verified by experimental direct shear tests. An example of a block sliding on an inclined plane is used to demonstrate the capacity of the DDA-BB model in predicting the dynamic motion behavior of sliding blocks.     

黄土基覆层边坡动力破坏特征的大型振动台试验研究

为了探讨黄土基覆层边坡动力破坏特征与加速度的响应关系,采用1︰20振动台试验,设置输入地震波幅值逐级增大,实时监测边坡裂缝试验全周期内发育规律,应用MATLAB动力破坏特征检测系统获取地表裂缝的基本信息,提出边坡表面动力破坏特征,并结合各工况监测点加速度峰值变化规律进行分析。得到如下结论：(1)输入加速度峰值0.6g时,坡顶和坡脚的裂缝宽度、裂缝面积均有跳跃性增长,表明土岩接触面部位土体已发生累进剪切破坏,滑面和坡面上的加速度峰值响应突变,振幅突变较大,表明边坡已经发生破坏。(2)沿坡面和滑面加速度放大系数均呈非线性增加,而沿坡面的放大系数在各工况下明显比沿滑面的大,说明加速度沿高程放大效应明显。(3)拉裂缝和剪切裂缝面积突增是边坡破坏的重要特征,贯通裂缝产生和加速度响应突变可以作为边坡动力破坏的依据。     

Dynamic response of a dip slope with multi-slip planes revealed by shaking table tests

This study investigated the effect of internal discontinuity on the dynamic response of a dip slope and evaluated the performance of Newmark’s theory on the sliding of a dip slope with multi-slip planes. A series of shaking table tests were performed under various geometric conditions to explore the dynamic behavior of a dip slope under different external excitations. The test results, including for deformation processes and critical accelerations, under various slope angles, slope sizes, and seismic intensities were examined and further compared with Newmark’s theory. The results of this study are summarized as follows: (1) two types of slope sliding (differential and complete) were determined. (2) Increasing the slope angle and the height of sliding mass tended to shorten the duration of slope deformation. (3) Critical acceleration of the slope increased gradually with increasing peak ground accelerations of input excitations; when the slope height and dip angle increased, the critical acceleration decreased. (4) The triggering time became earlier as the frequency of input excitation increased; the magnitude of sliding mass greatly depended on the amplitude of the input excitation. (5) By comparing critical acceleration between the experimental and theoretical results, Newmark’s theory was determined to overestimate critical acceleration during seismic-induced dip slope failure. This may cause unsafe evaluations, and sliding along existing discontinuities develops more easily in reality.     

Effects of dynamic shear strength and time-histories stress analysis on newmark sliding block analyses

A simplified procedure for evaluating aseismic stability of slope subjected to earthquake shaking, in which the effect of dynamic shear strength and time-history stress on the yielding angular acceleration of sliding block is taken into account, is presented. The fundamental feature of this procedure is the dynamic shear strength. The numerical computations are performed by using the proposed method. It is shown that the computed sliding displacement for a given core dam, with either method of dynamic shear strength properly considered, is more rational compared with the conventional computational results based on static shear strength.     

土工格栅与土界面作用特性试验研究

土工格栅与土的界面摩擦特性指标是加筋土工程设计的关键。通过分析土工格栅与土的界面摩擦作用和进行了直剪摩擦试验和拉拔摩擦试验,测试了两种试验条件的界面摩擦特性。在两种试验条件下,土工格栅加筋土复合体的抗剪强度均有界面摩擦角φsq和界面凝聚力csq,且土工格栅与土相对位移量的不同,其复合体的强度机理有区别。在拉拔摩擦试验中,剪应力峰值强度对应的剪切变形值高于直剪摩擦试验中剪应力峰值强度的剪切变形值5～10倍以上。两种试验均有其适用性,而土与土工格栅的相对位移较小时直剪摩擦试验较能反映实际;土与土工格栅相对位移较大时土与格栅双面均发生相对位移,拉拔摩擦试验更为合适。随法向应力的增大,直剪摩擦和拉拔摩擦试验的剪应力峰值以及剪应力峰值对应的位移均提高。直剪摩擦的剪切速度小,剪应力峰值强度高,且达到峰值强度的剪切位移大;增加剪切速度,剪应力峰值强度降低,且对应的位移也减少,其原因是界面上的孔隙水压力消散和筋材的应力松弛。应根据具体工程的需要选择直剪摩擦试验和拉拔摩擦试验确定设计参数。     

悬臂抗滑桩加固边坡地震动力响应模型试验研究

为研究悬臂抗滑桩加固边坡的地震响应和抗滑桩桩身弯矩分布规律,利用北京工业大学结构实验室的大型振动台进行悬臂抗滑桩加固边坡模型的振动试验。在试验过程中,输入汶川地震重华镇波,记录边坡不同位置加速度的时程变化,并作对比分析,采集抗滑桩桩身的应变,用于分析桩身弯矩分布。结果表明,地震过程中边坡内部加速度自下而上逐渐放大,边坡顶部放大效果达到最大;悬臂抗滑桩的加固效应和桩间土体成拱作用使附近土体的动力响应受到限制;抗滑桩的嵌固端与悬臂部分分界面随着地震波的输入应变急剧增大,而悬臂部分随着高度增加应变减小,反映了悬臂抗滑桩弯矩的“凸”形分布规律。     

地震动加速度幅值对土坡失稳后滑坡体大小及致灾范围的影响

地震滑坡的致灾范围是判断滑坡能否会对已有建构筑物造成损失、确定预警疏散范围的重要依据,因此对地震土坡破坏后的滑坡体大小和致灾范围进行研究具有重要的意义.本研究基于SPH动力分析方法,结合弹塑性本构模型和固体力学控制方程建立了地震土坡破坏的动力分析模型;通过设置振动边界粒子和自由场边界粒子,实现了地震动加速度的施加以及自...     

An Experimental and Theoretical Approach on the Modeling of Sliding Response of Rock Wedges under Dynamic Loading

The stability of rock slopes under dynamic loading in mining and civil engineering depends upon the slope geometry, mechanical properties of rock mass and discontinuities, and the characteristics of dynamic loads with time. The wedge failure is one of the common forms of slope failures. The authors presented some stability conditions for rock wedges under dynamic loading and they confirmed their validity through the laboratory experimental studies in a previous paper in 2000, which is often quoted by others to validate their softwares, including some commercial software. In this study, the authors investigate the sliding responses of rock wedges under dynamic loads rather than the initiation of wedge sliding. First, some laboratory model tests are described. On the basis of these model tests on rock wedges, the theoretical model proposed previously is extended to compute the sliding responses of rock wedges in time domain. The proposed theoretical model is applied to simulate the sliding responses of rock wedge model tests and its validity is discussed. In the final part, the method proposed is applied to actual wedge failures observed in 1995 Dinar earthquake and 2005 Pakistan–Kashmir earthquake, and the results are discussed.     

A detailed investigation of block dynamic sliding by the discontinuous deformation analysis

An extensive examination of the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA) in block dynamic sliding modeling is carried out in this paper. Theoretical solutions for a single block sliding on an arbitrarily inclined plane by applying the horizontal/vertical seismic loadings to the sliding block as acceleration time histories or to the base as constraint displacement time histories are derived. As compared with the theoretical solutions, for a single block sliding, the DDA predicts the sliding displacements and block interaction forces accurately under various base incline angles and friction angles under both the harmonic loadings and a real seismic loading. The vertical seismic component may influence the block sliding displacements to different extent, and the DDA can capture these phenomena successfully and give accurate results. For the calculation of the single block relative sliding, both the theoretical and the DDA solutions indicate that applying the seismic accelerations as constraint displacement time histories (derived by integrating the seismic accelerations twice) to the base is equivalent to applying the seismic accelerations as volume forces to the sliding block in the opposite directions. The DDA modeling also demonstrates that this conclusion still stands for the case of multi‐block sliding. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.