The determination of Mn,Fe, Ni,Cu and Zn in seawater by atomic absorption spectrometry after coprecipitation with lanthanum hydroxide

A simple and rapid coprecipitation method for the determination of several trace metals in seawater is presented. These metals are coprecipitated with lanthanum hydroxide, the precipitate is dissolved, and then the metals are determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Lanthanum hydroxide was chosen as a coprecipitant for the following reasons, (a) lanthanum hydroxide has a sufficiently low solubility and forms an easily filterable flocculate at about 80C, and (b) lanthanum has an absorption wavelength that is sufficiently separated from those of the other elements to be analysed, i.e., Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn. Experimental results show that these metals are coprecipitated by the present method with excellent recoveries.     

Composition of the inorganic fraction of the particulate organic matter in seawater

Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Mn have been measured in both naturally occurring particulate matter and artificially created aggregates taken from water from the Nova Scotian coastal region and from the North Atlantic Ocean. The order of concentration of these elements is the same in both the aggregates and the natural particulate matter as it is in seawater. There is an inverse relationship between depth of the water and the amount of inorganic matter in artificially created aggregates, while a direct relationship is found with the naturally occurring particles. This direct relationship may reflect the utilization of organic material in the surface waters. Iron and manganese are enriched in both kinds of particles.     

海水悬浮颗粒物中不同形态磷的测定

分别采用硫酸过硫酸钾作为氧化剂进行高压消解和用浓度为1 mol/dm³盐酸浸泡提取,然后用磷钼蓝分光光度法测定海水悬浮颗粒物、沉积物中的总磷和无机磷,用差减法得到有机磷。悬浮颗粒物总磷(PTP)和无机磷(PIP)质量浓度分别为(632.4～651.7)×10^-6和(436.6～452.6)×10^-6时,其相对标准偏差小于1.44%。悬浮颗粒物总磷、无机磷和有机磷的回收率分别为97.2%～101.3%,97.8%～100.4%和97.3%～102.3%。所建立的分析方法可用于海水、河口水悬浮颗粒物及沉积物中不同形态磷的测定。     

Practical wet oxidation experiment to determine concentrations of particulate organic matter in seawater

The report presents results of experiments testifying to the possibility of using wet oxidation to determine the concentrations of organic carbon in marine particulate matter. We describe a method for eliminating the measurement error caused by the influence of chlorides on the processes of dichromate oxidation of organic matter. We present an equation to calculate the concentration of organic carbon depending on that of sodium chloride.     

黄河口海区沉积物柱样中碳酸盐组分

于１９８９年５月在黄河口海区采集４个沉积物柱状样,以原子吸收法测定其碳酸盐组分中Ｃａ,Ｍｇ,Ｆｅ,Ｎａ,Ｍｎ元素的含量。结果表明,含量分布基本遵循“元素粒度控制律”,即沉积物粒度细时,元素含量超于富集。结果还证明,受黄河水影响越大,沉积物碳酸盐Ｍｎ／Ｆｅ比值越高,可以以此判断沉积物受黄河水影响的程度;ＣａＣＯ３含量亦存在类似现象。相关分析表明,碳酸盐组分中Ｍｎ含量与ＣａＣＯ３含量相关较好,而Ｆｅ与     

Phosphate association with Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in seawater

Association constants of orthophosphate ion with Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ were measured at μ = 0.68 and 20°C. The results were used to calculate phosphate speciation in seawater. Free HPO₄^2? ion and MgHPO₄^o are found to be the predominant species.     

黑鯛对Ca,P，K,Mg和Mn的营养需求

矿物质是鱼类必需的营养素之一。海水中含有大量的无机盐,海水鱼类虽可通过饮用海水直接摄取,但是这些矿物质并不能满足鱼类的全部需求,在饲料中还必需予以添加,因此研究海水鱼类对矿物质的需求具有重要的意义。 黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)是我国北方最有价值的海水养殖鱼类之一,目前黑鲷养殖业已经逐步发展起来,开展黑鲷营养需求和人工配合饲料的研究已成为当务之急。本文报道了黑鯛对Ca,P,K,Mg和Mn的需求研究结果。     

海水中溶解有机质对Fe 的迁移转化的影响

<正>Fe是海洋浮游植物生长必需的重要元素,影响浮游植物新陈代谢过程中的各个步骤,对光合作用、呼吸作用过程中电子的传递,氮的还原,叶绿素的合成,以及一些活性氧化物质的降解起到非常重要作用[1]。尽管全球接近30%的大洋表层水中氮、磷、硅营养盐含量丰富,但由于受到Fe限制,出现了高营养盐低生产力现象,这对全球碳循环和气候变化产生重大影响[2,3]。鉴于上述原因,Fe逐渐成为生物地球化学领域的研究热点。国际上对Fe的研究大致经历了三个阶     

长江口外海水中有色溶解有机物（CDOM）的光吸收特性

基于2008年5、11月2次调查数据,研究了长江口邻近海域水体有色溶解有机物（CDOM）的光吸收特性及其时空分布特征,探讨了CDOM含量、光谱斜率Sg值及其与特征波长下吸收系数a（440）的关系.结果表明,春季该海域有色溶解有机物的吸收系数a（440）的范围为2.232~8.671 m-1,平均值为4.523 m-1;秋季其吸收系数a（440）的变化范围为0.390~6.135 m-1,平均值为2.209 m-1.该水体CDOM吸收曲线基本呈指数衰减趋势.在400~440 nm波段内,春季其光谱斜率Sg值范围为0.002 0~0.014 2 nm-1,平均值为0.008 7 nm-1秋季的介于0.020 8~0.052 6 nm-1之间.平均值为0.037 5 nm-1.同时有色溶解有机物吸收系数a（440）与Sg值存在着较显著的负相关关系.     

Metal-organic complexes in seawater — An investigation of naturally occurring complexes of Cu,Zn, Fe,Mg, Ni,Cr, Mn and Cd using high-performance liquid chromatography with atomic fluorescence detection

Metal-organic complexes were isolated from coastal seawater by adsorption onto octadecyl-bonded silica (SEP-PAK cartridges) and injected into a high-performance liquid chromatograph. Trace metals were identified in the eluate by a four-channel non-dispersive atomic fluorescence detector. Organic complexes of copper, zinc, iron, magnesium, nickel and manganese were found to be present but no complexes of chromium or cadmium were detected. The complexes covered a wide range of polarities with no specific complexes being predominant. Interference from the stainless-steel chromatograph was negligible. The technique provides a minimum estimate of the amount of metal organics and it is suggested that a significant fraction of the metal organics present are too polar to be completely retained by the SEP-PAK cartridges. Typical values of the amounts of trace metal isolated by this technique corresponded to concentrations in the original seawater of >65 ngl^?1 (Cu), >27 ngl^?1 (Fe) and >41 ngl^?1 (Zn).     

Luminescence quenching of dissolved organic matter in seawater

To characterize more fully the nature of the fluorophores present in the dissolved organic matter found in seawater, steady state and time-resolved measurements of the luminescence quenching of a number of samples of marine dissolved organic matter with known quenchers, such as iodide, acrylamide and methyl viologen (MV) (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium), were compared. Quenching characteristics of these systems were analyzed using Stern-Volmer plots for both intensity and lifetime measurements. The bimolecular quenching constants, κ_q, for these quenchers were found to decrease in the order MV²⁺ (κ_q 10¹⁰M⁻¹s⁻¹) > I⁻ (κ_q 2 × 10⁹ M⁻¹ s⁻¹) >CH₂CHCONH₂ (κ_q 2 × 10⁸ M⁻¹ s⁻¹) for the samples measured. The results also show that different samples are quenched to differing extents by the quenchers studied, that ionic strength alters the quenching constants, and that both static and diffusional quenching mechanisms may operate.Such studies are appropriate to the quantification of the reactivity of the singlet states of the chromophores found within marine dissolved organic matter. Although excess energy of the singlet state may be readily transferred to another chemical species, the combination of competing physical deactivation paths and the low concentrations of efficient quenches in the oceans serves to lessen the direct chemical impact of this process.     

The fluorescence of dissolved organic matter in seawater

A total of 28 vertical profiles of seawater fluorescence was measured in the Sargasso Sea, the Straits of Florida, the Southern California Borderlands, and the central Pacific Ocean. In all cases, surface seawater fluorescence was low as a result of photochemical bleaching which occurs on the timescale of hours. Fluorescence of deep water was 2–2.5 times higher than that of surface waters, and was constant, implying a long residence time for fluorescent organic matter, possibly of the order of thousands of years. Fluorescence correlates well with nutrients (NO₃⁻, PO₄³⁻) in mid-depth waters (100–1000 m) in the Sargasso Sea and the central North Pacific, consistent with results in the central Pacific and the coastal seas of Japan. This suggests that regeneration or formation of fluorescent materials accompanies the oxidation and remineralization of settling organic particles.The various sources and sinks of fluorescent organic matter in the global oceans are assessed. The major sources are particles and in situ formation; rivers, rain, diffusion from sediments, and release from organisms are minor sources. The major sink is photochemical bleaching.     

Optimization of the direct simultaneous atomic absorption determinations of several elements in marine or riverine particulate matter

A highly sensitive procedure is proposed for direct simultaneous atomic absorption determinations of three elements (Ag, Cd, and Pb or Cd, Pb, and Tl) in marine and riverine particulate matter. To decrease the influence of nonselective interference and matrix effects and to improve the detection limits of the elements, the course of the analysis included a preliminary stage of fractional evaporation of the sample (a graphite rod with a diaphragm as the evaporator) and condensation of the elements (a graphite rod as the collector). The condensate atomization proceeded in a rod-cell electrothermal graphite atomizer with independent heating of the zones of evaporation and atomization.     

筼筜湖绿潮期间颗粒有机物及沉积有机物的来源研究

以原子碳氮比C_at/N_at、TOC/Chl a、δ13C和δ15N等为指标,分析了筼筜湖绿潮爆发期间悬浮颗粒有机物(POM)和沉积有机物(SOM)的来源。结果显示,筼筜湖的POM主要以外源输入为主。在靠近海水入口的引水渠,POM主要来自厦门西海域的陆源有机碎屑;位于筼筜湖上游的干渠,生活污水及餐饮业废水的有机质是其POM的主要贡献者;内、外湖POM的C_at/N_at(6.94~7.08)与浮游植物接近,但它们并不以浮游植物为主,而主要来自引水渠和干渠有机质的输入。以内湖为例,它们对内湖POM的联合贡献高达54%~97%。筼筜湖SOM的潜在来源多样,但不同湖区差异显著:在大型海藻覆盖区,主要以大型海藻和POM为主,而在无海藻覆盖的区域,则主要来自POM的自然沉降或与底栖微藻的联合贡献。结果表明,在来源复杂的潟湖系统,有机物的化学组成并不能很好的指示有机物的来源和成因,它在有机质的示踪方面并不如稳定同位素来得有效可靠。不过,基于多种指标的分析结果可能更准确。     

Metaproteomic characterization of dissolved organic matter in coastal seawater

We performed a comprehensive metaproteomic analysis of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) in Japanese coastal waters using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and demonstrated that these proteomes were characterized by proteins with various functions, including metabolic enzymes, membranes, and photosynthetic proteins. The protein sources included cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, and eukaryotic phytoplankton. Most of the components were similar among samples and also similar to pelagic components. We also observed differences in the compositions of the microbial communities of origin among the different dissolved protein samples and differences in the relative abundance of specific dissolved protein types (e.g., cytoskeletal proteins), possibly indicating potential dynamics in the coastal DOM pool.     

The influence of organic matter and atmospheric deposition on the particulate trace metal concentration of northwest Atlantic surface seawater

Particulate trace metals (PTM), organic carbon (POC), and organic nitrogen (PON) were measured in a series of surface bucket samples collected between the New England coast of the United States and Bermuda. PTM concentrations were lower or equivalent to the lowest PTM concentrations reported in the literature. Examination of the relative variations in PTM with respect to particulate aluminum and carbon led to the conclusion that organic matter was the probable regulator of PTM abundance in open-ocean surface waters and was important in this respect for continental shelf and slope waters as well.Enrichment factors of trace metals relative to their crustal abundances were found to be similar in the atmosphere sampled in Bermuda and in Sargasso Sea surface water particulate matter. A simplistic vertical flux model was constructed which showed atmospheric input of trace metals to the Sargasso Sea to be of the same approximate magnitude as the rate of removal of PTM from the mixed layer by sinking in association with POC. Essentially all of the particulate Al, Fe, and Mn in the Sargasso Sea mixed layer was attributed to aeolian sources. The fate of other atmospherically derived trace metals in the Sargasso Sea mixed layer was suggested to be a function of their solubility in seawater.     

Binding of monomeric organic compounds to marcomolecular dissolved organic matter in seawater

Several monomeric organic compounds, including amino acids, sugars, and fatty acids, were found to bind abiologically to dissolved macromolecular materials in particle-free seawater at natural substrate concentrations. The binding primarily occurred in ocean surface waters, at rates slower than in situ biological utilization rates of most of the compounds. Seasonal patterns of binding in Gulf of Maine waters may have been related to seasonal variations in macroalgal exudation of polyphenolic materials. Enhanced reactivity of relatively hydrophobic monomers implicated hydrophobic effects as potentially important in marine organic condensations. The resultant condensates showed high particle reactivity, consistent with low concentrations of dissolved condensed materials in seawater.     

Decomposition characteristics of particulate organic matter in hiroshima bay

The decomposition characteristics of particulate organic matter (POM) sampled with plankton nets in Hiroshima Bay were investigated under aerobic conditions in a laboratory experiment.The POM derived from plankton consisted of both a labile fraction (70–80 % of the whole) and a refractory fraction (20–30%). The labile fraction was completely decomposed within 40 days at 20°C. Although the concentrations of particulate organic carbon (POC) decreased gradually with time, an apparent lag phase was recognized in the decomposition of particulate phosphorus (PP) at an early stage, which might result from a specific uptake of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) by bacteria. A comparison of the metabolic activity between dissolved organic matter (DOM) and POM by measuring ATP contents showed that the former was one order of magnitude larger than the latter.On the other hand, there was no significant difference among the decomposition rates of POM collected at various depths. The change of the first-order rate constant (k) for the POM decomposition by temperature was expressed ask=0.0329 exp(0.0644T), and the Q₁₀ value was 1.94. There were fairly large variances ink values obtained from the various plankton species. Thek values averaged 0.144 day^–1 and ranged from 0.078 to 0.20 day^–1 at 20°C.     

太平洋北部铁锰结核富集区沉积物和间隙水中Fe,Mn,Ca,Mg的地球化学

本文利用太平洋北部铁锰结核富集区(富集度1.1—22.0kg/m~2)7个柱状样的沉积物和间隙水资料,详细探讨了其Fe,Mn,Ca,Mg的地球化学特征。结果表明:(1)沉积物中Mn明显的比河口、陆架及贫结核洋区富集,而Fe则与河口沉积物相接近;(2)沉积环境不同,沉积物和间隙水中元素的垂直分布和进入间隙水的途径不同;(3)沉积物中Fe,Mg主要来自粘土吸附,Ca来自生物化学作用沉积,而Mn则可能通过河口、陆架及半深海沉积物次表层Mn的迁移、生物化学及附近海底火山作用而富集;(4)由于钙、硅软泥区生物作用强烈,使间隙水中Mn~(2+)/Fe~(2+)比值明显的比钙质软泥和褐色粘土区大,这在某种程度上支持了结核中Mn组元素的沉积物来源。