The influence of hydrocyclone diameter on reduced-efficiency curves

Classification tests have been carried out on limestone in 10.2-, 15.2-, 25.4- and 38.1-cm “Krebs” hydrocyclones in order to study the effect of cyclone diameter on the reduced-efficiency curve. Parameters which were varied included the vortex finder and spigot diameter, throughput and feed-solids content, but the feed size remained constant. The reduced-efficiency curve was found to be constant for all tests and the conclusion is that for constant feed size this curve is a function of the material being classified only for geometrically similar cyclones and is independent of the cyclone diameter.     

A mathematical model of concentrate solids content for the wet drum magnetic separator

Low concentrate density from wet drum magnetic separators in dense medium circuits can cause operating difficulties due to inability to obtain the required circulating medium density and, indirectly, high medium solids losses. The literature is almost silent on the processes controlling concentrate density. However, the common name for the region through which concentrate is discharged—the squeeze pan gap—implies that some extrusion process is thought to be at work. There is no model of magnetics recovery in a wet drum magnetic separator, which includes as inputs all significant machine and operating variables.A series of trials, in both factorial experiments and in single variable experiments, was done using a purpose built rig which featured a small industrial scale (700 mm lip length, 900 mm diameter) wet drum magnetic separator. A substantial data set of 191 trials was generated in this work. The results of the factorial experiments were used to identify the variables having a significant effect on magnetics recovery.It is proposed, based both on the experimental observations of the present work and on observations reported in the literature, that the process controlling magnetic separator concentrate density is one of drainage. Such a process should be able to be defined by an initial moisture, a drainage rate and a drainage time, the latter being defined by the volumetric flowrate and the volume within the drainage zone. The magnetics can be characterised by an experimentally derived ultimate drainage moisture. A model based on these concepts and containing adjustable parameters was developed. This model was then fitted to a randomly chosen 80% of the data, and validated by application to the remaining 20%. The model is shown to be a good fit to data over concentrate solids content values from 40% solids to 80% solids and for both magnetite and ferrosilicon feeds.     

不同煤阶深煤层含气量差异及其变化规律

基于Langmuir 等温吸附方程式,开展不同煤阶不同温压条件下等温吸附模拟实验,实验结果表明：在煤岩镜质组反 射率Ro<3.0%时,Langmuir 等温吸附曲线随煤阶、温度、压力升高表现出明显的分带性。随着煤阶的升高,煤吸附能力逐 渐增强。温度小于55℃时不同煤阶Langmuir 体积受温度影响较小,之后影响逐渐增大。低煤阶在12 MPa、中高煤阶在 15 MPa以前随压力增加Langmuir 体积增大明显。根据实测含气量外推法结合高温高压等温吸附实验建立了深煤层含气量数 学模型,显示煤层含气量随埋深呈现快速增加—缓慢增加—不增加—缓慢减小的变化规律,其中低煤阶临界深度介 于1400~1700 m,中高煤阶临界深度介于1500~1800 m。该含气量数学模型对预测深部煤层含气量变化规律及煤层气资源评 价提供基础依据。     

沁南-夏店区块煤储层等温吸附特征及含气量预测

煤的吸附能力是决定煤层含气量大小和煤层气开发潜力的重要储层参数。通过对沁南-夏店区块二叠系山西组3号煤层72个煤样进行等温吸附实验,剖析了3号煤层煤的吸附性能,建立了基于Langmuir方程的煤层含气量预测方法,揭示了研究区3号煤层煤的吸附性能及含气量分布。研究结果表明,沁南-夏店区块3号煤层主要为贫煤和无烟煤,煤的空气干燥基Langmuir体积为18.15~34.75 m3/t,平均29.36 m3/t;Langmuir压力为1.47~2.71 MPa,平均2.03 MPa;煤储层压力梯度0.11~1.06 MPa/hm,平均0.49 MPa/hm,煤储层压力随着煤层埋藏深度的增加而增高;煤层含气饱和度整体呈欠饱和状态。通过预测模型预测研究区3号煤层含气量2.87~24.63 m3/t,平均13.78 m3/t,且随着埋藏深度的增加而增高,其含气量相对沁水盆地南部偏低。煤储层含气量分布主要受控于本区煤层生气、储气和保存等因素。      

A new approach to the equation of state of silicate melts: An application of the theory of hard sphere mixtures

A comparison of compressional properties of silicate solids, glasses, and liquids reveals the following fundamental differences: (1) Liquids have much smaller bulk moduli than solids and glasses and the bulk moduli of various silicate melts have a narrow range of values; (2) Liquids do not follow the Birch’s law of corresponding state as opposed to solids and glasses; (3) The Grüneisen parameter increases with increasing pressure for liquids but decreases for solids; (4) The radial distribution functions of liquids show that the interatomic distances in liquids do not change upon compression as much as solids do. The last observation indicates that the compression of silicate melts occurs mostly through the geometrical arrangement of various units whose sizes do not change much with compression, i.e., the entropic mechanism of compression plays a dominant role over the internal energy contribution. All of the other three observations listed above can be explained by this point of view. In order to account for the role of the entropic contribution, we propose a new equation of state for multi-component silicate melts based on the hard sphere mixture model of a liquid. We assign a hard sphere for each cation species that moves in the liquid freely except for the volume occupied by other spheres. The geometrical arrangement of these spheres gives the entropic contribution to compression, while the Columbic attraction between all ions provides the internal energy contribution to compression. We calibrate the equation of state using the experimental data on room-pressure density and room-pressure bulk modulus of liquids. The effective size of a hard sphere for each component in silicate melts is determined. The temperature and volume dependencies of sphere diameters are also included in the model in order to explain the experimental data especially the melt density data at high pressures. All compressional properties of a silicate melt can be calculated using the calibrated sphere diameters. This equation of state provides a unified explanation for most of compressional behaviors of silicate melts and the experimental observations cited above including the uniformly small bulk moduli of silicate melts as well as the pressure dependence of Grüneisen parameters. With additional data to better constrain the key parameters, this equation of state will serve as a first step toward the unified equation of state for silicate melts.     

Swell pressure prediction by suction methods

Soil suction is the most relevant soil parameter for characterization of the swell behavior. An attempt was made to predict swell pressures from soil suction measurements. In this study, Na-bentonite was mixed with kaolinite in the ratios of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25% of dry kaolinite weight to obtain soils in a wide range of plasticity indices (i.e. 30, 50, 68, 84 and 97%). Suction measurements using thermocouple psychrometer technique were made on statically compacted specimens. The dependence of soil suction on water content, dry density and bentonite content was examined. Soil suction was correlated to the soil properties, namely, water content, plasticity index, dry density, cation exchange capacity and specific surface area using multiple regression analyses. The correlations revealed a simple regression equation for a quick prediction of soil suctions from easily determined soil properties. In order to investigate soil suction versus swell pressure behavior, the results of standard constant volume swell tests (ASTM, 1990) performed on statically compacted samples of these clay mixtures were used. A linear relationship was established between the logarithm soil suction and the swell pressure. It was also found that an experimental relationship which would directly relate the initial soil suction to the swell pressure can be established.     

桩后劈裂压浆施工技术

阐述了桩后劈裂压浆提高单桩承载力的机理、使用设备、操作方法工艺参数和操作注意事项，并对劈裂压浆的压入量及压力进行了初步探讨。     

桂中坳陷环江凹陷上古生界海相页岩储层孔隙结构和分形特征研究

通过有机地化分析、全岩X衍射矿物分析、甲烷等温吸附及低压氮气吸附实验,本文对桂中坳陷环江凹陷上古生界页岩样品的孔隙结构及分形特征进行了研究.结果表明:研究区页岩总有机碳含量(TOC)平均为2.40%,热成熟度(Ro)平均为2.65%,处于过成熟演化阶段.页岩主要的矿物组成为石英和黏土.页岩的比表面积平均为5.86 m2/g,孔容平均为0.014 9 mL/g,平均孔径为11.2 nm.页岩中发育大量的中孔,主要呈两端开口的圆筒形孔或四边开放的平行板状孔.页岩中TOC含量和石英含量越多,微-中孔越发育、比表面积和孔容越大,而平均孔径则变小.通过Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH)模型和氮气吸附实验数据计算得到孔隙表面分形维数D1(平均为2.428 4)和孔隙结构分形维数D2(平均为2.622 2),对应的相对压力(P/P0)分别是0~ 0.45和0.45 ~ 0.99.分形维数D1、D2随着比表面积、孔容的增加而增加,而平均孔径随着前者的增加而减小.分形维数D1、D2、TOC含量、石英含量和甲烷吸附量之间呈现较好的正相关性,但随着黏土矿物含量的增多而减小.分形维数D1与Langmuir压力存在弱负相关性,分形维数D2随Langmuir压力增大有变大的趋势.桂中坳陷西北部页岩分形维数越大,孔隙结构越复杂,其对天然气的吸附和存储能力越强.     

陆相页岩微观孔隙结构特征及对甲烷吸附性能的影响

页岩的微观孔隙结构对其甲烷吸附性能及页岩油气潜力具有重要影响,前人研究主要集中在海相页岩。该文以四川 盆地川西坳陷上三叠统须家河组五段为例,开展了陆相页岩的探索研究。首先通过低温氮气吸附实验对页岩样品的微观孔 隙结构特征进行了研究,计算了页岩的比表面积、孔径分布、孔体积和平均孔径等孔隙结构参数;然后通过高压甲烷等温 吸附实验,研究了页岩样品的甲烷吸附特征;最后探讨了页岩微观孔隙结构特征对甲烷吸附性能的影响。结果表明,须五 段页岩平均孔径为7.81~9.49 nm,主体孔隙为中孔,也含有一定量的微孔和大孔,孔隙形状以平行板状孔为主,含有少量 墨水瓶形孔。页岩比表面积高出常规储层岩石许多,有利于气体在页岩表面吸附存储,孔径在2~50 nm的中孔提供了主要 的孔体积,构成了页岩中气体赋存的主要空间。在85℃条件下,页岩甲烷吸附的兰氏体积为1.21~4.99 m3/t,不同页岩样品 之间的吸附性能差异明显。页岩的兰氏体积与比表面积之间呈现良好的正相关关系,比表面积与黏土矿物含量呈正相关, 而与总有机碳含量关系不明显。页岩的兰氏体积与微孔和中孔体积之间都具有良好的正相关关系,微孔体积和中孔体积与 总有机碳含量之间存在一定的正相关关系,但是正相关性的程度没有微孔体积和中孔体积与黏土矿物含量之间的关系强 烈。陆相页岩有机质热演化程度相对较低,因此有机孔发育有限：但另一方面同时黏土矿物含量较高,所以其内部发育大 量微孔和中孔,从而构成可观的比表面,影响甲烷吸附能力。     

抗拔桩极限平衡方程及其应用

将抗拔桩侧阻力分解为与桩侧正压力不相关的桩-土黏结强度 、与桩侧有效正压力成正比的摩擦力 两部分,采用摩擦定律计算摩擦力 。基于轴对称条件,假定土体为半无限弹性体,以Mindlin公式积分计算分析极限平衡状态下桩-土共同作用,依据平面应变条件下柱状孔扩张的弹性力学解建立桩-土界面位移协调方程,推导出抗拔桩极限平衡方程,给出了求解方法及计算参数确定方法。该方程能反映桩与土的材料特性、桩体尺寸、桩顶埋深、群桩效应、卸荷效应等多因素对抗拔桩极限承载力的影响。结合海上风电大直径超长抗拔钢管桩足尺试验进行验证。对比分析结果表明,该方法计算的抗拔极限承载力与实测值接近,计算精度远高于现行规范推荐方法,其结果可为工程应用及抗拔桩承载力机制研究提供参考。     

不同煤级煤及其萃余物吸附性能的研究

采用不同溶剂对褐煤、焦煤、低级无烟煤(Ro,max2.62%)以及中级无烟煤(Ro,max3.74%)等四个煤级煤样进行分级超声萃取,然后对原煤和萃余物进行平衡水预湿的方法,进行了等温吸附实验,并结合孔隙结构测试和水分含量变化,分析了溶剂萃取后萃余物的吸附性能变化及其影响因素。研究发现:(1)平衡水条件下,原煤对甲烷的吸附能力要大于萃余物,萃取后,尽管煤的组成和孔隙结构发生了变化,但并不能改变不同煤级煤吸附甲烷的能力的对比关系;(2)原煤和各级萃余物都发生了到某一压力后,吸附量随着压力增加而下降的现象,褐煤及其萃余物甚至出现负值,这可能是由超临界状态下吸附相的体积忽视后带来的效应和煤基质在压力、水分作用发生膨胀以及随着压力增加,水分在吸附孔隙中占据吸附点位的增多,造成甲烷有效吸附点位的减少等综合作用的结果。研究认为,在讨论影响不同煤化作用的煤吸附能力的因素时,应该首先考虑到煤级对吸附能力的影响;对煤化程度相近的煤,其他因素如孔隙结构和水分的变化对吸附的影响才显现,但对不同煤级煤吸附性的主要影响因素也不尽相同。在煤层气吸附研究中,吸附量下降现象应该是一个共性,其机理的解释和寻求正确的吸附相体积校正,以及一定压力下,煤基质在水分作用下发生膨胀对吸附性的影响的规律描述,都是亟待解决的重要问题。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东部太原组页岩气吸附特征及影响因素

鄂尔多斯盆地东部太原组在绥德地区发育一套潜在的烃源岩,总有机碳(Total Organic Carbon,TOC)含量为0.75%~5.71%(平均2.75%);镜质体反射率(Ro)为1.43%~2.12%(平均1.80%),处在高成熟-过成熟阶段,具有很好的生气潜力。为了探讨鄂尔多斯盆地东部太原组泥页岩的吸附特征,选取了研究区SSD1井10个泥页岩样品进行等温吸附、总有机碳含量、镜质体反射率、X-射线衍射和比表面积等测试分析,在此基础上探讨了盆地东部太原组富有机质泥页岩的吸附能力及其影响因素。结果表明:研究区SSD1井太原组10个泥页岩样品的兰氏体积为1.11~2.41m3/t,随着压力的增加,吸附能力迅速增加,当达到一定压力后达到饱和;泥页岩的吸附能力与总有机碳含量和黏土矿物含量有正相关关系;页岩比表面积与兰氏体积相关性不明显,推测样品孔隙大小及形态对气体的扩散和吸附有一定的影响。综合评价认为,总有机碳含量、黏土矿物含量是影响太原组泥页岩吸附能力的重要因素,这为盆地东部页岩气勘探提供参考。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东部太原组页岩气吸附特征及影响因素

鄂尔多斯盆地东部太原组在绥德地区发育一套潜在的烃源岩,总有机碳(Total Organic Carbon,TOC)含量为0.75%~5.71%(平均2.75%); 镜质体反射率(R_o)为1.43%~2.12%(平均1.80%),处在高成熟—过成熟阶段,具有很好的生气潜力。为了探讨鄂尔多斯盆地东部太原组泥页岩的吸附特征,选取了研究区SSD1井10个泥页岩样品进行等温吸附、总有机碳含量、镜质体反射率、X-射线衍射和比表面积等测试分析,在此基础上探讨了盆地东部太原组富有机质泥页岩的吸附能力及其影响因素。结果表明: 研究区SSD1井太原组10个泥页岩样品的兰氏体积为1.11~2.41 m³/t,随着压力的增加,吸附能力迅速增加,当达到一定压力后达到饱和; 泥页岩的吸附能力与总有机碳含量和黏土矿物含量有正相关关系; 页岩比表面积与兰氏体积相关性不明显,推测样品孔隙大小及形态对气体的扩散和吸附有一定的影响。综合评价认为,总有机碳含量、黏土矿物含量是影响太原组泥页岩吸附能力的重要因素,这为盆地东部页岩气勘探提供参考。     

河南省胡襄煤田煤的吸附性及影响因素

为研究胡襄煤田煤对CH₄吸附性及影响因素,对所采集煤样进行了等温吸附实验和压汞实验,研究了煤的吸附性及温度、压力、水分和灰分等因素对煤的吸附性影响。实验结果表明:胡襄煤田煤的吸附量开始随压力（0~1.5 MPa）的增加呈线性增大,之后（1.5~2.63 MPa）增大趋势减缓,增至2.63 MPa时,达到饱和吸附量的一半左右,在10 MPa左右时,吸附量趋于饱和;煤的吸附量较大,Langmuir体积V_L为18.30~29.96 cm3/g;煤样以过渡孔最发育,其次为微孔和大孔,中孔相对最不发育,因此胡襄煤田煤的吸附量较大;水分对煤的吸附性影响较弱,而灰分的影响相对显著。      

考虑煤层气藏地解压差的物质平衡储量计算方法

以往的煤层气藏物质平衡法未考虑地解压差问题,对此进行了改进,提出了新方法。首先对煤层的原始吸附气含量采用临界解吸压力(而非前人采用的原始地层压力)下的Langmuir方程进行表征;然后通过近似化和线性化处理,将基本物质平衡方程转化为视平均储层压力(P/Z*)和累积产气量(G_P)的直线方程。该直线在直角坐标系横坐标上的截距为原始地质储量,在纵坐标上的截距为视临界解吸压力(而非前人的视原始地层压力)。运用该物质平衡法,计算Eclipse建立的一个煤层气藏模型的储量,发现误差仅为0.35%。这表明在参数准确的情况下,Langmuir体积和压力、原始割理孔隙度和某些时刻的平均地层压力等在数模中可准确获知,该方法是准确可靠的。      

应用高温甲烷吸附实验研究川东北地区五峰组页岩甲烷吸附能力

页岩甲烷吸附能力是决定页岩气井开采方案的重要参数,对评估页岩气藏潜力意义重大。干酪根类型、总有机碳含量、矿物组成、成熟度和孔径等是影响页岩吸附性能的因素,但针对高温高压下过剩吸附现象对页岩甲烷吸附能力影响的研究还需开展进一步的探索。为揭示四川盆地东北地区五峰组页岩甲烷吸附能力,本文通过场发射扫描电镜、低温氮气吸附和高压甲烷吸附实验,研究了高温高压下页岩的甲烷吸附能力,并分析了页岩孔隙结构等对页岩吸附能力的影响。结果表明:①五峰组页岩孔隙结构非均质性强,发育有机孔隙、粒(晶)间孔隙、粒(晶)内孔隙和粒(晶)间溶孔等多种孔隙;②比表面积平均为19.1282m^2/g;孔体积平均为0.0195cm^3/g;孔径平均为5.2226nm;③修正后的饱和吸附气量为2.56m^3/t;④五峰组页岩甲烷吸附性能受控于比表面积、孔体积;有机质含量越大、有机质热演化程度越低,其甲烷吸附性能越强;⑤孔隙结构是影响页岩甲烷吸附能力的重要内因。同时指出低压条件下的实验吸附曲线不适合直接评价页岩甲烷吸附能力。     

颗粒炭动态吸附含Cu－EDTA电镀废水的研究

本文采用颗粒状活性炭，动态吸附处理含Ｃｕ－ＥＤＴＡ电镀废水，对动态法的工艺条件进行了系统研究．最佳工艺条件为：炭粒颗粒度８０～１００目，ｑＨ＝５．５，吸附等温方程式为ｑ＝１９．０Ｃ０．２５９，吸附容量（１５０～２００ｍｌ废水）／ｇ活性炭，过滤速率为１２ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ．结果表明，该方法具有处理效果好，易于扩大应用的优点．     

大口径瓦斯抽排井注浆固管过程套管稳定性分析

为了研究大口径瓦斯抽排钻井注浆固管过程中套管的稳定性,应用伯努利方程分析了注浆固管过程中浆液的动压力的变化规律。分析认为：注浆固管期间,若注浆管内过流面积小于套管与孔壁之间的过流面积,随着泵量的增加,导致套管外流体压力增加;当套管外与套管内压力差大于套管抗外挤强度时,套管发生失稳（瘪管）。结合工程实例,对套管失稳机理进行分析,提出了在固管过程中要控制泵量的建议。     

界面张力与润湿角校正对高压压汞法计算泥页岩孔径分布的影响——以松辽盆地青山口组为例

泥页岩储层孔隙结构研究对于页岩油气勘探、开发工作具有重要意义。高压压汞实验法是目前研究页岩孔隙结构、孔径分布广泛使用的方法。有学者对汞在石墨烯材料中润湿性研究发现,液态汞在孔隙中的界面张力γ和润湿角θ是孔半径r的函数,根据这一认识将Washburn方程中的界面张力γ和润湿角θ视为定值的传统数据处理方法表现出明显的不合理性,因此需要对Washburn方程进行参数校正。以松辽盆地青山口组页岩样品为例,进行高压压汞实验,利用校正前后的Washburn方程处理压汞数据,结果发现参数校正后得到的微孔(<2 nm)体积占比,比校正前微孔体积占比增加了118%,中孔(2~50 nm)体积占比减小了7%,大孔(>50 nm)体积占比基本不变,参数校正后得到的孔径分布能更加精确地表征页岩的孔径分布。