天山北坡玛纳斯河流域晚冰期以来植被垂直带推移*

建立了反映天山北坡玛纳斯河流域典型花粉类型与气候指标（湿润指数和温暖指数）的统计函数。基于前人研究得出的玛纳斯湖沉积剖面中不同花粉的百分含量复原了晚冰期以来玛纳斯河流域古气候的变化,并基于山地植被—气候—地形关系推断了玛纳斯河流域的植被演变过程。研究结果表明：该区晚冰期以来经历了暖干—冷湿—暖干—偏冷偏湿—暖干—冷湿—暖干的气候变化过程,植被垂直带基带相应为荒漠—荒漠草原（在局部低洼地段发育有草原和低湿地草甸）—极旱荒漠—荒漠化草原—荒漠—荒漠草原（局部发育低湿地草甸和草原）—荒漠的演化过程。当气候由暖干转为冷湿时,玛纳斯河流域所有的植被界限均向下移,此时荒漠化草原面积增大,针叶林的下限可以到达今天的禾草草原,同时森林带的面积有所增加。当气候由冷湿转为暖干时,玛纳斯河流域所有的植被界限均向上移,荒漠的面积大增,禾草草原和森林的面积均有所减小。     

新疆天山山区降雨的微物理结构特征

使用GBPP-100型雨滴谱仪,于2001年6月12日至7月31日在天山北坡的小渠子气象站和牧业气象试验站,对27次降雨过程进行了雨滴谱观测,共获取了4 719个雨滴谱样本。通过观测资料分析新疆中天山山区积状云、层状云、积状-层状混合云降雨的微物理结构特征。观测分析表明,天山山区降雨雨滴的平均直径0.41~0.55 mm,以积状云最大,混合云次之,层状云最小。最大平均直径0.88~1.12 mm、平均雨强1.18~2.78 mm·h^-1、平均含水量5.23~11.62 g·m^-3,混合云的这三个特征量均为最大。三类云的雨强与数密度呈正相关。积状云、层状云降雨的雨滴谱服从M-P分布,混合云服从Γ分布。由于山区地形的作用,使云中降雨粒子的生长时间受到限制,天山山区降雨小滴浓度高、尺度小,人工降雨潜力大。     

天山山区降水量的空间分布及其估算方法

利用天山山区及周边31个国家基本站1998～2008年期间的逐月降水资料结合TRMM卫星月平均降水资料,使用卫星结合雨量计的降水估算方法,得到天山山区逐月降水空间分布,并运用交叉检验方法对降水估算精度评估,Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数在0.5以上,相关系数高达0.9以上。结果表明,TRMM卫星对西北山区的降水活动有一定的探测能力,能够较好的反映天山山区降水时空变化特征,为山区降水数据稀缺条件下的降水空间分布估算提供方法,为相关的水文、气象等研究提供数据支持。     

中国天山地区降水对全球气候变化的响应

天山地区的降水变化及其对全球气候变化的响应是近年来研究的热点。利用中国天山地区40个气象站1951-2014年的月降水数据,运用线性倾向估计、相关分析等气候诊断方法,分析了该区域的降水变化,探讨了主要气候指数与降水同步变化的相关关系。结果表明：年降水呈现出"西多东少,北多南少,高山多外围少"的特征,年降水变化率为6.0 mm·（10a）^-1。SASMI与年降水表现为显著正相关,PDO、PNA和AO与年降水表现为弱正相关,且有局限性。在枯水期,SASMI与天山北坡及部分中高山地带的降水表现为弱正相关,而在西天山南坡表现为弱负相关,ENSO与中、西天山南北坡的中低山带的降水变化相关性较高。在丰水期,SASMI与天山南坡和高山区降水变化相关性较高,PDO与中、西天山南北坡的低山带部分站点的降水变化相关性较高。     

秦岭主峰太白山北麓降水化学特征分析

利用太白山北麓2011年12月-2013年7月共39次降水样品数据资料, 定量分析了该区域降水化学的特征和时间变化规律. 结果表明: 太白山北麓地区降水中, 除常量离子Na⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、F^-、Cl^-、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-外, CO₃^2-、HCO₃^-、PO₄^3-及低分子有机酸也占有相当比例. 研究区降水常量离子浓度的顺序依次为: NH₄⁺ > SO₄^2- > Ca²⁺ > NO₃^- > Na⁺ > Cl^- > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ > F^-, 离子总浓度表现出明显的季节变化: 夏季(轻度污染) < 秋季(中等污染) < 春季(严重污染) < 冬季(极重污染). 利用因子分析法得出太白山北麓地区降水组分主要有三种来源; Na⁺、Cl^-、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺主要来自地壳源, SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺主要来自人为源, K⁺和F^-主要由海盐源和人为源共同贡献. 根据Hysplit 后向气流轨迹分析, 得出不同路径气团降水离子组分不同: 受地形等因素影响, 北方路径的气团比南方路径气团离子总浓度较高; 受土壤类型影响, 西北方向气团降水Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺浓度较高; 受人为活动影响, 东北方向SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺浓度较高.     

西天山特克斯北中酸性火成岩地球化学特征及成因意义

新疆西天山特克斯县城北部伊特公路沿线和库勒萨依出露大量中酸性火成岩,伊特公路沿线为石英钠长斑岩,库勒萨依为石英闪长斑岩和花岗闪长斑岩。岩石地球化学和同位素组成研究表明,前者为典型的岛(陆)弧带火成岩,而后者具有埃达克岩的成分特征,两者均为古亚洲洋壳在俯冲过程中岩浆活动的产物。早先俯冲的较冷洋壳板片在深处脱水诱发上覆地幔楔熔融,熔体上升并经历壳幔相互作用等过程引发伊特公路一带弧岩浆活动; 由于洋壳持续俯冲,后来新形成的靠近洋脊的年轻板片由于高热在较浅处直接发生部分熔融形成埃达克岩浆,并上侵至库勒萨依一带。库勒萨依斑岩体SIMS锆石 U-Pb年龄为342.5±2.3Ma,属于早石炭世。两组中酸性火成岩的地球化学特征表明,古亚洲洋(南天山洋)在早石炭世还未完全闭合,洋壳向北的持续俯冲过程造成伊犁-中天山板块南缘广泛的岩浆活动,此时西天山陆壳增生方式主要为侧向增生,增生物质主要为洋壳板片(埃达克岩)和洋壳板片流体交代的地幔楔成分。     

2000-2015年祁连山植被变化分析

植被变化对区域生态系统稳定和生态环境变化有着重要的影响。基于MOD13A3数据,建立了2000-2015年祁连山地区植被覆盖时空数据集,结合DEM和土地覆盖分类数据,分析了祁连山地区植被时空分布格局及变化特征,并利用同期气象数据探讨其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：祁连山植被呈东多西少的分布格局,其空间分布与降水空间分布一致;2000年以来祁连山地区灌丛和高寒稀疏草甸先增后减,山地森林草原和高寒草甸增加;整体上祁连山植被覆盖有转好趋势,这与区域暖湿化有关。     

The impact of climate changes during the Holocene on vegetation in northern French Guiana

The impact of climatic changes that occurred during the last glacial maximum and the Holocene on vegetation changes in the Amazon Basin and the Guiana Shield are still widely debated. The aim of our study was to investigate whether major changes in vegetation (i.e. transitions between rainforests and C₄ savannas) occurred in northern French Guiana during the Holocene. We measured variations in the δ¹³C of soil organic matter at eight sites now occupied by forest or savannah. The forest sites were selected to cover two regions (forest refugia and peneplains) which are thought to have experienced different intensities of disturbance during the latest Pleistocene and the Holocene. We found that none of the forest sites underwent major disturbances during the Holocene, i.e. they were not replaced by C₄ savannahs or C₄ forest savannahs for long periods. Our results thus suggest that tropical rainforests in northern French Guiana were resilient to drier climatic conditions during the Holocene. Nevertheless, geographical and vertical variations in the ¹³C of SOM were compatible with minor changes in vegetation, variations in soil processes or in soil physical properties.     

基于Hkr值的北天山冰川侵蚀空间分布特征及其主控因素研究

确定冰川侵蚀的主控因素及其与各影响因素间的相互作用方式,不仅对深入认识冰川侵蚀的物理机制和理解冰川作用区地貌演化具有重要的意义,也是探讨构造、气候、地形间相互关系的根本。然而,以往的学者仅在构造活动略单一的区域研究冰川侵蚀的主控因素,致使对构造的影响认识不足,那么,构造是否是冰川侵蚀的主控因素呢？又是如何作用于冰川侵蚀？北天山第四纪冰川作用规模巨大,留下了丰富的冰川遗迹,其气候与构造条件也多样,因而成为探讨上述问题的理想区域。本文在北天山北坡自西向东选取了7个冰川流域,基于每个流域的Hkr值和冰川侵蚀影响因子的定性定量数据,分析了该区域冰川侵蚀的分布规律及其影响因素。结果表明,北天山各流域冰川侵蚀自西向东有减小趋势,该变化趋势是构造、气候、地形共同作用所致。其中,山顶高度和降水对冰川侵蚀的影响最显著,两者均通过对冰川规模施加作用来控制冰川侵蚀,而构造也可能通过影响顶点高程、积累区面积、冰川规模,进而作用于冰川侵蚀,但是其是否发挥主要作用有待进一步认识。因此,冰川规模可能才是导致北天山各冰川流域侵蚀差异的根本原因。     

The spatial variation of alpine timberlines and their biogeographical characteristics in the northern Tianshan Mountains of China

Alpine timberline is a proper indicator of climate change and has received much attention in ecological research during the past decades. In this study, variations of alpine timberlines and their biogeographic characteristics were investigated by a combination of field surveys, climate indices, and soil nutrient analyses in the northern Tianshan Mountains (NTM) of northwest China. The timberline altitudes were probed to range from 2,530 to 2,800 m a.s.l. in the NTM, gradually descending from west to east along the V-shaped Ili valley (from Zhaosu to Xinyuan), and ascending from west to east across the northernmost range of the study area (from Bole to Balikun). The vertical widths between the upper and lower limits of the timberlines were widest in the middle NTM (Kuytun to Changji) and the Ili valley (Zhaosu to Xinyuan). Interactions between the terrain and air currents resulted in variant climates within the NTM, which contributed to significant timberline distribution differences. Although vertical width was positively correlated to soil nutrient (especially organic matter, r = 0.78), and timberline altitudes were positively related to the soil pH values, the temperature during the growing season primarily determines both altitude and vertical width. In conclusion, timberline altitudes were dominated by the combined effects of local topography, soil nutrient properties, water, and thermal conditions. Identifying the dominating influencing factors of NTM timberlines provided potential insights to better understand the effects of climate change on the alpine ecosystem over central Asia.     

20th century tree‐line advance and vegetation changes along an altitudinal transect in the Putorana Mountains,northern Siberia

Kirdyanov, A. V., Hagedorn, F., Knorre, A. A., Fedotova, E. V., Vaganov, E. A., Naurzbaev, M. M., Moiseev, P. A. & Rigling, A. 2012 (January): 20th century tree‐line advance and vegetation changes along an altitudinal transect in the Putorana Mountains, northern Siberia. Boreas, Vol. 41, pp. 56–67. 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2011.00214.x. ISSN 0300‐9483. Ongoing climatic changes potentially affect tree‐line ecosystems, but in many regions the observed changes are superimposed by human activities. We assessed how the forest‐tundra ecotone has changed during the last century in the Putorana Mountains, northern Siberia, an extremely remote and untouched area in Eurasia. A space‐for‐time approach was used to determine the spatio‐temporal dynamics of forest structure and biomass along an altitudinal transect. From the closed larch forest to the upper tree line, the mean age of Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) decreased considerably from 220 to 50 years ago. At the current upper species line, there is a strong and successful germination of larch, with 1500 saplings per hectare, indicating an ongoing filling‐in, a densification of a formerly open forest and an upslope shift of the tree‐line position (approximately 30 to 50 m in altitude during the last century). The forest expansion coincided with large increases in winter precipitation during the 20th century. In contrast, tree growth rates were significantly positively related to summer temperatures, neither of which increased markedly. The total aboveground biomass decreased from approximately 40 t ha^?1 in the closed larch forest to 5 t ha^?1 at the tree line. Our study demonstrates that ongoing climatic changes lead to an upslope expansion of forests in the remote Putorana Mountains, which alters the stand structure and productivity of the forest‐tundra ecotone. These vegetation changes are very probably of minor importance for aboveground carbon sequestration, but soil carbon data are needed to estimate the impact of the forest expansion on the total ecosystem carbon storage.     

天山夷平面上的晚新生代沉积及其环境变化

天山山系于晚古生代晚期强烈格皱隆起成为高大山地。中生代和第三纪期间,地壳活动整体上平稳,处于长期剥蚀夷平阶段,普遍发育了夷平面。上新世和第四纪早更新世,天山山系发生剧烈断块隆升,奠定了现代天山独特的层状地貌景观。当前,天山地区夷平面仍多有分布,粗略量算其面积约为105m2,约占我国天山山系总面积的1／5。天山山地夷平面主要有3级,它们的海拔分别为4000m以上,3200～2800m、2500～1800m,各级之间还有次级夷平面。这些夷平面早在三叠纪开始孕育,但从现今夷平面上的覆盖层及相关沉积判断,它们形成时代的上限仍有差别,最低一级夷平面为早第三纪(主要是始新世)所形成,高的两级在晚第三纪(     

Deuterium and oxygen 18 in precipitation and atmospheric moisture in the upper Urumqi River Basin, eastern Tianshan Mountains

The contribution of stable isotopes in meteorological, climatological and hydrological research is well known. This study analyzed the deuterium and oxygen 18 contents (δD and δ¹⁸O) of precipitation in event-based samples at three stations (Glacier No. 1, Zongkong, Houxia) along the upper Urumqi River Basin from May 2006 to August 2007. The δ¹⁸O in precipitation revealed a wide range and a distinct seasonal variation at all three stations, with enriched values occurring in summer and depleted values in winter. A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between the δ¹⁸O and δD and local surface air temperature, and better linear relationship existed between δ¹⁸O and air temperature than that of δD. This suggests that paleoclimatic archives relating to precipitation δ¹⁸O and δD can be useful for qualitative temperature reconstruction. The d-excess in precipitation also exhibited a seasonal variability. Based on NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, three-dimensional isentropic back-trajectories in HYSPLIT model were employed to determine the moisture source for each precipitation event. Results indicate a dominant effect of westerly air masses in summer and the integrated influence of westerly and polar air masses in winter, and d-excess can be used as a sensitive tracer of the moisture transport history.     

西南天山构造地层学初步研究

西南天山造山带可划分为伊犁中天山、中天山南缘、南天山和塔里木４个构造地层区。伊犁中天山区出露早元古代变质结晶基底及晚期地台型稳定盖层。中天山南缘区产出一套早古生代变质俯冲杂岩。南天山区早古生代为陆坡、陆棚相被动陆缘沉积，晚古生代发育洋壳建造。塔里木区北部出露中晚元古代“优地槽建造”的变质结晶基底和早震旦世后稳定盖层。     

西天山特克斯县北乌孙山大哈拉军山组火山岩地球化学特征及构造意义

对西天山特克斯西北乌孙山中部地区出露的火山岩进行了地球化学研究,结果表明玄武岩、安山岩均为拉斑质火山岩,LREE较富集[(La/Yb)N介于3.44~11.36之间],具有弱的Eu负异常(δEu=0.79~1.13),安山岩与流纹岩明显富集强不相容元素(如Cs、Rb、Ba、Th、U)和LREE。玄武岩与中酸性岩样品具有轻微的差异,但所有样品具有较明显的Nb、Ta、Ti负异常,并且除了活动性较强的元素(Cs、Rb、Ba)外,其余微量元素均接近于下地壳的含量,(Th/Nb)N介于2.02~8.12之间,(Nb/La)N介于0.40~0.45之间,远远小于1,La/Ba值低(0.01~0.07),Ba/Nb值高(90~410);Zr/Nb值平均为16.48,最为接近原始地幔(15.71)的比值;而Ta/Nb、Hf/Ta、Th/Yb值平均为0.10、3.77、0.64,较为接近上地壳(0.10、3.50、0.48)的比值,Zr含量大于90×10-6,Zr/Y值在4左右,显示了板内玄武岩的特征。结合区域上地质特征,认为该地区在石炭纪时碰撞结束进入碰撞后伸展阶段,局部具有裂谷化特征。样品的Nb、Ta、Ti负异常应为地壳混染引起,火山岩的形成环境为碰撞后伸展的构造环境。     

龙门山北段志留系宁强组沉积特征和空间相变

丘状隆起、链状相连的北东向带状堤礁是龙门山北段地区志留系宁强组的一个突出特点。详细的剖面研究和路线地质追踪表明:(1)狭长带状的堤礁夹持于南东侧杂色砂/泥质滨岸沉积带和北西侧陆架泥页岩带之间,指示了一个清晰的向西北渐深的古陆架形态和古海岸边缘轮廓;(2)丘状礁灰岩体、层状生物碎屑灰岩体与东南侧陆缘滨岸带的砂体及北西侧的陆架泥岩呈现明显的指状穿插和渐变过渡关系,代表了海平面、陆源碎屑输入量频繁变化背景下的沉积响应;(3)点状零星分布的礁灰岩体是在面状礁灰岩或生物碎屑灰岩层基础上发育起来的;(4)晚志留世,杂色砂/泥质滨岸沉积向北西进积并超覆于礁灰岩之上,并最终导致本区隆升成陆,则表明加里东构造运动末期发生的上扬子地块隆升、西北缘古陆扩展及海平面的相对下降趋势,是沉积盆地演变的主控因素。     

天山北坡降雨补给型河流径流变化特征及其影响因子分析

依据天山北坡军塘湖河近30年的径流数据及降水数据,运用Kendall秩相关系数、R/S分析、降水-径流深累积双曲线等多种方法,探讨了军塘湖河流径流的年内、年际、季节变化特征及其影响因子.结果表明：军塘湖河径流年内分配不均衡,主要集中于春季;径流的年代际变化呈现明显的上升趋势,递增率为0.0015 m³·s^-1·a^-1,Hurst指数为0.6326;年内不同季节表现出不同的变化趋势,其中春、秋两季表现出递减趋势,而夏、冬两季表现出递增的趋势.近年来,受到人为因素和自然要素的影响,径流在径流-降水累积曲线中表现出一定的偏移,人为因素对径流的影响贡献率最大达25.68%,而降水对径流的贡献率为74.32%.由此,降水是影响军塘湖河径流变化的主要因素,而人为影响为次要因素.     

TRMM降水产品在天山及周边地区的适用性研究

资料稀缺地区的面雨量估算是水文学研究中的热点和难点问题。遥感逐渐成为解决这一问题的重要手段。拟以天山及周边地区为典型区,利用TRMM降水资料,探讨其适用性。利用研究区2000~2010年TRMM数据与区域内21个气象站的站点观测数据进行对比分析,通过不同时间尺度(月、季、年)和空间尺度的差异对比分析表明,在时间尺度上,相关系数均在0.7以上;在空间尺度上,其相对误差大部分在-40%~40%之间;最后对二者进行多项式拟合,确定性系数均在0.7以上,达到了显著相关水平。表明TRMM降水数据在天山山区有很好的适用性。研究结果对干旱区无资料区的水文过程研究具有重要应用价值。     

基于多源数据的天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川变化研究

基于2012年RTK-GPS、2015年三维激光扫描和2018年无人机航测数据,以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川为研究区,分别从物质平衡、面积、末端等方面分析近期冰川变化.结果表明:乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川近年来呈快速消融趋势.2012—2018年冰川面积减少0.07 km2,年平均面积变化率为-0.01 km2·a-1;同期,...     

2001-2015年天山山区积雪时空变化及其与温度和降水的关系

采用2001-2015年MODIS积雪和陆表温度数据、中国高时空分辨率降水数据,基于趋势分析和相关分析方法,分析了天山山区积雪时空变化及其与温度和降水的关系。结果表明：（1）年内积雪面积变化受海拔影响,海拔≤4 000 m,呈单峰型分布,积雪面积冬季大,夏季小;海拔介于4 000~≤5 000 m,积雪面积分别在春季和秋季出现两次峰值;海拔>5 000 m,积雪面积变化与低海拔相反,在夏季达到最大,冬季最小。就年际变化而言,全区积雪面积呈略微减少趋势,其中秋季略微增加,春季变化不大,冬季和夏季明显减少。（2）积雪覆盖频率受水汽来向和地形影响,呈西高东低、北高南低分布格局,与海拔呈正相关。山区大部分区域积雪覆盖频率呈减少趋势,其中海拔介于3 600~≤4 600 m的积雪覆盖频率减少最为显著。（3）在春、夏季,温度是决定积雪面积变化的主要因素,与积雪面积呈负相关;在秋、冬季,降水对积雪面积变化的贡献大于温度,与积雪面积呈正相关。（4）积雪覆盖频率整体上与年均温度呈负相关,与降水呈低度正相关,相关程度及显著性水平在空间分布上存在差异,温度对积雪覆盖频率变化的贡献大于降水。