Integration of multiple soft data sets in MPS thru multinomial logistic regression: a case study of gas hydrates

A new approach is described to allow conditioning to both hard data (HD) and soft data for a patch- and distance-based multiple-point geostatistical simulation. The multinomial logistic regression is used to quantify the link between HD and soft data. The soft data is converted by the logistic regression classifier into as many probability fields as there are categories. The local category proportions are used and compared to the average category probabilities within the patch. The conditioning to HD is obtained using alternative training images and by imposing large relative weights to HD. The conditioning to soft data is obtained by measuring the probability–proportion patch distance. Both 2D and 3D cases are considered. Synthetic cases show that a stationary TI can generate non-stationary realizations reproducing the HD, keeping the texture indicated by the TI and following the trends identified in probability maps obtained from soft data. A real case study, the Mallik methane-hydrate field, shows perfect reproduction of HD while keeping a good reproduction of the TI texture and probability trends.     

各向异性多孔介质数字岩心模型重构通用算法

多孔介质材料内部的微观孔隙结构直接决定着其宏观的各类物理特性, 岩石等天然多孔介质材料内部分布有复杂的孔隙结构, 且呈现出较明显的各向异性特征, 准确的描述和捕捉该特征对于岩石高精度数字岩心模型的构建以及后续的孔隙尺度模拟至关重要.基于先前所提出的重构加速框架, 选用单点概率函数、两点概率函数和线性路径函数等统计函数来对孔隙结构特征进行定量化描述, 通过对孔隙结构在不同方向上的分布特征进行独立的提取表征, 提出了一种能够适用于岩石等各类天然各向异性多孔介质数字岩心模型构建的改进模拟退火算法.以具有显著各向异性特征的人工合成二维切片图像及真实碳酸盐岩和砂岩三维CT扫描图像作为测试参考样本, 分别采用传统方法和本研究所提出方法构建了其相应的数字岩心模型, 并对两者的连通性及不同方向上孔隙结构的分布情况和渗透特性进行了全面的综合对比分析, 结果表明: 相比于传统方法, 本研究所提出方法在确保重构岩心模型具有良好连通性的前提下, 能够对不同方向上孔隙结构分布的差异性进行更加准确的捕获和表征, 且重构岩心模型各个方向上的渗透性也与参考真实岩心表现出了较高程度的一致性, 实现了高精度还原重建参考图像中孔隙结构各向异性特征的目标, 从而验证了本研究所提出的各向异性多孔介质数字岩心模型重构方法的准确性和有效性.

     

A multiple-point statistics algorithm for 3D pore space reconstruction from 2D images

Fluid flow behavior in a porous medium is a function of the geometry and topology of its pore space. The construction of a three dimensional pore space model of a porous medium is therefore an important first step in characterizing the medium and predicting its flow properties. A stochastic technique for reconstruction of the 3D pore structure of unstructured random porous media from a 2D thin section training image is presented. The proposed technique relies on successive 2D multiple point statistics simulations coupled to a multi-scale conditioning data extraction procedure. The Single Normal Equation Simulation Algorithm (SNESIM), originally developed as a tool for reproduction of long-range, curvilinear features of geological structures, serves as the simulation engine. Various validating criteria such as marginal distributions of pore and grain, directional variograms, multiple-point connectivity curves, single phase effective permeability and two phase relative permeability calculations are used to analyze the results. The method is tested on a sample of Berea sandstone for which a 3D micro-CT scanning image is available. The results confirm that the equi-probable 3D realizations obtained preserve the typical patterns of the pore space that exist in thin sections, reproduce the long-range connectivities, capture the characteristics of anisotropy in both horizontal and vertical directions and have single and two phase flow characteristics consistent with those of the measured 3D micro-CT image.     

三维各向异性TI介质中的P/S波快速解耦技术及在弹性波逆时偏移中的应用

随着多分量采集技术的发展,弹性波逆时偏移技术在三维各向异性介质复杂地质构造成像中得到了广泛的应用.然而耦合的P波场和S波场,会在传播过程中产生串扰噪声,降低弹性波逆时偏移的成像精度.为了解决这一问题,本研究针对具有倾斜各向异性对称轴的三维横向各向同性（Transverse Isotropy,TI）介质,提出了一种矢量弹性波场快速解耦方法,可以有效提高偏移剖面的成像质量.该方法首先通过坐标转换,将观测系统坐标系的垂直轴旋转到TI介质的对称轴方向,在新坐标系下,根据具有垂直对称轴的三维横向各向同性（Vertical Transverse Isotropy,VTI）介质中的分解算子,推导出三维TI介质解耦算子表达式.接着引入一种在空间域快速计算分解波场的方法,来实现空间域矢量P波场和S波场分离,极大地提高了计算效率.最后,通过点积成像条件,将提出的P/S波分解方法引入到三维TI介质弹性波逆时偏移中,得到高精度的PP和PS成像.与以往的波场分解方法相比,本文方法具有数值稳定和计算效率高的特点.数值算例表明,应用上述三维TI分解算子得到的偏移剖面有效压制了噪声,提高了成像质量.

     

各向异性TI介质qP反射波走时层析成像

地震走时层析成像是反演地层各向异性参数分布的有效方法, 但是关于地震各向异性介质走时层析成像的研究并不多, 其技术远远没有达到成熟的阶段.在野外数据采集时, 地表反射波观测方式相对井间和垂直地震剖面观测方式的成本更低, 利用qP反射波走时反演各向异性参数具有更加广泛的实用价值.本文实现的TI介质地震走时层析成像方法结合了TI介质反射波射线追踪算法、走时扰动方程和非线性共轭梯度算法, 它可以对任意强度的TI介质模型进行反演, 文中尝试利用qP反射波走时重建TI介质模型的参数图像.利用qP反射波对层状介质模型和块状异常体模型进行走时反演, 由于qP波相速度对弹性模量参数和Thomsen参数的偏微分不同, 所以可以分别反演弹性模量参数和Thomsen参数.数值模拟结果表明:利用qP反射波可以反演出TI介质模型的弹性模量参数与Thomsen参数, 不同模型的走时迭代反演达到了较好的收敛效果, 与各向同性介质走时反演结果相比较, 各向异性介质走时反演结果具有较好的识别能力.     

Multiple-point geostatistical simulation of dykes: application at Sungun porphyry copper system,Iran

Variogram-based methods are not capable of capturing high (>2) order statistics since the variogram measures the relationship between two points at a time only. Multiple-point geostatistics (MPS) has brought new insights into many geological modeling problems. The application of MPS methods has been well documented in realizing complex geological patterns. These methods have often been used in reservoir characterization since their advent in recent decades. The frequent non-linear behaviors of geologic continuity are not limited to reservoirs, but mineral deposits bear complicated formations in many cases. Relying on the power of MPS methods and considering the complexity of geological scenarios in mineral deposits, we have applied MPS in the modeling of mineral deposits. A training image (TI) is produced using geological data from upper horizons of a porphyry copper ore deposit which have been mined out during the previous mining operations. In this study, the SNESIM algorithm has been used. A number of realizations are produced using this multiple-point geostatistical method. Extensive validation steps are performed considering the TI as the reference model. These validations first show that the TI is representative for the domain under study and also illustrates some degrees of similarity between the TI and the realizations. Despite simplifications made to the problem, the application of MPS in mineral deposit modeling still faces many challenges.     

Pattern-based conditional simulation with a raster path: a few techniques to make it more efficient

Mass transport is known to depend on heterogeneity in geological formations. This entails geological bodies with complex geometries. The major interest of multiple-point simulation is its ability to reproduce such geological features through the use of a training image. The idea behind the training image is to describe a geological concept with the expected geological architecture. Its structural content is then used to infer multiple-point statistics. This yields a database with a variety of possible patterns or events. In this paper, we present a hybrid algorithm combining geostatistical multiplepoint and texture synthesis techniques for simulating geological reservoir models constrained to hard data. The proposed algorithm is a two steps process, involving first analysis with the building of an organized database from the training image content, and second synthesis with the simulation of a realization. Various tests are performed to investigate the potential of the algorithm in terms of computation time and ability to properly reproduce the shapes and connectivity features of the objects represented in the training image. We also propose a few improvements to make the algorithm more efficient. Last, six examples are presented based upon different kinds of training images depicting large-scale channelized and fractured media as well as fine-scale porous media.     

任意空间取向TI介质中体波速度特征分析

基于任意空间取向TI介质(简称ATI)中体波速度和偏振解析解,通过模型数值计算给出ATI介质中体波群速度和相速度的变化特征,说明TI空间取向与测线方位对速度的影响。研究表明,体波群速度图案和相速度图案相对TI对称轴固定,随TI对称轴倾角及其相对测线方位角的变化呈现出一定的对称性和重复性;可以针对ATI地区的地质情况,给出体波群速度和相速度变化图案,为进一步的理论研究提供便捷。此结果也可以直接用于VSP(垂直地震剖面)和井间地震资料的分析研究     

多孔介质中甲烷水合物边界的CT图像识别技术

采用X射线计算机断层扫描(X-CT)技术观测多孔介质中天然气水合物的生成和分解过程,具有实时、直观和无损等优点。由于颗粒物边缘图像容积效应和X-CT分辨率的限制,多孔介质体系中不同物质的边界域难以确定,从而影响对多孔介质中水合物赋存状态的准确判断。利用Matlab平台图像处理软件中的开闭运算、多值化、梯度图像提取和边缘检测等方法,对实验获得的多孔介质中甲烷水合物的CT图像进行优化处理,获得了更清晰的图像,可有效地提高多孔介质中不同物质边界域的识别效果,有利于准确判断甲烷水合物在多孔介质中的赋存状态。     

基于全局低分辨率CT扫描的合成层析成像技术

合成层析成像可由有限几个投影数据重建三维物体,与传统CT相比,该方法所需的射线剂量少得多.由于投影数据不完备,导致的重建图像伪影是合成层析成像的一个主要问题.本文提出一种对感兴趣区域进行合成层析成像方法,和其他方法相比可以得到更好的重建图像质量.该方法首先对目标进行低分辨率全局扫描,然后对感兴趣区域进行高分辨率局部扫描,最后,利用两次扫描的投影数据集合重建感兴趣区域的图像.数值仿真结果表明,用本方法重建感兴趣区域图像,要明显好于没有使用全局扫描信息的方法.     

考虑视觉传达效果的震后区域三维图像虚拟重建

传统二维震害图像方法对震后区域进行研究时,由于其拍摄角度具有局限性,震后区域图像的视觉效果不理想。提出基于三维激光扫描技术的震后区域三维虚拟重建方法,采用三维激光扫描仪测量震后区域,获取该区域的点云数据,采用Cyclone软件合并点云数据后,得到震后区域拼接后的整体点云图,将该图点云数据进行去体外孤点、去噪声点以及点云取样等处理后实施封装,在封装的点云数据上采用Sketch模型实施贴图操作,实现视觉传达效果理想的震后区域三维图形的虚拟重建。实验证明,所提方法对震后区域的三维图像虚拟重建结果精度高、视觉效果好。     

股骨头动脉血供的CTA评价

目的：探讨CTA评价股骨头动脉血供的临床价值与限度。方法：在AW4.2工作站,对115例非髋关节病变患者的201组股骨头颈部薄层动脉期4排螺旋CT图像进行回顾性3D重建,观察股骨头动脉血供显示情况。结果：CTA显示MCFA、LCFA敏感性为100%,其近段显示较好、中远段显示模糊或未显示;显示RA的敏感性为28.57%...     

渗透率场敏感系数的数值计算

由渗流微分方程定解问题，利用格林互易定理从理论上导出了渗透率场敏感系数 的计算公式，并借助于数值积分和差分方法给出了渗透率场敏感系数的离散形式. 由Peacem an方程建立了井压渗透率场敏感系数与网格压力渗透率场敏感系数的关系. 对理论模型利用 三维不均匀非稳定渗流场的压强数值解计算了井压对渗透率场的敏感系数，并用敏感系数的 直接计算方法进行了验证，结果表明本文的计算方法与直接计算方法相吻合.     

渗流方程的三维粗化算法

本文提出了地下流体渗流问题的三维解粗化算法,在粗网格内流体压强分布用直接解法求解三维渗流方程,用这些解计算粗网格的等效渗透率,在流体流速大的区域仍采用精细网格的计算方法.用所得等效渗透率计算了粗化网格的渗流场的压强分布,结果表明渗流方程的三维粗化解非常逼近采用精细网格的解,但计算的速度比采用精细网格提高了100多倍.     

Imaging and image processing in porous media research

Three-dimensional imaging and image processing has become an important part for investigations of fluid distribution and flow in porous media. We describe two methods of computed tomography with different characteristics, namely X-ray- and neutron-based. We give an overview of image processing sequences and their methods. We investigated image enhancement with a focus on filters using partial differential equations, classification and structure identification that we used to prepare our images for quantitative evaluations. These methods are demonstrated on a partially saturated sand sample. Finally, we show an application with soil aggregates where investigations using synchrotron X-rays and thermal neutrons have led to new insights and refined fluid distribution and flow models.     

基于对抗式残差密集深度神经网络的CT稀疏重建

针对计算机断层成像稀疏重建过程中产生条状伪影的问题,本文提出一种基于对抗式残差密集深度神经网络的CT图像高精度稀疏重建方法.设计一种耦合残差连接、密集连接、注意力机制和对抗机制的UNet网络,以含条状伪影图像和高精度图像作为训练样本,通过大规模训练数据,对该网络进行训练,使其具有压制条状伪影的能力.首先,利用滤波反投影...     

基于模型融合的有限角度CT迭代重建方法

针对有限角度扫描的CT重建,提出一种基于模型融合的CT迭代重建方法。模型来源于患者的早期Dicom图像。对扫描角度有限的投影数据,用统计迭代算法进行初步重建,得到预重建图像;将预重建图像与模型进行融合,得到融合图像;然后再次投影,补全原始投影缺失的部分,根据补全的投影数据重建出中间结果,之后重复投影、融合、重建过程直到满足终止条件。仿真实验表明,该算法能完整重建整个目标,在有效保留原目标特征的同时提高了小角度投影数据重建的质量。     

基于空间连续性的4D CT图像排序算法研究

4D CT图像应用于肿瘤的放线治疗中,能够在全呼吸周期中定位肿瘤的运动,同时有效地减少运动伪影的产生。目前,4D CT在临床应用中需要依靠外部呼吸信号检测装置提供呼吸信号运动信息。本文提出了一种4D CT自动图像排序算法,不需要外部呼吸监测装置,在Cine扫描模式下采集图像数据,从第一个床位开始,利用空间连续性特征,寻找相邻床位之间呼吸相位相同的图像,将其归入相应的图像集合中,以此类推,直到全部床位的图像都归入到相应相位的图像集合中,构成4D CT重建所需要的图像数据集合。本文的算法应用于呼吸体模数据和临床图像数据,观察三维重建图像和冠状面重组图像。对比单独使用的三维重建算法,本算法较好地消除了呼吸运动伪影,能够清楚观察到模拟肿瘤的运动和器官在呼吸运动过程中的变化情况。     

基于光谱估计和图像重建的双能量CT迭代算法

已知的光谱信息对双能量CT（DECT）重建具有重要的意义,但在实际应用中,光谱信息很难直接获得,此外,双能量CT的重建算法对噪声敏感,因此,在重建算法中需要设计对应的噪声抑制方法来提升重建图像质量。本文提出了一种同时更新双能量CT估计光谱和重建图像的迭代方法,该方法不需要提前获得光谱信息,估计光谱和重建图像可以通过提出的算法同时获得。两组实验用来验证算法的有效性。实验结果表明,提出方法不仅能够准确估计光谱,也可以同时提升DECT重建图像质量。     

Optimal removal of topological artefacts in microtomographic images of porous materials

The analysis of flow at the pore scale in porous media has been facilitated with the use of microtomography. A powerful tool for quantifying the fluid structure using these tomographic 3D reconstructions is skeletonisation, but the significant disadvantage of this method is its sensitivity to noise, resulting in artefacts in the skeleton. A pre-processing of the 3D image is therefore required, but no method has yet proven to completely solve this problem. By developing a new procedure that, by construction, directly identifies the voxels and only those that are responsible for topological artefacts in the skeleton, we are able to remove all artefacts, and furthermore can prove that we do so by modifying a minimal amount of voxels in the segmented 3D image (i.e. the tomographic image in which each voxel has been assigned to either the porous or the solid phase). This is possible by identifying the three fundamental types of artefacts that can arise in a 3D skeleton, and dealing with each appropriately. Application to a microtomographic image of a sintered glass powder is presented. Impact of the different processing methods on the flow within its porosity is measured through the computed permeability deviations.