基于SCPTU的软土最大剪切模量测试分析研究

最大剪切模量是土的基本力学特性参数,对土动力特性分析和岩土工程抗震设计有着重要的意义。目前最大剪切模量的确定主要依赖于室内试验,土样的采取和室内试验既耗时又不能保证精度。以江苏北部里下河古泻湖相软土地区高速公路建设为工程背景,采用地震波孔压静力触探（SCPTU）和下孔法（DHT）进行了土层剪切波速的测试,基于SCPTU和DHT剪切波速测试资料建立了最大剪切模量Gmax与SCPTU测试参数之间的相关关系。结果表明：采用SCPTU测试的锥尖阻力和孔压参数能够用于对软土的最大剪切模量的初步评价。     

孔压触探测试中探头饱和问题的探讨

孔压触探（ＣＰＴＵ）作为一种新型土体原位测试技术,日益引起人们的重视和推广,但ＣＰＴＵ测试中的一些技术环节尚需进一步探索和规范。本文对严重影响ＣＰＴＵ测试结果精度的探头饱和问题进行了探讨,指出探头饱和的重要性、一般方法、注意事项及检验措施。     

一种孔压静力触探数据采集系统

从实现孔压静力触探多种测量功能和自动测量与数据记录的要求出发,开发了一套孔压静力触探数据采集系统,并完成了TCY-1型测试仪以及PC机配套软件的设计与调试;介绍了其组成单元、工作原理与流程。系统具有测量精度高、数据容量大、体积小和功耗低等特点。应用表明,系统操作简便、配置灵活、工作效率高,可以广泛应用于工程勘测领域。      

现代多功能孔压静力触探及在软土地区测试要点

简要分析了我国CPT技术与国际CPT技术的差距,介绍了现代多功能CPTU测试系统、应用于CPT的传感器技术的发展、现代多功能CPTU技术的优势及SCPTU、RCPTU、VisCPT技术的新应用。同时,分析了软土地区多功能CPTU测试技术要点,包括测试计划的制定、孔压系统的饱和与标定、测试精度的保证、负值的分析及探头的保养等问题。     

A combined neural network/gradient‐based approach for the identification of constitutive model parameters using self‐boring pressuremeter tests

This paper presents a numerical procedure of material parameter identification for the coupled hydro‐mechanical boundary value problem (BVP) of the self‐boring pressuremeter test (SBPT) in clay. First, the neural network (NN) technique is applied to obtain an initial estimate of model parameters, taking into account the possible drainage conditions during the expansion test. This technique is used to avoid potential pitfalls related to the conventional gradient‐based optimization techniques, considered here as a corrector that improves predicted parameters. Parameter identification based on measurements obtained through the pressuremeter expansion test and two types of holding tests is illustrated on the Modified Cam clay model. NNs are trained using a set of test samples, which are generated by means of finite element simulations of SBPT. The measurements obtained through expansion and consolidation tests are normalized so that NN predictors operate independently of the testing depth. Examples of parameter determination are demonstrated on both numerical and field data. The efficiency of the combined parameter identification in terms of accuracy, effectiveness and computational effort is also discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical study of partially drained penetration and pore pressure dissipation in piezocone test

The piezocone penetration test (CPTU) is commonly used as a fast and economical tool to identify soil profile and to estimate relevant material properties in soils ranging from fine to coarse-grained. Moreover, in the case of fine-grained soils (clays and silts), the consolidation coefficient and the permeability can be estimated through the dissipation test. Undrained conditions are commonly assumed for the interpretation of CPTU in fine-grained soils, but in soils such as silts, penetration may occur in partially drained conditions. This aspect is often neglected in data interpretation thus leading to an inaccurate estimate of soil properties. This paper investigates numerically the effect of partial drainage during penetration on the measured tip resistance and the subsequent pore pressure dissipation response contributing to a more accurate interpretation of field data. A realistic simulation of the cone penetration is achieved with the two-phase Material Point Method, modelling the soil response with the modified Cam-Clay model. The approach takes into account large soil deformations induced by the advancing cone, soil–water, and soil–structure interactions, as well as nonlinear soil behavior.     

用孔压静力触探和室内固结试验求取土的固结系数的对比研究

土的固结系数是软土地基计算与处理设计中的关键参数，本文根据先进的孔隙水压力静力触探技术现场测试求出的固结系数和室内固结试验所求固结系数，进行了大量统计对比研究，发现两者之间存在很好的线性相关关系，并论述了两种方法求取固结系数的原理及步骤，以及孔压静力触探求固结系数的许多优点。     

Numerical analysis of the miniature piezocone penetration tests (PCPT) in cohesive soils

An analytical model to simulate the penetration of the piezocone penetrometer in cohesive soils is presented here. The elasto-plastic coupled field equations of the saturated cohesive soils (given by Voyiadjis and Abu-Farsakh) is used in this analysis. The numerical simulation of the piezocone penetration is implemented into a finite element program. The analytical model is used to analyze the miniature piezocone penetration tests (PCPT) conducted at LSU calibration chambers. Simulation of the piezocone penetration is done for two cases. In the first case, the soil–penetrometer interface friction is neglected, while in the second case, the soil–penetrometer interface friction is taken into consideration. The constraint approach is used to model the soil–piezocone interface friction in which the Mohr–Coulomb frictional model is used to define the sliding potential. Analysis is done for three different soil specimens with different stress histories. The results of the numerical simulations are compared with the experimental measurements of the miniature piezocone penetration tests (PCPT) in cohesive soil specimens conducted in LSU calibration chambers. The resulting excess pore pressure distribution and its dissipation using the numerical model are compared with some available prediction methods. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An analytical study of the effect of penetration rate on piezocone tests in clay

Finite element cavity expansion analysis investigating the effect of penetration rate on piezocone tests in clay is presented. A coupled analysis was performed, in which the rate of cavity expansion was linked to the penetration rate of the cone and the cone angle, using the assumption that the deformation was wholly radial, and took place only between the cone tip and the cone shoulder. The soil was modelled using modified cam clay with two sets of parameters and varying values of overconsolidation ratio (OCR). The influence of penetration rate on the stress and pore pressure distributions was examined. For slower penetration rates, the excess pore pressure at the cone shoulder is lower since consolidation is permitted coincident with penetration. The radial profiles of post‐penetration voids ratio demonstrate that partially drained penetration is permitted by volume change in the near field, in addition to radial movement in the far field. The radial distribution of excess pore pressure after slow penetration differs from the undrained case, with a relatively low radial gradient existing at the cone face. As a result, the dissipation curves after slow penetration lag behind those following fast penetration. The cone velocity is made dimensionless by normalizing with the coefficient of consolidation and the cone diameter. ‘Backbone’ curves of normalized velocity against normalized tip resistance and excess pore pressure capturing the transition from undrained to drained penetration are derived. The normalized pore pressure backbone curve is unique, whilst the normalized tip resistance shows a small dependency on OCR. These backbone penetration curves are compared with centrifuge model piezocone tests conducted at varying rates, and subsequent dissipation tests. The numerical and experimental results suggest that the value of consolidation coefficient operative during the dissipation phase is 2–4 times higher than the virgin compression value due to changes in the operative soil stiffness, as demonstrated from the stress paths of individual soil elements. The use of multi‐rate penetration tests to deduce values of consolidation coefficient is discussed, in light of these differences. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

孔压静力触探(CPTU)测试成果影响因素及原始数据修正方法探讨

孔压静力触探(CPTU)是20世纪80年代在国际上兴起的新型原位测试技术,因其诸多优点,目前在欧美诸国已得到广泛应用。由于探头规格、技术标准和操作程序的差异,影响CPTU测试成果的因素很多,而且其影响程度也各不相同。根据前人的研究成果,对CPTU测试成果的影响因素进行了分析总结,以期在CPTU资料整理和应用中引起重视。最后,简要论述了考虑诸多影响因素的原始数据修正方法。     

基于孔压静力触探测试的改进分层总和法在软基沉降预测中的应用研究

分层总和法在高速公路软基沉降的预测中得到了广泛的应用。然而,由于基于钻探的土层划分往往比较粗糙以及基于室内试验的压缩模量确定不太可靠,导致沉降预测与实际偏差较大。孔压静力触探（CPTU）作为一种新型的多功能原位测试技术,可以同时测试得到锥尖阻力、侧壁摩阻力和孔压沿深度的连续剖面,较好地改善这一状况。以连盐高速公路为研究实例,采用多变量统计分析中的最优分割理论,基于CPTU高精度测试数据对土层进行了精细划分,并通过实际沉降观测资料的反演分析确定了基于CPTU的压缩模量计算方法,进而通过对高速公路实测沉降和CPTU预测沉降的比较,验证了文中计算方法的有效性     

大直径超长灌注桩水平承载性能的参数敏感性

大直径超长灌注桩是高规格建（构）筑物桩基工程的发展趋势,但有关其水平承载性能的研究还较少。依托江苏靖江文化中心大直径超长灌注桩建设项目,通过现场试桩试验获得了桩身水平受力及承载变形特征。采用孔压静力触探（CPTU）测试p-y曲线法构建了大直径超长灌注桩水平承载数值计算模型,在与现场试桩结果比对验证之后,进一步研究了桩径尺寸效应、桩顶嵌固形式、桩身倾角、竖向载荷对大直径超长灌注桩的影响规律。最后通过计算各影响因素的参数敏感度,实现了对大直径超长灌注桩水平承载性能参数敏感性的客观定量评价。研究结果表明：原位测试CPTU可以很好地应用于大直径超长灌注桩的水平承载分析,大直径超长灌注桩参数敏感度由大到小依次为：桩顶嵌固形式、尺寸效应、竖向荷载、桩身倾角。     

基于地质统计学方法的孔压静力触探锥尖阻力固有空间变异性研究

地质统计学是用于模拟土体固有空间变异性的方法之一,以变差函数为工具,采用Kriging插值提供未采样点处土工参数值的最优线性无偏估计。将地质统计学方法应用于宿-新（宿迁至新沂）高速公路某试验段内孔压静力触探（piezocone penetration test,CPTU）锥尖阻力qt空间变异性研究中,采用回归分析移除数据中的趋势项,从而获得具有弱平稳性的残差数据。指数型理论变差函数能够准确描述试验段内土体的连续空间变异性特征。根据估计结果,试验段内锥尖阻力qt残差的变程具有显著各向异性,在水平方向和竖直方向分别为4.05 m和1.2 m。采用普通Kriging插值结合趋势分析,绘制了qt在试验段的空间分布图和平面投影图,用于指导工程实践。结果表明,普通Kriging插值的估计结果能够与试验段内实测资料形成较好的对比,仅仅在部分极值变化和远离采样点的位置处估计值可靠性会降低。     

南海迭层土物理力学特性的研究

我国海域普遍分布有迭层土,由于结构的特殊性,对于其性质的准确把握,直接影响到海洋工程诸如打桩、钻井船插深等问题预测的准确性,关系到海洋工程建设的安全。现场进行孔压静力触探CPTU试验以及室内试验,分析我国南海海域迭层土的物理、力学性质的特点,对迭层土抗剪强度值的确定进行探讨。CPTU试验数据显示,迭层土的物理力学性质与单一土层具有较明显的差异;由于迭层土中砂层的存在,室内三轴不排水剪切试验（UU试验）确定的不排水强度明显偏低,是CPTU确定的不排水抗剪强度的下限值。CPTU的结果可以较好地反映了迭层土的特点,根据CPTU试验结果得到的摩阻比变化范围较大,在0～8之间远大于一般的砂土或黏土的变化范围,摩阻比与修正端阻之间的关系可用双曲线近似表示。建议进行静力分析时,迭层土不排水抗剪强度参数选取应参考CPTU试验结果。     

Optimization framework for calibration of constitutive models enhanced by neural networks

A two‐level procedure designed for the estimation of constitutive model parameters is presented in this paper. The neural network (NN) approach at the first level is applied to achieve the first approximation of parameters. This technique is used to avoid potential pitfalls related to the conventional gradient‐based optimization techniques, considered here as a corrector that improves predicted parameters. The feed‐forward NN (FFNN) and the modified Gauss–Newton algorithms are briefly presented. The proposed framework is verified for the elasto‐plastic modified Cam Clay model that can be calibrated based on standard triaxial laboratory tests, i.e. the isotropic consolidation test and the drained compression test. Two different formulations of the input data to the NN, enhanced by a dimensional reduction of experimental data using principal component analysis, are presented. The determination of model characteristics is demonstrated, first on numerical pseudo‐experiments and then on the experimental data. The efficiency of the proposed approach by means of accuracy and computational effort is also discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于孔压静力触探试验的水运工程土分类方法研究

土的工程分类是工程勘察和设计应用的关键问题之一。基于孔压静力触探测试（piezocone penetration test,简称CPTU）原位测试参数进行土分类是高效实用的方法。国内外现有分类方法的名称及标准与我国《水运工程岩土勘察规范》（JTS 133－2013）不符合。因此,建立基于CPTU原位测试参数、符合我国行业标准的土工程分类方法具有重要工程意义。在收集大量国内外水运工程CPTU测试资料的基础上,对比分析了616个间距小于5 m的CPTU测试孔和相应钻孔取样与室内土工试验成果。选择国内外7种常用的CPTU土分类图进行应用比较,发现这些土分类图所采用的应力修正计算方法在考虑浅层土体的有效上覆应力修正时存在一定的缺陷,通过引入新的应力修正方法和修正土分类边界线,建立了适合我国水运工程的CPTU土分类方法。对比应用分析表明,该分类图能够准确地进行水运工程土类划分,尤其适合于软土、粉细砂和中粗砂的划分,可作为我国水运工程的土工程分类方法。     

Applicability of piezocone and dilatometer to characterize the soils of the Venice Lagoon

The effectiveness of two geotechnical investigation tools—the piezocone and the dilatometer—to characterize the soils forming the shallowest deposits of the upper quaternary basin of the Venice lagoon soil is examined in this study. For this purpose, the results of a comprehensive site and laboratory investigation carried out recently over a small lagoon area—the Malamocco Test Site—are used to evaluate the applicability of the most widely used charts or correlative equations to characterize soil profile and estimate the main geotechnical properties of these soils, when applied to the interpretation of CPTU and DMT results. The particular interest of this site—apart from its unquestionable historical relevance—is the presence, apparently without any regular pattern in depth and site, of a predominantly silty fraction combined with clay and/or sand, thus forming an erratic interbedding of various types of sediments. This case represents therefore the opposite condition of that which has been normally utilized in the past to calibrate the two devices, namely the presence of particularly homogeneous natural deposits or artificially sedimented homogeneous layers of sand or clay. The Malamocco Test Site may therefore be considered as test benchmark for the applicability of the two devices to characterize highly heterogeneous silty deposits.     

密度孔压静力触探的测试理论和工程应用综述

孔压静力触探试验(CPTU)是目前使用最为广泛的原位测试方法之一,但CPTU不能原位测量土体最基本的指标——密度。密度孔压静力触探试验(DCPTU)是把核子密度仪结合到孔压静力触探系统中,贯入过程中可以同时测量锥尖阻力、侧壁摩阻力、孔隙水压力和密度的一种新型原位测试方法。本文首先介绍了DCPTU的试验装置和密度测试理论;然后通过与室内试验结果对比评价了利用DCPTU测量砂土、黏土、填土地层以及海底淤泥的密度的可靠性,分析了非均质地层中DCPTU测量密度与真实密度的区别、并提出了真实密度剖面的推求方法;然后综述了DCPTU在判别软弱夹层、评价砂土的液化势、检验地基处理效果、检测块状填土中的空隙、调查浮泥层的厚度和密度分布等方面的工程应用;最后展望了DCPTU在工程勘察中的发展趋势和应用前景。     

Assessment of direct CPT and CPTU methods for predicting the ultimate bearing capacity of single piles

Twelve methods to determine axial pile capacity directly based on cone penetration test (CPT) and piezocone penetration test (CPTU) data are presented, compared and evaluated. Analyses and evaluation were conducted on three types of piles of different size and length. All the tested piles have failed at the end of static load test. Both the CPT methods and the CPTU methods were used to estimate the load bearing capacities of the investigated piles (Q_p). The static load test was performed to determine the measured load bearing capacities (Q_m). The pile capacities determined through different methods were compared with the measured values obtained from the static load tests. Two criteria were selected as bases of evaluation: the best fit line for Q_p versus Q_m and the arithmetic mean and standard deviation for the ratio Q_p/Q_m. Results of the analyses showed that the best methods for determining pile capacity are the two CPTU methods. Furthermore, the CPTU method is simple, easy to apply, and not influenced by the subjective judgements of operating staff. Therefore, it is quite suitable for the application in pile engineering practice.