三峡库区腹地降水pH值和电导率特征

通过三峡库区腹地城区(万州)和郊区(云阳县高阳镇)2014年12月~2015年11月降水样品的pH值和电导率数据,探讨了库区腹地两功能区降水酸度和电导率特征。结果表明:城区和郊区降水的年均pH都低于5.6,城区环境(5.44)比郊区(5.53)稍低,酸雨发生频率分别为37.50%和27.91%,而电导率则是城区环境比郊区稍高,分别为34.98μS·cm^(-1)和29.72μS·cm^(-1),说明三峡库区腹地受到了不同程度人为活动的影响,城区较郊区严重。季节变化上,城区和郊区pH值大小顺序分别为春>夏>秋>冬和春>秋>夏>冬,而电导率均为冬春季高于夏秋季,这样的季节变化由污染物的季节性排放和降雨强度共同决定。     

1961-2014年张掖市降水变化趋势

选取张掖气象站1961-2014年逐日降水观测资料,采用线性趋势分析和Mann-kendall 检验等方法分析了张掖市年降水量、年最大降水量、冬季降水量和其他季节降水量的变化趋势和突变特征。结果表明：1961-2014年张掖市年降水量总体呈增加趋势,其中1982-1984、1995-1996、2007-2013年降水量增加趋势显著。年最大降水量和冬季降水量增加趋势明显,分别发生了6次和1次突变,其中年最大降水量突变点分别发生在1963年、1980年、1982年、1984年、1987年和1991年;冬季降水量1964年后呈显著增加趋势,1969年降水量突变增加。而其他季节降水量呈波动增加趋势,突变增加分别在1963年、1967年和1969年发生。     

1961-2015年新疆降水及干旱特征分析

基于1961-2015 年新疆地区51 个气象站过去55 a 逐日降水资料,借助标准化降水指数、降水距平百分率表征干旱,利用线性趋势,K-means 聚类,Mann-Kendall 非参数检验,Morlet 小波分析等方法,分析过去55 a 降水及干旱变化特征。研究表明：（1）过去55 a 新疆降水量、雨日整体呈上升趋势,相关系数为0.83,降水量增加主要表现为雨日增长;降水空间分布和聚类得出,降水呈现显著“北多南少”格局,3 个降水分区的降水量表现为III 区 > II 区 > I 区。（2）干旱指数SPI、降水距平Pa极显著相关,干旱频次、影响范围、严重性总体呈现下降趋势;干旱变化率空间分布整体存在一致性,由南向北干旱缓解趋势增大,但局域上又有异质性,北疆个别站点干旱加剧;（3）干旱变化具有周期性,主周期为8 a,次主周期为4 a、16 a。     

基于修正的GHG-RA模型的三峡库区甲烷排放通量估算

利用以往研究中三峡库区的24个监测点的甲烷排放通量实测数据及其年平均气温和降水量数据,对温室气体排放风险评估模型(greenhouse gas risk assessment tool,GHG-RA)的系数进行了修正;利用修正的GHG-RA模型,估算了三峡库区24个监测点的甲烷排放通量;对2018～2117年期间三峡库区的平均甲烷排放风险进行了评价。研究结果表明,利用修正的GHG-RA模型估算的24个监测点的甲烷排放通量的平均值为0.222 mg/(m2·h),与实测值的均方根误差和平均偏差分别为0.12 mg/(m2·h)和0.32 mg/(m2·h);估算的2018～2117年期间三峡库区的平均甲烷排放通量为0.255 mg/(m2·h),甲烷排放风险为中等排放风险。     

1951-2012年渭河流域降水频次变化特征分析

利用渭河流域26个气象站点1951-2012年的逐日及逐年降水数据,分析流域降水频次的变化特征及其相关影响。结果表明：（1）年降水频次在空间上表现出由北向南逐渐递增的趋势,最高年降水频次为111.39 d·a^-1,最低年降水频次为67.77 d·a^-1。强降水频次在空间上表现出由西北向东南逐渐递增的趋势,高值区最高年强降水频次为8.10 d·a^-1,低值区最低年强降水频次为1.99 d·a^-1。（2）年降水量与强降水频次Pearson相关系数>0的区域占到总流域面积的96.59%,>0.6～<1的区域占到了总面积的74.14%,呈现为强相关或者极强相关,Pearson相关系数为负数,且呈现强相关或极强相关的区域只占到了总面积的0.8%。（3）强降水频次在一定阶段符合幂律分布。在拟合趋势线中间会发生转折点,强降水频次的规模较大时,拟合方程为y=198.9x-1.199（R²=0.901 8,P<0.01）,强降水频次较小时拟合方程为y=113 466x-5.402（R²=0.983,P<0.01）。幂律分布规律可以深层次的解释强降水是引发渭河流域洪灾的重要影响因素。     

1979-2016年祁连山地区大气水汽含量时空特征及其与降水的关系

采用1979-2016年ECMWF1.5°×1.5°逐月再分析资料及同期37个气象站点的降水资料,利用一元线性回归、累积距平、Kriging及IDW（反距离加权）等方法分析了祁连山地区大气水汽含量时空分布特征、降水转化率空间变化规律以及风场分布规律,并对比分析了中国西部不同地区降水转化率的变化趋势。结果表明：（1）1979-2016年祁连山地区大气水汽含量整体呈增加趋势,且季节变化明显。其中夏季是各层大气水汽含量最多的季节,高达329.24 mm,占多年平均大气水汽含量的48.1%。（2）近38 a来,祁连山地区的大气水汽含量呈东南多、西北少的空间分布,且随海拔的升高而逐渐减少,整层大气水汽主要集中在5 000 m以下。（3）祁连山地区的降水转化率从空间上表现出由东向西递减的趋势,说明该地区空中云水资源的开发潜力自东向西逐渐增强,空中云水资源的开发潜力区域差异明显;季风所携带的水汽对其影响区域的降水贡献率较高,西风所携带的水汽则对其影响区域的降水贡献率较低。（4）中国西部地区降水转化率呈向心式递减的趋势,且区域空间波动较大。     

近42 年来青藏高原年内降水时空不均匀性特征分析

根据青藏高原1967-2008 年逐日站点降水资料,定义了高原降水集中度(PCD) 和集中期(PCP)。并运用EOF、相关分析等方法分析高原PCD和PCP的时空分布特征、PCD与高原强降水的关系以及PCP前期强影响信号。结果表明：高原大部分地区PCD处于0.4~0.8 之间,PCP则处于36~41 候之间。高原PCD以全区一致型的空间分布为主;而PCP 则以南北反向型分布为主,全区一致型分布次之。整个高原PCD均呈减弱趋势,而PCP均表现为提前特征。除高原南侧个别地区,高原PCD 无论与高原强降水日数还是强降水量均呈显著正相关。同时,高原南北部PCP对应的水汽输送存在显著差异, 高原南部PCP主要受孟加拉湾季风爆发的影响。     

2008-2014年祁连山区夏季降水的日变化特征及其影响因素

基于中国自动气象站与CMORPH降水产品融合的逐时降水量0.1°×0.1°网格数据集通过逐时降水量、降水频率和降水强度等指标研究了2008-2014年祁连山区夏季降水的日变化特征,并结合ERA-Interim再分析资料分析了气象要素对降水日变化的影响。结果表明：① 祁连山区逐时平均降水量和降水频率的时空分布特征较为一致,即东中段大于西段,且7月最大,6月次之,8月最小;降水强度的空间分布则与降水量和降水频率的存在差异,且6月的降水强度平均值最大。② 白天和夜间的降水量均表现出东中段多于西段、山区多于平原的特点,并有明显的夜雨现象;从年际差异来看,2008-2014年白天和夜间的降水量均呈增加趋势。③ 祁连山区夏季降水平均相对变率介于5%~38%之间,全区20:00平均相对变率最大;逐时降水量和降水频率普遍存在较好的相关性,尤其是在东中段。④ 对比再分析资料发现,祁连山区降水日变化与相对湿度和地面温度等气象要素有关。     

2008年夏季曲靖市降水特征分析

为了了解曲靖市2008年夏季(6~8月)的降水特征,更好地掌握特征明显的形势场降水预报,利用m i-caps常规资料,结合环流和雨情,对今年夏季大气环流的基本特征和在其影响下曲靖市的降水特征做了初步分析。分析表明:2008年夏季的大气环流和曲靖市的降水情况都有较明显的特征,其中西太平洋副热带高压很不稳定,而副高的位置和强弱对于曲靖市的降水特征有着重要影响。     

Chemical element transfer of weathering granite regolith in the Three Gorges Dam region of Yangtze River

Clearing up sediment and regolith on the foundation of the dam in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River in 1999, riverbed were exposed. On the basis of weathering granite regolith sampled from different portions of the valley landforms, by analysing total chemical contents with X rays fluorescent slice and calculating proper value of chemical element transferring ratio and intensity, the transferring law of chemical elements in different portions of the landforms were concluded: 1) In various landforms of the river valley, the process of desilication is not distinct; 2) in weathering granite regolith of riverbed, easy soluble CaO and MgO are relatively enriched whereas Al2O3 tends to decrease. The enriching rate of Fe2O3 is the greatest in various landforms of the river valley; 3) in weathering granite regolith of flood-plain, K2O and MgO contents are relatively enriched; 4) the weathering granite regolith of valley slope is a typical north subtropical weathering regolith, and its chemical weathering degree is in the transition phase from early to middle period; and 5) there is an opposite layer where K2O is relatively leaching and Na2O relatively enriching in 6.5 m depth of all weathering granite regolith.     

Chemical element transfer of weathering granite regolith in the Three Gorges Dam region of Yangtze River

Clearing up sediment and regolith on the foundation of the dam in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River in 1999, riverbed were exposed. On the basis of weathering granite regolith sampled from different portions of the valley landforms, by analysing total chemical contents with X rays fluorescent slice and calculating proper value of chemical element transferring ratio and intensity, the transferring law of chemical elements in different portions of the landforms were concluded: 1) In various landforms of the river valley, the process of desilication is not distinct; 2) in weathering granite regolith of riverbed, easy soluble CaO and MgO are relatively enriched whereas A1₂O₃ tends to decrease. The enriching rate of Fe₂O₃ is the greatest in various landforms of the river valley; 3) in weathering granite regolith of flood-plain, K₂O and MgO contents are relatively enriched; 4) the weathering granite regolith of valley slope is a typical north subtropical weathering regolith, and its chemical weathering degree is in the transition phase from early to middle period; and 5) there is an opposite layer where K₂O is relatively leaching and Na₂O relatively enriching in 6.5 m depth of all weathering granite regolith.     

长江三峡坝区花岗岩风化壳化学元素迁移特征

在长江三峡坝区河谷不同地貌部位系统采样的基础上，通过X射线荧光光谱的化学全量分析及各元素迁移率特征值和强度值的详细计算，揭示出不同地貌部位各化学元素的迁移规律：（1）长期淹没于水下的河床风化壳，易溶的CaO,MgO发生相对富集的现象，Al2O3却呈减少的趋势；Fe2O3的富集率最大；（2）季节性被水浸没的河漫滩风化壳，还出现了K2O，MgO含量相对富集的现象；（3）谷坡风化壳是典型的北亚热带地带性风化壳，处于化学风化早期到中期的过渡阶段；（4）在各种地貌的风化壳中6．5深度是一个特殊的层位，K2，Na2O对抗现象最为明显， 即为Na2O相对富集，K2O相对减少。     

三峡工程影响下三峡区域旅游地空间结构研究

文章以三峡区域为研究对象,在分析三峡工程对三峡区域旅游地空间结构影响因素的基础上,从构造符合市场多样化需求的区域旅游地空间结构,并带动三峡区域尤其是三峡库区移民经济稳定发展的角度,对三峡区域旅游地空间的变化趋势和结构形态进行了阐述,具体为“一轴”模式将转变为“双核”模式、水陆分化模式、空间掠夺与“边缘回头”模式,“两极、三轴、三区、四带”的空间结构骨架和空间拓展模式。     

Reservoir resettlement in China: past experience and the Three Gorges Dam

This paper reviews involuntary resettlement resulting from dam-building, which has been ignored relative to the dominant focus of migration research in China, rural to urban migration. Reservoir resettlement in China has a long history, often of misery and hardship for those displaced. Relocatees affected by the Three Gorges Project (1994–2009) on the Yangtze River face a similar situation. In China priority has been given to building the dam to provide electricity, flood control and navigation. Less attention has been paid to the problems of the people affected by the reservoir inundation. The rural population forced to relocate and rural-urban migrants in general have been discriminated against by national policies.     

Seasonal variations of sediment discharge from the Yangtze River before and after impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam

Over the past decades, > 50,000 dams and reforestation on the Yangtze River (Changjiang) have had little impact on water discharge but have drastically altered annual and particularly seasonal sediment discharge. Before impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) in June 2003, annual sediment discharge had decreased by 60%, and the hysteresis of seasonal rating curves in the upper reaches at Yichang station had shifted from clockwise to counterclockwise. In addition, the river channel in middle-lower reaches had changed from depositional to erosional in 2002.During the four years (2003–2006) after TGD impoundment, ~ 60% of sediment entering the Three Gorges Reservoir was trapped, primarily during the high-discharge months (June–September). Although periodic sediment deposition continues downstream of the TGD, during most months substantial erosion has occurred, supplying ~ 70 million tons per year (Mt/y) of channel-derived sediment to the lower reaches of the river. If sand extraction (~ 40 Mt/y) is taken into consideration, the river channel loses a total of 110 Mt/y. During the extreme drought year 2006, sediment discharge in the upper reaches drastically decreased to 9 Mt (only 2% of its 1950–1960s level) because of decreased water discharge and TGD trapping. In addition, Dongting Lake in the middle reaches, for the first time, changed from trapping net sediment from the mainstem to supplying 14 Mt net sediment to the mainstem. Severe channel erosion and drastic sediment decline have put considerable pressure on the Yangtze coastal areas and East China Sea.     

Interacting effects of multiple factors on the morphological evolution of the meandering reaches downstream the Three Gorges Dam

Elucidating the influence of dams on fluvial processes can inform river protection and basin management. However, relatively few studies have focused on how multiple factors interact to affect the morphological evolution of meandering reaches. Using hydrological and topographical data, we analyzed the factors that influence and regulate the meandering reaches downstream the Three Gorges Dam (TGD). Our conclusions are as follows. (1) The meandering reaches can be classified into two types based on their evolution during the pre-dam period: G1 reaches, characterized by convex point bar erosion and concave channel deposition (CECD), and G2 reaches, characterized by convex point bar deposition and concave channel erosion (CDCE). Both reach types exhibited CECD features during the post-dam period. (2) Flow processes and sediment transport are the factors that caused serious erosion of the low beaches located in the convex point bars. However, changes in the river regime, river boundaries and jacking of Dongting Lake do not act as primary controls on the morphological evolution of the meandering reaches. (3) Flood discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m³/s result in greater erosion of convex point bars. The point bars become scoured if the durations of these flows, which are close to bankfull discharge, exceed 20 days. In addition, the reduction in bedload causes the decreasing of point bar siltation in the water-falling period. (4) During the post-dam period, flood abatement, the increased duration of discharges ranging from 20,000 to 25,000 m³/s, and a significant reduction in sediment transport are the main factors that caused meandering reaches to show CECD features. Our results are relevant to other meandering reaches, where they can inform estimates of riverbed change, river management strategies and river protection.     

三峡大坝下游水位变化与河道形态调整关系研究

三峡水库蓄水利用已有13年,对坝下游洪、枯水位和河道形态调整的影响已初步显现,通过对1955-2016年长江中游水位、河道地形等资料的分析,结果表明：① 坝下游各水文站同流量枯水位下降、洪水位变化不大,最低水位上升,最高水位下降趋势;② 2002年10月-2015年10月枯水河槽冲刷量占平滩河槽冲刷量的95.5%,冲淤分布由蓄水前“冲槽淤滩”转为“滩槽均冲”,不同蓄水阶段存在差异;③ 河槽冲刷过程中,上荆江及以上河段枯水位下降趋势趋缓,下荆江及以下河段下降速率增加,应采取防控措施遏制河道水位下降趋势;④ 枯水河槽冲刷是长江中下游航道水深提升的基础,枯水位降幅小于深槽下切深度,在河道和航道整治工程综合作用下航道尺度提升,提前5年实现了2020年航道尺度规划目标;⑤ 平滩水位以上河槽形态调整不大,在河床粗化、岸滩植被、人类活动等综合作用下河道综合阻力增加,出现了中洪水流量—高水位现象,应引起足够重视。三峡水库汛期调蓄作用可有效提升中下游洪水防御能力,但不排除遭遇支流洪水叠加效应,中下游洪水压力仍然较大。     

Immediately downstream effects of Three Gorges Dam on channel sandbars morphodynamics between Yichang-Chenglingji Reach of the Changjiang River,China

Sandbars are of vital ecological and environmental significance, which however, have been intensively influenced by human activities. Morphodynamic processes of sandbars along the Yichang-Chenglingji Reach of the Changjiang River, the channel immediately downstream of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD), are assessed based on remote sensing images between 2000 and 2016. It can be found that the entire area of sandbars reduces drastically by 19.23% from 149.04 km² in 2003 to 120.38 km² in 2016, accompanied with an increase in water surface width. Owing to differences in sediment grain size and anti-erosion capacity, sandbar area in the upstream sandy gravel reach (Yichang-Dabujie) and downstream sandy reach (Dabujie-Chenglingji) respectively decreases by 45.94% (from 20.79 km² to 11.24 km²) and 14.93% (from 128.30 km² to 109.14 km²). Furtherly, morphological evolutions of sandbars are affected by channel type: in straight-microbend channel, mid-channel sandbars exhibit downstream moving while maintaining the basic profile; in meandering channel, point sandbars show erosion and deposition in convex and concave bank respectively, with mid-channel sandbars distributing sporadically; in bending-branching channel, point sandbars experience erosion and move downstream while mid-channel sandbars show erosion in the head part along with retreating outline. We document that the primary mechanism of sandbars shrinkages along the Yichang-Chenglingji Reach can be attributed to TGD induced suspended sediment concentration decreasing and increasing in unsaturation of sediment carrying capacity. Additionally, channel type can affect the morphological evolution of sandbars. Along the Yichang-Chenglingji Reach, sandbars in straight-microbend channel are more affected by water flow than that in bending-branching channel.     

Flow resistance adjustments of channel and bars in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in response to the operation of the Three Gorges Dam

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Since the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) was put into operation, the flood water level at an identical discharge rate has not displayed a decreasing trend along the...