海面GNSS-R模型与时延-多普勒特征研究

GNSS海面反射信号的建模对全球导航卫星系统反射测量(Global Navigation Satellite System-Reflectometry,GNSS-R)遥感应用具有重要意义.针对海面GNSS反射信号建模问题，本文采用Z-V模型研究了GNSS反射信号的时延一维相关功率和时延-多普勒二维相关功率特征，分析了不同风速下一维相关功率的变化情况，讨论了时延间隔和多普勒间隔对时延-多普勒图(delayDoppler map,DDM)的影响.数值结果表明：海面GNSS反射信号的相关功率对海面风速具有敏感性，在DDM波形仿真中，应选择合适的时延与多普勒间隔参数.该模型可模拟不同海况下海面GNSS反射信号的相关功率，为GNSS-R反射信号模拟及海洋遥感应用提供理论模型支撑.     

GNSS-R海面风速反演技术研究

利用全球卫星导航系统反射信号技术(GNSS-R)反演海面风速时,得到的双基雷达横截面积由于几何因素的影响不能直接用来反演风速.针对这一问题,对功率校准后的数据进行几何校正,在分析全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)海面反射信号特征的基础上,分析了几何因素对风速反演的影响,对双基雷达横截面积和有效散射区域进行校正,得到相应反射点的反射信号功率;最后对所求得的反射信号参数进行仿真验证.实验结果表明,海面风速反演的均方根误差为2.61 m/s,反演风速与真实风速的相关系数为0.57,校正后的归一化双基雷达横截面积能够有效地反演海面风速.     

基于GNSS-R的海面风场监测系统研究

为全面获取海面粗糙度信息,实现导航卫星反射信号高精度风场反演,在给出海浪谱及散射信号相关功率模型基础上,通过对海面时延一维、时延/多普勒二雏信息采样方式进行分析和仿真,验证了散射信号相关功率Z-V模型.仿真结果表明,时延/多普勒二雏采样方式能全面反映海面粗糙度信息.以此为理论依据设计完成了基于二维信息获取的多普勒延迟映射接收机,阐述了接收机的硬件组成及工作原理,分析了多普勒串行码片并行的数据处理模式,为导航卫星反射信号的海面散射功率获取提供了可靠方式.     

GNSS反射信号海面溢油回波DDM仿真研究

海上溢油已成为影响海洋生态环境的重要污染物之一,我国近40年发生约3200起海上溢油事故。当今用于监测海上溢油的遥感主要是光学和雷达卫星,卫星遥感往往重访周期长,而海上溢油事件时常发生,给海洋带来严重的环境污染,需要快速、准确的监测其状况。GNSS R技术具有全天候监测海洋的特点,因此更适合用于海面溢油检测。为了验证GNSS R技术在检测海面溢油的可行性,利用2013年中国青岛海洋溢油事故的遥感图像的溢油结果,作为仿真实验检测目标,进行岸基的GNSS R海面溢油检测仿真研究。利用Z V散射模型和海水／溢油的均方坡度(MSS)模型结合,建立了能反映海面状况GNSS散射信号特征的时延 多普勒图(DDM)。仿真得到DDM中检测到海面溢油区域,验证了利用GNSS反射信号进行海面溢油检测的可行性。      

利用GPS反射信号遥感Michael飓风海面风场研究

对GPS反射信号的功率波形以及GPS信号在海面的散射区域进行了阐述，并对海面风场反演的原理和方法作了具体的介绍。处理了NASA在Michael飓风中机栽实验的数据，反演得到的风速精度为2m／s左右，从而验证了通过GPS反射信号反演海面风场在理论和实践上的可行性。     

GNSS-R航空遥感海面风场仿真技术

研究了机载GNSS-R遥感海面风场的仿真原理和技术,以KA-GO相关功率模型为基础,分析海浪谱,海面坡度和风速风向的关系,并针对不同风速、风向、接收机高度和飞行速度海面散射信号相关功率开展了数值仿真分析研究,并建立了仿真软件。仿真研究结果表明,以上因素对海面反射信号的相关功率波形的峰值和后沿斜率均有影响。本文的仿真结论为GNSS-R海面风场反演打下了理论基础,建立的仿真软件为GNSS-R海面风场反演提供研究平台。     

气旋全球导航卫星时延多普勒图的海面测高

为了探究星载实验条件下全球导航卫星系统(GNSS) L波段反射信号的测高性能,该文利用气旋全球导航卫星系统(CYGNSS)L1级时延多普勒图(DDM)进行了海面高度反演,使用丹麦技术大学(DTU)全球平均海面模型DTU 15和DTU全球海潮模型验证反演精度。以2018年1月8日的一个轨迹为例,经过误差修正之后得到的海面高度的平均绝对误差(MAE)提升了5.4 m;使用小波阈值去噪的方法优化海面高度反演结果,MAE另外增加1.24 m。研究表明,CYGNSS的不同卫星测高结果的MAE最大相差仅10%;卫星姿态和风速对海面高度反演精度无明显影响。对2018—2020年印度尼西亚附近区域和中国南海区域的海面高度进行了反演,相应的反演结果与验证模型的海面高度的相关性分别在99%和95%以上,证明了CYGNSS测量海面高度的有效性。     

星载雷达高度计系统设计及测高精度分析

在总结机载海洋雷达高度计研制及其飞行实验的基础上,根据海面回波的性质,设计了一个星载雷达高度计系统。系统工作在脉冲有限足迹方式,发射脉冲为线性调频（Ｃｈｉｒｐ）脉冲,接收系统采用“全去斜坡”技术及频谱分析方法将海面回波信号从时域转换至频域处理,自适应跟踪器可抑制大于７５％的噪声,高脉冲重复频率使有效独立脉冲数达到最大,保证最大限度地抑制海面斑点噪声;设计了系统的主要工作模式：双分辨率捕获跟踪模式使海面回波信号的捕获时间小于５ｓ,定标模式可保证系统达到设计的测高精度;分析了主要噪声,即海面斑点噪声和接收机热噪声对高度估值的影响,通过对几种典型海况海面回波的模拟分析表明,系统则高精度可达±２ｃｍ。     

宽巷组合下的cGNSS-R测高算法

传统的GNSS反射信号（cGNSS-R）测量湖面和海面的高度具有较高的时空分辨率,因此可以作为验潮站使用,它是一种监测海洋潮汐及海平面变化的新手段。本文提出了一种基于L₁-L₂宽巷观测量组合的GNSS-R测高新算法。该算法的优点是：利用宽巷的方法可以用码与相位的双频观测值来快速确立需求的整周模糊度。为验证该方法,在武汉市东湖清河桥上做了试验,并利用所得观测量,按照该新算法解算了接收机到湖面的高度。通过试验分析,RMS显示其精度可以达2～3 cm。     

GNSS-R地基实验

讨论了GNSS-R地基实验。计划在海岸附近选择一个固定观测平台,利用GPS单频接收机接收从GPS到观测点的直接和海面反射信号,从接收信号分析得到海面平均高度、有效浪高和潮位等海洋参数。并讨论实验原理,观测设备、以及从0级到2级的数据反演。     

GNSS-R信噪比信号在海面测高技术的研究综述

自全球卫星导航反射信号(GNSS-R)概念提出以来,GNSS-R被广泛应用于遥感方面.如海面测高,海面风场反演,海冰检测等多个方面.文中主要介绍了GNSS-R遥感技术在海面测高的应用和研究进展,着重介绍了基于信噪比(SNR)数据测量方法的研究进展,简述了SNR数据测量方法所涉及的理论和信号处理的办法,并根据现有的研究进...     

海洋卫星测高及其反演全球海洋重力场和海底地形模型研究进展

海洋卫星测高在全球和区域大地水准面建模、全球海洋重力场反演、海底地形探测、海平面变化监测、构造板块运动研究等大地测量领域至关重要。本文概述了海洋微波测高卫星的简要发展历程,重点梳理了卫星测高在全球海洋重力场和全球海底地形建模方面取得的丰硕成果,对比分析了主流的海洋重力场和海底地形模型;介绍了合成孔径雷达高度计、Ka频段雷达高度计、合成孔径雷达干涉仪3种先进微波测高技术,并分析了其各自的优缺点,表明它们将在未来若干年呈并驱发展趋势;较为系统地阐述了海洋卫星测高的另一新型技术,即GNSS反射信号测量技术的研究动态,给出了GNSS-R(GNSS reflectometry)类(试验)卫星的发展脉络和发展前景。卫星测高的发展趋势之一是多颗测高卫星的组网观测,本文概括了曾经提出的和拟议中的若干组网测高计划,扼要介绍了由我国提出并正在实施的双星跟飞测高模式;最后指出了卫星测高发展的几个主要关注点,包括双星跟飞测高和SWOT(surface water ocean topography)任务的2维海面高(差)测量、卫星测高反演海底地形与高级地形激光高度计观测数据及遥感卫星图像的结合、星载GNSS-R厘米级海面高的载波相位测量、人工智能技术在卫星测高中的潜在应用等。     

Surface roughness signatures of summer arctic snow-covered sea ice in X-band dual-polarimetric SAR

ABSTRACT

Surface roughness of sea ice is primary information for understanding sea ice dynamics and air–ice–ocean interactions. Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a powerful tool for investigating sea ice surface roughness owing to the high sensitivity of its signal to surface structures. In this study, we explored the surface roughness signatures of the summer Arctic snow-covered first-year sea ice in X-band dual-polarimetric SAR in terms of the root mean square (RMS) height. Two ice campaigns were conducted for the first-year sea ice with dry snow cover in the marginal ice zone of the Chukchi Sea in August 2017 and August 2018, from which high-resolution (4 cm) digital surface models (DSMs) of the sea ice were derived with the help of a terrestrial laser scanner to obtain the in situ RMS height. X-band dual-polarimetric (HH and VV) SAR data (3 m spatial resolution) were obtained for the 2017 campaign, at a high incidence angle (49.5°) of TerraSAR-X, and for the 2018 campaign, at a mid-incidence angle (36.1°) of TanDEM-X 1–2 days after the acquisition of the DSMs. The sea ice drifted during the time between the SAR and DSM acquisitions. As it is difficult to directly co-register the DSM to SAR owing to the difference in spatial resolution, the two datasets were geometrically matched using unmanned aerial vehicle (4 cm resolution) and helicopter-borne (30 cm resolution) photographs acquired as part of the ice campaigns. A total of five dual-polarimetric SAR features―backscattering coefficients at HH and VV polarizations, co-polarization ratio, co-polarization phase difference, and co-polarization correlation coefficient ―were computed from the dual-polarimetric SAR data and compared to the RMS height of the sea ice, which showed macroscale surface roughness. All the SAR features obtained at the high incidence angle were statistically weakly correlated with the RMS height of the sea ice, possibly influenced by the low backscattering close to the noise level that is attributed to the high incidence angle. The SAR features at the mid-incidence angle showed a statistically significant correlation with the RMS height of the sea ice, with Spearman’s correlation coefficient being higher than 0.7, except for the co-polarization ratio. Among the intensity-based and polarimetry-based SAR features, HH-polarized backscattering and co-polarization phase difference were analyzed to be the most sensitive to the macroscale RMS height of the sea ice. Our results show that the X-band dual-polarimetric SAR at mid-incidence angle exhibits potential for estimation of the macroscale surface roughness of the first-year sea ice with dry snow cover in summer.     

基于观测量校正的星载GNSS-R海面风速快速反演方法

快速反演(FDI)算法是一种典型的星载全球卫星导航反射技术(GNSS-R)海面风速反演方法,具有计算复杂度低、快速实时反演的特点,但是FDI算法中的反演观测量提取精度不高,导致风速反演精度低.针对于此,提出基于观测量校正的改进FDI算法,用于实现海面风速的快速高精度反演.该方法首先利用辅助测量信息对观测量进行校正以降低...     

GNSS-R海面测高现状及其常用方法研究进展

全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)不仅具有导航定位、测速以及授时等功能,且因其反射信号能被接收,可用于海面风场、海面高度反演，由此开辟了一个新的研究领域GNSS反射(GNSS-R)技术，GNSS-R技术用于海洋遥感是一个新的研究领域；文中主要介绍了GNSS-R遥感技术和海面测高的研究进展,并从基于信噪比(SNR)数据测量法、基于 C／A码相位测量法、基于载波相位测量法及基于载波频率测量法等方面分析和总结了GNSS-R在海面高度测量的常用方法.      

Improving resolution and accuracy of mean sea surface from kinematic GPS,Vanuatu subduction zone

Satellite altimetry provides an ocean mean sea surface (MSS) map with global coverage and overall excellent precision. However, in some areas, like the Vanuatu archipelago, the coverage and resolution of this tool are not sufficient to correctly map the short scale undulations of the sea surface, due to numerous islands and to strong lithospheric and mantle heterogeneities. New applications such as seafloor geodesy may require local mean surface representation with improved resolution in specific areas. We used sea surface height collected with kinematic GPS during three different cruises in 2004, 2006 and 2007 to reconstruct a homogeneous sea surface map around Santo Island, Vanuatu. We assess the accuracy of this GPS-derived local sea surface to 6–19 cm and evaluate the quality of existing altimetry and gravity-derived MSSs on the Vanuatu archipelago. Observed short scale undulations are interpreted as due to local geodynamics.     

全极化微波辐射计对环境参数敏感性分析

为衡量全极化微波辐射计各通道对不同环境参数的探测能力,在构建全极化微波辐射传输正演模型的基础上,采用敏感性分析的方法,在固定背景场条件下,对全极化微波辐射计不同频率、各极化通道亮温对海面风速、海面风向、海面温度、大气水汽含量和云中液态水含量等重要环境参数的敏感度进行了分析和量化计算,对正演模型仿真亮温、星载全极化微波辐射计Wind Sat实测亮温相对于真实背景场参数、NCEP分析场资料和TAO/TRITON浮标实测海面风场数据的敏感性进行了分析。分析结果验证了全极化微波辐射计对海面风场的观测能力,衡量了上述重要环境参数对星载全极化微波辐射计各通道的单独影响程度,为中国自主研制全极化微波辐射计时通道指标设计、环境参数反演通道选取及算法提供支持。     

利用卫星测高资料推求西北太平洋海域的海洋大地水准面

本文根据卫星测高数据和海面动力地形资料，绘制了不相上下北太平洋海域局部大地水准面的精细结构图，对解决卫星测高技术中大地水准面积和海面地形的可分性问题作了初步尝试。     

A spectral optimally interpolated mean sea surface from satellite radar altimetry

 A technique is presented for the development of a high-precision and high-resolution mean sea surface model utilising radar altimetric sea surface heights extracted from the geodetic phase of the European Space Agency (ESA) ERS-1 mission. The methodology uses a cubic-spline fit of dual ERS-1 and TOPEX crossovers for the minimisation of radial orbit error. Fourier domain processing techniques are used for spectral optimal interpolation of the mean sea surface in order to reduce residual errors within the initial model. The EGM96 gravity field and sea surface topography models are used as reference fields as part of the determination of spectral components required for the optimal interpolation algorithm. A comparison between the final model and 10 cycles of TOPEX sea surface heights shows differences of between 12.3 and 13.8 cm root mean square (RMS). An un-optimally interpolated surface comparison with TOPEX data gave differences of between 15.7 and 16.2 cm RMS. The methodology results in an approximately 10-cm improvement in accuracy. Further improvement will be attained with the inclusion of stacked altimetry from both current and future missions. Received: 22 December 1999 / Accepted: 6 November 2000     

Analysis of some systematic errors affecting altimeter-derived sea surface gradient with application to geoid determination over Taiwan

This paper analyzes several systematic errors affecting sea surface gradients derived from Seasat, Geosat/ERM, Geosat/GM, ERS-1/35d, ERS-1/GM and TOPEX/POSEIDON altimetry. Considering the data noises, the conclusion is: (1) only Seasat needs to correct for the non-geocentricity induced error, (2) only Seasat and Geosat/GM need to correct for the one cycle per revolution error, (3) only Seasat, ERS-1/GM and Geosat/GM need to correct for the tide model error; over shallow waters it is suggested to use a local tide model not solely from altimetry. The effects of the sea surface topography on gravity and geoid computations from altimetry are significant over areas with major oceanographic phenomena. In conclusion, sea surface gradient is a better data type than sea surface height. Sea surface gradients from altimetry, land gravity anomalies, ship gravity anomalies and elevation data were then used to calculate the geoid over Taiwan by least-squares collocation. The inclusion of sea surface gradients improves the geoid prediction by 27% when comparing the GPS-derived and the predicted geoidal heights, and by 30% when comparing the observed and the geoid-derived deflections of the vertical. The predicted geoid along coastal areas is accurate to 2 cm and can help GPS to do the third-order leveling. Received 22 January 1996; Accepted 13 September 1996