Characterization of a thermostable manganese-containing superoxide dismutase from inshore hot spring thermophile Thermus sp. JM1

A thermostable superoxide dismutase (SOD) from the inshore thermophile Thermus sp. JM1 was purified to homogeneity by steps of fractional ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sepharose chromatography and Phenyl-Sepharose chromatography. The specific activity of the purified native enzyme was 1 656 U/mg. A sod gene from this strain was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli). The prepared apo-enzyme of the purified recombinant SOD (rSOD) was reconstituted with either Fe or Mn by means of incubation with appropriate metal salts. As a result, only Mn 2+ - reconstituted rSOD (Mn-rSOD) exhibited the specific activity of 1 598 U/mg. SOD from Thermus sp. JM1 was Mn-SOD, judging by the specific activities analysis of Fe or Mn reconstituted rSODs and the insensitivity of the native SOD to both cyanide and H 2 O 2 . Both the native SOD and Mn- rSOD were determined to be homotetramers with monomeric molecular mass of 26 kDa and 27.5 kDa, respectively. They had high thermostability at 50 ° C and 60 ° C, and showed striking stability across a wide pH span from 4.0 to 11.0.     

Overexpression and characterization of a thermostable β-agarase producing neoagarotetraose from a marine isolate Microbulbifer sp.AG1

An agarase gene containing 1 302 bp was cloned from Microbulbifer sp. AG1. It encoded a mature protein of 413 amino acids plus a 20-residue signal peptide. The recombinant enzyme without the signal peptide was expressed and purified from Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). When agarose was used as a substrate, the optimal temperature and pH for the enzyme were 60℃ and 7.5, respectively. The recombinant agarase showed excellent thermostability with 67% and 19% of residual activities after incubation at 50℃ and 60℃ for 1 h, respectively.Except SDS, the recombinant agarase had a relatively good resistance against the detected inhibitors, detergents and urea denaturant. Thin layer chromatography analysis and enzyme assay using p-nitrophenyl-α/β-Dgalactopyranoside revealed that the recombinant agarase was a β-agarase that degraded agarose into neoagarotetraose as the main end product. The enzymatic hydrolysis products with different degree of polymerization exhibited the antioxidant activities.     

Cloning and characterization of a thermostable carboxylesterase from inshore hot spring thermophile Geobacillus sp. ZH1

The gene(741 bp) encoding carboxylesterase from the thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus sp.ZHl was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli.The purified recombinant protein presented a molecular mass of about 40 kDa by SDS-PAGE analysis.Enzyme assays using p-nitrophenyl esters with different acyl chain lengths as the substrates confirmed its esterase activity,yielding highest specific activity with p-nitrophenyl acetate.Among the p-nitrophenyl esters tested,the carboxylesterase presented preference for p-nitrophenyl caprylate,but hydrolyzed p-nitrophenyl butyrate more efficiently.When p-nitrophenyl butyrate was used as a substrate,the recombinant carboxylesterase exhibited highest activity at pH 8.0 and 60℃.Almost no decrease in esterase activity was observed at 60℃for 3 h,and over 40% of activity was still maintained after incubation at 90℃for 3 h.These results indicate that Geobacillus sp.ZH1 recombinant esterase was thermostable.The enzymatic activity was inhibited by the addition of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride,indicating that it contains serine residue,which plays a key role in the catalytic mechanism.Except SDS and xylene,this esterase showed stability toward other tested detergents and organic solvents.Cloning,expression,and biochemical characterization of Geobacillus sp.ZH1 carboxylesterase lay a good foundation for its structural characterization and industrial application.     

温度和铜离子浓度对近江牡蛎超氧化物岐化酶活力的联合效应

Superoxide dismutase(SOD) is a crucial antioxidant enzyme playing the first defense line in antioxidant pathways against reactive oxygen species in various organisms including marine invertebrates. There exist mainly two specific forms, Cu/Zn-SOD(SOD1) and Mn-SOD(SOD2), in eukaryotes. SODs are known to be concurrently modulated by a variety of environmental stressors. By using central composite experimental design and response surface method, the joint effects of water temperature(18–34°C) and copper ion concentration(0.1–1.5 mg/L) on the total SOD activity in the digestive gland of Crassostrea ariakensis were studied. The results showed that the linear effect of temperature was highly significant(P0.01), the quadratic effect of temperature was significant(P0.05); the linear effect of copper ion concentration was not significant(P0.05), while the quadratic effect of copper ion concentration was highly significant(P0.01); the interactive effect of temperature and copper ion concentration was not significant(P0.05); the effect of temperature was greater than that of copper ion concentration. The model equation of digestive gland SOD enzyme activity towards the two factors of interest was established, with R2 and predictive R2 as high as 0.961 6 and 0.820 7, respectively, suggesting that the goodness-offit to experimental data be very satisfactory, and could be applied to prediction of digestive gland SOD activity in C. ariakensis under the conditions of the experiment. Our results would be conducive to addressing the health of aquatic animals and/or to detecting environmental problems by taking SOD as a potential bioindicator.     

Degradation of malachite green dye by Tenacibaculum sp. HMG1isolated from Pacific deep-sea sediments

A deep-sea bacterium from the Pacific Ocean identified as Tenacibaculum sp. HMG1 was found to have strong malachite green(MG) degradation activity. The MG tolerance and decolorizing activities of strain HMG1 were confirmed by bacterial growth and high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) analyses. Strain HMG1 was capable of removing 98.8% of the MG in cultures within 12 h and was able to grow vigorously at 20 mg/L MG. A peroxidase gene detected in the genome of strain HMG1 was found to be involved in the MG biodegradation process. The corresponding recombinant peroxidase(r POD) demonstrated high degradative activity at 1 000 mg/L MG. Based on the common candidate intermediates, strain HMG1 was inferred to have one primary MG degradation pathway containing r POD. In addition, five other candidate intermediates of the r POD-MG degradative process were detected. The optimal conditions for MG degradation were determined and showed that strain HMG1 and the r POD enzyme could maintain high bioactivity at a low temperature(20°C), variable p H values(6.0–9.0), higher salinities(100 mmol/L) and other factors, such as multiple metal ions, H_2O_2 and EDTA.MG-tolerant strain Tenacibaculum sp. HMG1 and its peroxidase have prospective applications as environmental amendments for MG degradation during coastal remediation.     

一个新的来自于弧菌QD-5并具有Poly-G内切功能的褐藻胶裂解酶的克隆和性质表征

Seven bacterial clones with alginate-utilizing activity were isolated from rotten kelp. By activity test, the Vibrio sp.QD-5 with the potential alginate-degrading capability was chosen to carry out the draft genome sequencing, and the result showed that the Vibrio sp. QD-5 containing an alginate lyase gene cluster. One of these genes, aly-IV,was cloned and characterized for the first time. After overexpression, Aly-IV, with a molecular mass of about62 kDa and a theoretical isoelectric point(pI) of 5.12, was purified to a specific activity of 1 256.78 U/mg and showed highest activity at 35°C in the Tris-HCl buffer at pH of 8.9. Moreover, the enzyme activity was enhanced by the metal ions of Na~+, K~+ and Mg~(2+) under certain concentration. Aly-IV degraded favorably polyG blocks in an endo-type, yielding monomer and dimer as the main products. Due to its high substrate specificity, Aly-IV could be used as a potential tool for production of polyG oligosaccharides with low degree of polymerization(DP) and for determining the fine structure of alginate.     

Response of winter cohort abundance of Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus to the ENSO events

The Japanese common squid Todarodes pacificus is an economically important species with one year lifespan,which is significantly influenced by climatic and environmental variability. According to the fishery data of the winter cohort of T. pacificus from 2003 to 2012, as well as environmental data and the Oceanic Ni?o index(ONI,which was defined by the sea surface temperature(SST) anomaly in the Ni?o 3.4 region), variations in the SST,chlorophyll a(Chl a) concentration, suitable spawning area(SSA) and sea surface height anomaly(SSHA) on the spawning ground of T. pacificus were examined under the El Ni?o and La Ni?a conditions. Their influences on squid abundance(defined by catch per unit effort, CPUE) were further assessed. The results showed that seasonal changes were found in SST, Chl a and SSA on the spawning ground of T. pacificus. Correlation analysis suggested that annual CPUE was significantly positively correlated with Chl a and SSA(p0.05), but had insignificant relationship with SST(p0.05). Moreover, the El Ni?o and La Ni?a events tended to dominate the changes of SSA and Chl a concentration in the key area between 25°–29°N and 122.5°–130.5°E, driving the variability of squid abundance. However, this influence varied with the intensity of each anomalous climatic event: the weak El Ni?o event occurred, the spawning ground was occupied by waters with enlarged SSA but with extremely low Chl a concentration, leading to low squid recruitment, the CPUE then decreased; the moderate intensity of El Ni?o event resulted in shrunk SSA but with high Chl a concentration on the spawning ground, the squid recruitment and CPUE increased; the moderate intensity of La Ni?a events yielded elevated SSA and high Chl a concentration on the spawning ground, the squid recruitment and CPUE dramatically increased. Our findings suggested that the ENSO events played crucial effects on the incubating and feeding conditions of the winter cohort of T. pacificus during the spawning season and ultimately affected its abundance.     

THE TRANSFER OF 137Cs, 60Co ALONG THE FOOD CHAIN OF PLATYMONAS BRACHIONUS AND TILAPIA

The transfer of 137C3, 60Co along Platymonas sp., Brachionus plieatilis Muller and Tilapia mos-sambica Peters was studied by using the tracer methods of both 137C3 and 60Co with Ge (Li) Gamma ray detector and S-80 type multichannel-analyser for measuring the radioactivity of the sample. The experiment was carried out in four groups and the period of the experiment was fifteen days. It was found that 60Co could be transferred along seawater→Platymonas→Brackionus→Tilapia, and that 137C3 could only be transferred from seawater to Platymonas. 137C3 was not accumulated by Brachionus in any group of the experiment. Brachionus ingested 60Co mainly from Platymonas, when 60Co was ingested by Tilapia; Brachionus played an important role in the transfer and the Tilapia ingested 137C3 mainly from seawater.     

Preparation and characterization of agar,agarose,and agaropectin from the red alga Ahnfeltia plicata

Agar,agarose,and agaropectin were extracted from the red alga Ahnfeltia plicata,and their properties and structures were characterized.Agar was extracted by a comparatively low alkaline consumption of 1.2%.It exhibited a gel strength of 1 152.50±74.25 g/cm^2 and a sulfate content of 0.55%±0.08%.The yield of agar from A.plicata was 24.53%,which is higher than those of other agarophytes commonly used in China.Three kinds of the method were compared for the purification of agarose,and the physicochemical properties of agarose that was prepared under the optimal condition were identical to those of commercially available agarose.Furthermore,agaropectin was purified from A.plicata and characterized by GC,HPLC,UV-spectrum,and FI-IR to understand its composition and structure.It was the first time to comprehensively study the agar and its fractions from the red alga of A.plicata.This research provided an eco-friendly agar extraction method from A.plicata and revealed its potential application for the production of agar,agarose,and agaropectin.     

近海温泉中嗜热菌Geobacillus sp. ZH1锰超氧化物歧化酶的克隆与表达

将嗜热菌Geobacillus sp. ZH1的超氧化物歧化酶(supseroxide dismutase,SOD)基因插入表达载体pET-32α(+),在Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)中进行表达,并利用亲和层析纯化重组超氧化物歧化酶.将制备的脱辅SOD进行Mn2+和Fe2+金属重构后,得到的Mn2+重构SOD的比活力达668U/mg,Fe2+重构Fe-SOD没有活性,说明ZH1菌株的超氧化物歧化酶为Mn-SOD.凝胶过滤及SDS-PAGE分析显示,Mn2+重构SOD为同聚二聚体,亚基分子量为71.7 kDa.这些研究结果为进一步研究该酶的生化特性及酶的定向进化研究奠定了良好的基础.     

海洋细菌QY202产κ-卡拉胶酶的分离纯化和性质研究

为获得高效降解卡拉胶菌株,从青岛太平角海域采集的角叉菜表面分离到1株高产κ-卡拉胶酶的海洋交替假单胞菌(Pseudoalteromonas sp.)QY202,经硫酸铵沉淀、脱盐、DEAE阴离子交换层析等步骤从该菌株发酵液上清中分离纯化得到1种专一性降解κ-卡拉胶的κ-卡拉胶酶,并研究了该酶的基本酶学性质.结果表明该酶被纯化了23.1倍,回收率为43.9%,分子量大小为33.2 kDa.酶的最适反应温度为40 ℃,最适反应pH为8.0,在0～40 ℃,pH=7.0～8.0之间酶活力较稳定.酶对底物κ-卡拉胶的米氏常数Km值为1.6 mg/mL.Na~+、K~+对酶活有促进作用,而Hg~(2+)、Cu~(2+)强烈抑制酶的活性.酶解κ-卡拉胶的主产物为硫酸新κ-卡拉二糖和硫酸新κ-卡拉四糖.     

嗜热栖热菌重组锰超氧化物歧化酶的性质

嗜热栖热菌(Thermus thermophilus)wl的超氧化物歧化酶基因在Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)中进行表达,采用Ni-NTA agarose亲和层析获得重组超氧化物歧化酶,比活力达565 U/mg.重组酶的相对分子质量为110.9 kDa,亚基相对分子质量为28.3 kDa,该酶为同聚四聚体蛋白.重组酶对氯仿-乙醇和SDS敏感,对H2O2不敏感,并且它的紫外最大吸收波长位于279 nm,判断其属于锰超氧化物歧化酶类型.1.0 mmol/dm3Mn2+对重组酶有激活作用,同浓度的其他金属离子Mg2+、Ca2+、Ba2+、Co2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和Fe2+对重组酶活力都有抑制作用,其中以Co2+的作用最强,抑制了约64%的酶活性.重组酶在70℃下处理1 h,保持原有活力的60%,即使在90℃下处理1 h,仍保持原有活力的35%.在pH值为4.0～11.0的缓冲液中25℃下处理1 h,保持65%以上的原始活力.由此可见,重组锰超氧化物歧化酶具有高的热稳定性和宽pH稳定性,在工业上具有巨大的应用潜力.     

北冰洋海单胞菌β-D-半乳糖苷酶的异源表达及酶学特性研究

初筛表明,一株分离自北极加拿大海盆海冰心芯样品的海单胞菌(Marinomonas sp.BSi20584)具有较高的β-D-半乳糖苷酶活性,为了研究清楚其酶学性质,将经hiTAIL-PCR扩增得到的β-D-半乳糖苷酶基因(galt)与pET-28a(+)原核表达载体结合,转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)。经IPTG诱导后对重组β-D-半乳糖苷酶(GALT)的表达条件进行了优化,采用金属螯合亲和层析技术制备纯酶,并对重组GALT的酶学性质进行了研究。结果显示,重组酶的最适诱导温度为20℃,在IPTG浓度为0.07mmol/L时诱导22h后,酶活和产酶量达到最大值。GALT单体分子量约为6.6×104 g/mol,天然酶为同源三聚体。GALT最适作用温度为35℃,其热稳定性较好,在60℃处理5h后,仍可保持50%以上的相对活性。GALT的最适作用pH为9.0,在pH为6.0~11.0范围内比较稳定。GALT的最适NaCl浓度为0.5mol/L,对盐度具有较高的耐受性。Mg2+、K+、DTT和EDTA对酶活不具有显著影响,而Mn2+、Fe2+对酶活有促进作用,Zn2+和L-谷胱甘肽对酶活有抑制作用。GALT对Galβ1-4GlcNAc具有水解作用,而对Galβ1-3GalNAc和Galβ1-3GlcNAc糖苷键型没有水解能力。本研究实现了海单胞菌属菌株的β-D-半乳糖苷酶基因在大肠杆菌系统中的高效表达,并系统研究了重组酶的酶学特性,为后续开展该酶的代谢适应性和潜在应用研究提供详细的酶学数据基础。     

产新琼四糖的海洋微泡菌属AG1热稳定性β-琼胶酶的过量表达与鉴定

从微泡菌属AG1（Microbulbifer sp. AG1）克隆得到1302 bp大小的琼胶酶基因,该基因编码产物为一个成熟蛋白（413个氨基酸残基）外加一个信号肽（20个残基）。将不含信号肽片段的琼胶酶在E. coli BL21 （DE3）中进行了异源表达和纯化。使用琼脂糖作为底物,该重组琼胶酶的最适反应温度和pH分别为60℃和7.5。该重组酶表现出优良的热稳定性,在50℃和60℃下处理1 h,重组琼胶酶仍能分别保持67%和19%的残余酶活力。除了SDS,重组琼胶酶对于其他测试的抑制剂、去垢剂和尿素变性剂有着较好的抗性。利用薄层色谱和以对硝基苯-α/β-D-吡喃半乳糖苷为底物的酶活力分析结果表明,该重组琼胶酶为β型琼胶酶,它水解琼脂糖的主要终产物为新琼四糖,而且不同聚合度的酶解产物具有抗氧化活性。     

南极产碱性淀粉酶菌株NJ270的选育及酶学性质

从南极中山站排污口沉积物样品中筛选到一株产碱性淀粉酶的耐冷菌株NJ270,结合形态学观察和16S rDNA序列分析表明该菌属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas).发酵试验发现添加淀粉能使产酶量提高8.42倍.采用硫酸铵沉淀、Q Sepharose XL离子交换层析和Sephadex G-75凝胶层析对假单胞菌NJ270淀粉酶进行了纯化,获得电泳纯的淀粉酶,SDS-PAGE检测结果表明该酶大小约为55 kDa.酶学性质研究表明其最适pH值为9.0,最适作用温度为50℃.在低于40℃的条件下具有较高的热稳定性,属于碱性中温淀粉酶.该酶可水解可溶性淀粉生成麦芽五糖.酶活力受多种金属离子和螯合剂的影响,其中Mg2+可使酶活力提高10%,而Fe3+、Co2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Hg2+、EDTA则能抑制酶活性,抑制率均为60%左右.该酶的性质特征表明其在洗涤剂制造等工业生产中有一定的应用潜力.     

中国南海软珊瑚附生真菌Acremonium sp. SCSIO41216的次级代谢产物研究

采用硅胶柱层析色谱法、中压正相柱层析色谱法、中压反相柱层析色谱法以及半制备高效液相色谱法对中国南海软珊瑚来源真菌Acremonium sp. SCSIO41216的大米发酵产物进行分离纯化, 并使用核磁共振、质谱等波谱学方法, 结合其理化性质及文献数据鉴定了7个单体化合物结构: fischexanthone(1)、sydowinin A (2)、(22E)-5α,8α-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3β-ol (3)、16-O-去乙酰基夫西地酸内酯(4)、环-(S)-脯氨酸-(R)-亮氨酸(5)、环-(S)-脯氨酸-8-羟基-(R)-异亮氨酸(6)和环(L)-脯氨酸-(L)-苯丙氨酸(7)。化合物1—7均首次从海洋软珊瑚来源的枝顶孢属真菌(Acremonium sp.)中分离获得。     

温度突变对大海马(Hippocampus kuda)幼体生长、组分及酶活力的影响

以大海马幼体为实验材料,通过设置不同的温度突变组(温度从23℃突变至15℃、28℃和33℃)的方法,对其生长、生化组分以及酶活力的影响进行了研究。结果表明,实验结束后,28℃温度组的大海马幼体生长指标、蛋白含量、能值显著高于23℃对照组(P<0.05),而15℃、33℃温度组的各项指标则显著低于对照组(P<0.05);此外,温度突变组的大海马幼体的酶活力均有先升后降的趋势,在1d后出现峰值,4—6d各个温度组趋于稳定,到实验第15天时,28℃温度组的SOD、ACP活力和MDA的含量已处于23℃对照组水平(P>0.05),CAT、AKP活力显著高于23℃对照组(P<0.05)。而15℃、33℃温度组的SOD、CAT活力降至低于23℃对照组水平(P<0.05),15℃温度组的ACP、AKP活力则低于23℃对照组水平(P<0.05),MDA的含量在15℃、33℃温度组随时间延长而增加。     

中国南海软珊瑚真菌Eupenicillium sp. DX-SER3 (KC871024)的次级代谢产物研究

文章旨在对中国南海软珊瑚来源真菌Eupenicillium sp. DX-SER3 (KC871024)进行次级代谢产物的研究。利用硅胶层析柱、正反相中压层析柱以及半制备高效液相等方法对该菌株的大米发酵产物进行分离纯化, 利用核磁共振、质谱等波谱学方法并参考文献数据对分离的单体化合物进行结构鉴定。从中分离得到5个已知化合物: 烟曲霉酸、β-腺苷、2'-脱氧胸腺嘧啶核苷、N-acyltryptamine和对羟基苯甲醛。其中, 烟曲霉酸在该菌株中产量很高, 预示着该菌株具有开发成该类化合物的工程菌株的潜力。文章还探讨了烟曲霉酸抗植物病原真菌的潜力, 发现效果并不明显。