Parameterization of a Composite Attenuation Relation for the Dead Sea Area Based on 3-D Modeling of Elastic Wave Propagation

3-D simulations of elastic wave propagation generated by earthquakes with magnitudes between 5.5 and 7.0 are used to parameterize strong ground motion attenuation relations for the Dead Sea Rift (DSR) graben structure. The results show that standard attenuation relations with an isotropic distance parameter are inadequate for a graben structure with a deep sedimentary trough. A new strategy is devised for the parameterization of attenuation relations in graben structures by looking at the statistical properties of 53 simulated earthquakes of variable magnitudes located at various sites along the western boundary fault of the DSR graben. An exemplary attenuation relation is designed from the synthetics for the 1 Hz spectral acceleration, modifying the Joyner-Boore-type parametrization by adding coefficients suited for three different source-to-sensor configurations: within the graben, beyond the graben and path unaffected by the graben structure.     

非弹性层状介质地震波频变AVO响应模拟及分析

以非弹性层状介质为模型,基于广义传播矩阵理论计算地震波频变反射系数,算法中同时考虑了与频散和衰减有关的地层岩性因素,以及与薄互层有关的地层结构因素.实现了岩石物理模型、反射系数这两个计算过程的"无缝"连接,精确考虑了由复数弹性模量表示的地层非弹性因素,也为在同一反射模型中考虑源于不同物理机制的频散与衰减提供了方法.数值模拟结果验证了算法的有效性和稳定性,计算结果表明,非弹性薄层的反射振幅随频率先增加后减小,不一定表现常规"低频亮点"异常;同时,薄互层条件下的频散与衰减使得地震反射波的频谱以及AVO特征呈现与频率相关的复杂变化.本文完善了频变AVO算法,为含油气储层频变AVO响应的模拟和分析提供了方法.     

Composite periodic foundation and its application for seismic isolation

This paper proposes a novel multidimensional composite periodic foundation for seismic isolation. The composite periodic foundation achieves multidimensional attenuation by innovative arrangement of periodic structures and taking advantage of the directional attenuation zone of periodic structures. Directional attenuation zones of periodic structures are derived for the in‐plane wave, and the impact of geometrical parameters of the periodic structure on the characteristics of the directional attenuation zones is studied. The effectiveness of the proposed composite periodic foundation is demonstrated through application in seismic isolation for nuclear power plant structures. Harmonic analysis and time history analysis results show that the proposed composite periodic foundation with low‐frequency directional attenuation zones can effectively reduce vibrations of the upper structure in both horizontal and vertical directions.     

2-D Image of Seismic Attenuation beneath the Deep Seismic Sounding Profile "Quartz," Russia

—We present a 2-D image of the upper mantle attenuation using nuclear explosion data from the ultra-long refraction/reflection profile "Quartz." Our analysis is based on a modified common spectrum technique followed by least-squares inversion for Q and iterative ray tracing in the velocity structure obtained earlier. The resulting attenuation structure corroborates the earlier model for northern Eurasia, as well as our recent estimate based on the analysis of the long-range P _n phase, and provides significantly more detail than the existing models. The resulting upper mantle attenuation structure is characterised by Q values ranging from 400 to 1800. Down to the depths of 150–190, and probably 400 km, the attenuation increases horizontally in SE direction, away from the Baltic Shield. Our model exhibits strong 2-D, vertical and horizontal attenuation contrasts. A high-attenuation layer in the depth range of 120–150 to 160–180 km can apparently be associated with the presence of a partial melts within the base of the lithosphere.     

Ultrasonic wave propagation in dry and brine-saturated sandstones as a function of effective stress: laboratory measurements and modelling1

Compressional and shear-wave velocities have been measured and a novel approach using digital processing employed to study wave attenuation for brine- and gas- saturated sandstones, over a range of effective stresses from 5 to 60 MPa. Also measured were the complex conductivity in the brine-saturated state and permeability in the gas-saturated state over the same range of stresses as for the velocity measurements. Broadband ultrasonic pulses of P- and orthogonally polarized S-waves in the frequency range 0.3–0.8 MHz are transmitted through the specimen to be characterized for comparison with a reference (aluminium) having low attenuation. The attenuation is calculated in terms of the quality factor Q from the Fourier spectral ratios, using the frequency spectral ratios technique. The corrections necessary for the effects of diffraction due to the finite size of the ultrasonic transducers have been carried out for the case of measurements under lower confining stress. To interpret the laboratory measured velocity and attenuation data under the physical conditions of this study and to estimate the effects of pore structure, numerical modelling of velocities and attenuation as functions of the confining stress have been performed, based on the MIT model. Theoretical models based on several hypothesized attenuation mechanisms are considered in relation to laboratory data of the effects of confining pressure, fluid saturation and pore structure on attenuation. Numerical calculations using these models with the experimental data indicate that friction on thin cracks and grain boundaries is the dominant attenuation mechanism for dry and brine-saturated sandstones at low effective stresses for the frequencies tested. However, for brine-saturated sandstones at moderately high effective stresses, fluid flow could play a more important role in ultrasonic S-wave attenuation, depending on the pore structure of the sample.     

超声实验中谱比法衰减的散射与本征吸收特性

实际地球介质的弹性波衰减,无论是对于地球内部结构反演、含油气储层描述,还是对于地震岩石物理本身的基础研究而言,都十分重要.通过岩石物理实验测量岩石的弹性波衰减是相关研究的基本手段,而谱比法是一种最常用的测量方法.利用谱比法测量的弹性波衰减,简称谱比法衰减,由介质的本征吸收特性和非均质散射特性共同决定.然而,在谱比法理论中,没有将这两种衰减特性的作用区分对待.因此,实验室测量的谱比法衰减中是否含有散射特性,其散射特性是否可以忽略,常不明确.本文基于对岩石物理实验中样品波形特征的基本认识,通过能流理论描述了弹性波的本征吸收和非均质散射过程,以及对应的尾波形成机理.文章还应用能流理论测量岩石的弹性波衰减,即能流法衰减.无论是通过理论推导,还是通过实验验证,谱比法衰减与能流法衰减都显示出良好的一致性.这两种直达波衰减的一致性暗示了谱比法衰减中存在着两种衰减特性.文中还对比分析了谱比法衰减与喷射流本征衰减的实验结果,该结果同样展示了谱比法衰减中可能存在着散射特性.因此,通过能流理论,可以利用样品波形的尾波特征定性判断谱比法衰减中可能存在的散射特性.即异常明显的尾波振幅可能意味着强烈的直达波非均质散射,谱比法衰减中的散射特性因而不可忽略.     

高速铁路新型路堑基床结构动力响应分析

研制出一种新的防排水结构层用以控制膨胀土路基的含水率变化,从而达到对新建云—桂高速铁路膨胀土地段整治的目的。本文采用FLAC~(3D)有限差分软件研究该新型路堑基床结构(基床中设置新型防排水结构层)在列车荷载作用下动力响应规律,并利用现场试验结果对数值研究结果进行验证。研究表明:新型基床中道砟和新型防排水结构层对动应力衰减贡献较大;新型防排水结构层对竖向动应力、剪应力衰减作用明显,增强了基床结构的动力稳定性;新型基床结构能够更有效地控制基床的动位移;新型基床中振动速度和加速度随深度的增加而减小,道砟对振动速度和加速度的衰减作用明显。新型路堑基床结构振动速度和动应力的现场实测与数值分析规律基本一致,且实测值与计算值大小相近。研究成果可为特殊土地区高速铁路基床的设计、施工及其动力响应研究提供参考。     

基于遗传算法的地震烈度衰减参数反演方法及应用

收集郯庐断裂带中南段59次地震的等震线数据,运用遗传算法,将郯庐断裂带中南段按照断裂带东侧和西侧分区,分别反演其地震烈度衰减参数,反演时使目标函数的一范数最小,同时对烈度衰减曲线的远场施加约束,通过自助抽样（Bootstrap）技术多次重复反演以对反演结果的稳定性进行评价,并将断裂带东侧和西侧的烈度衰减曲线分别与第五代地震动参数区划图进行对比。结果表明:使用本文提出的方法进行反演可使烈度衰减曲线即使不进行近、远场补点,也能收敛;断裂带东侧和西侧的结果均与第五代地震动参数区划图的结果存在差异,且断裂带东侧与西侧的结果也不同。这种差异可能与断裂带两侧的介质速度结构及衰减效应等因素的差异有关。      

The influence of mesoscopic flow on the P-wave attenuation and dispersion in a porous media permeated by aligned fractures

In sedimentary rocks attenuation/dispersion is dominated by fluid-rock interactions. Wave-induced fluid flow in the pores causes energy loss through several mechanisms, and as a result attenuation is strongly frequency dependent. However, the fluid motion process governing the frequency dependent attenuation and velocity remains unclear. We propose a new approach to obtain the analytical expressions of pore pressure, relative fluxes distribution and frame displacement within the double-layer porous media based on quasi-static poroelastic theory. The dispersion equation for a P-wave propagating in a porous medium permeated by aligned fractures is given by considering fractures as thin and highly compliant layers. The influence of mesoscopic fluid flow on phase velocity dispersion and attenuation is discussed under the condition of varying fracture weakness. In this model conversion of the compression wave energy into Biot slow wave diffusion at the facture surface can result in apparent attenuation and dispersion within the usual seismic frequency band. The magnitude of velocity dispersion and attenuation of P-wave increases with increasing fracture weakness, and the relaxation peak and maximum attenuation shift towards lower frequency. Because of its periodic structure, the fractured porous media can be considered as a phononic crystal with several pass and stop bands in the high frequency band. Therefore, the velocity and attenuation of the P-wave show an oscillatory behavior with increasing frequency when resonance occurs. The evolutions of the pore pressure and the relative fluxes as a function of frequency are presented, giving more physical insight into the behavior of P-wave velocity dispersion and the attenuation of fractured porous medium due to the wave-induced mesoscopic flow. We show that the specific behavior of attenuation as function of frequency is mainly controlled by the energy dissipated per wave cycle in the background layer.     

裂隙参数对衰减各向异性影响的数值模拟

Propagation through stress-aligned fluid-filled cracks and other inclusions have been claimed to be the cause of azimuthal anisotropy observed in the crust and upper mantle.This paper examines the behavior of seismic waves attenuation caused by the internal structure of rock mass,and in particular,the internal geometry of the distribution of fluid-filled openings Systematic research on the effect of crack parameters,such as crack density,crack aspect ratio(the ratio of crack thickness to crack diameter),pore fluid properties(particularly pore fluid velocity),VP/VS ratio of the matrix material and seismic wave frequency on attenuation anisotropy has been conducted based on Hudson’s crack theory.The result shows that the crack density,aspect ratio,material filler,seismic wave frequency,and P-wave and shear wave velocity in the background of rock mass,and especially frequency has great effect on attenuation curves.Numerical research can help us know the effect of crack parameters and is a good supplement for laboratory modeling.However,attenuation is less well understood because of the great sensitivity of attenuation to details of the internal geometry.Some small changes in the characteristics of pore fluid viscosity,pore fluids containing gas and liquid phases and pore fluids containing clay can each alter attenuation coefficients by orders of magnitude.Some parameters controlling attenuation are therefore necessary to make reasonable estimations,and anisotropic attenuation is worth studying further.     

Modeling and interpretation of Q logs in carbonate rock using a double porosity model and well logs

Attenuation data extracted from full waveform sonic logs is sensitive to vuggy and matrix porosities in a carbonate aquifer. This is consistent with the synthetic attenuation (1 / Q) as a function of depth at the borehole-sonic source-peak frequency of 10 kHz. We use velocity and densities versus porosity relationships based on core and well log data to determine the matrix, secondary, and effective bulk moduli. The attenuation model requires the bulk modulus of the primary and secondary porosities. We use a double porosity model that allows us to investigate attenuation at the mesoscopic scale. Thus, the secondary and primary porosities in the aquifer should respond with different changes in fluid pressure. The results show a high permeability region with a Q that varies from 25 to 50 and correlates with the stiffer part of the carbonate formation. This pore structure permits water to flow between the interconnected vugs and the matrix. In this region the double porosity model predicts a decrease in the attenuation at lower frequencies that is associated with fluid flowing from the more compliant high-pressure regions (interconnected vug space) to the relatively stiff, low-pressure regions (matrix). The chalky limestone with a low Q of 17 is formed by a muddy porous matrix with soft pores. This low permeability region correlates with the low matrix bulk modulus. A low Q of 18 characterizes the soft sandy carbonate rock above the vuggy carbonate.This paper demonstrates the use of attenuation logs for discriminating between lithology and provides information on the pore structure when integrated with cores and other well logs. In addition, the paper demonstrates the practical application of a new double porosity model to interpret the attenuation at sonic frequencies by achieving a good match between measured and modeled attenuation.     

碳酸盐岩跨频段岩石物理测量与理论建模——不同孔隙结构对碳酸盐岩频散与衰减的影响研究

碳酸盐岩孔隙结构类型复杂多样,当地震波经过含有不同孔隙结构的流体饱和岩石后往往会产生不同的波频散和衰减特征,这使得根据波的不同响应特征来推断碳酸盐岩的孔隙结构类型,甚至孔隙流体性质信息成为可能.本文针对白云岩、灰岩以及人工碳酸盐岩样品开展了跨频段（超声+低频）实验测量和理论建模,探索碳酸盐岩的孔隙结构类型和孔隙流体对模量频散和衰减的影响机制.首先根据铸体薄片、扫描电镜的图像对碳酸盐岩样品进行了孔隙结构类型分析,并将样品主要分为裂缝型、裂缝-孔隙型、孔洞型三类,然后测量了相应样品完全饱和流体后在不同围压下的模量频散与衰减.在完全饱和甘油并处于低围压时,裂缝型与孔洞型样品均出现一个衰减峰,分别位于1 Hz与100 Hz附近,而裂缝-孔隙型样品则具有两个衰减峰,一个在1 Hz附近,另一个在100 Hz附近.裂缝型样品（裂缝主导）的衰减峰相比孔洞型样品（中等刚度孔隙主导）对应的衰减峰在低围压下幅度更大,且对围压变化更敏感.在测量数据的基础上,建立了考虑纵横比分布的软孔隙和中等刚度孔隙的喷射流模型,认为该模型能一定程度上解释裂缝型、裂缝-孔隙型、孔洞型三种类型碳酸盐岩在测量频带的频散.以上研究加深了对不同孔隙类型主导的碳酸盐岩储层地震响应特征的认识,对储层预测工作的进一步精细化具有重要意义.     

Use of spectral acceleration data for determination of three-dimensional attenuation structure in the Pithoragarh region of Kumaon Himalaya

Three-dimensional attenuation structures are related to the subsurface heterogeneities present in the earth crust. An algorithm for estimation of three-dimensional attenuation structure in the part of Garhwal Himalaya, India has been presented by Joshi (Curr Sci 90:581–585, 2006b; Nat Hazards 43:129–146, 2007). In continuation of our earlier approach, we have presented a method in which strong motion data have been used to estimate frequency-dependent three-dimensional attenuation structure of the region. The border district of Pithoragarh in the Higher Himalaya, India, lies in the central seismic gap region of Himalaya. This region falls in the seismic zones IV and V of the seismic zoning map of India. A dense network consisting of eight accelerographs has been installed in this region. This network has recorded several local events. An algorithm based on inversion of strong motion digital data is developed in this paper to estimate attenuation structure at different frequencies using the data recorded by this network. Twenty strong motion records observed at five stations have been used to estimate the site amplification factors using inversion algorithm defined in this paper. Site effects obtained from inversion has been compared with that obtained using Nakamura (1988) and Lermo et al. (Bull Seis Soc Am 83:1574–1594, 1993) approach. The obtained site amplification term has been used for correcting spectral acceleration data at different stations. The corrected spectral acceleration data have been used as an input to the developed algorithm to avoid effect of near-site soil amplification term. The attenuation structure is estimated by dividing the entire area in several three-dimensional block of different frequency-dependent shear wave quality factor Q _β (f). The input to this algorithm is the spectral acceleration of S phase of the corrected accelerogram. The outcome of the algorithm is given in terms of attenuation coefficient and source acceleration spectra. In the present study, this region has been divided into 25 rectangular blocks with thickness of 10 km and surface dimension of 12.5 × 12.1 km, respectively. Present study gives three-dimensional attenuation model of the region which can be used for both hazard estimation and simulation of strong ground motion.     

Spatio-temporal variations in the structure of the attenuation field of the S-wave in the region of Nevada nuclear test site

The characteristics of the attenuation field of short-period shear waves in the region of Nevada nuclear test site (NNTS) are studied. The seismograms of underground nuclear explosions (UNEs) and earthquakes recorded by three seismic stations in 1975–2012 at the epicentral distances of up to 1000 km are processed by the methods based on the analysis of the amplitude ratios of Sn to Pn and Lg to Pg waves, as well as the S-coda envelopes for close events. It is shown that the structure of the attenuation field in the Earth’s crust and upper mantle in the NNTS region experienced significant temporal variations during the interval of nuclear operations. The strongest variations were associated with UNEs conducted in the Pahute Mesa area, which held about two-thirds of the most intense explosions. Our data indicate that temporal variations in the structure of the attenuation field are related to the migration of deep fluids. A comparison of the general characteristics of the attenuation field in the regions of the three large nuclear test sites is presented.     

山东及近邻区地震烈度衰减关系探讨

利用山东及近邻区34个地震的70条等震线数据,通过最小二乘法回归分析得到了山东及近邻区地震烈度衰减关系;同时根据地形与地质构造特征将山东及近邻区分为土层覆盖区和基岩出露区,分别拟合出了各自的地震烈度衰减关系.     

裂缝模型声波衰减系数的数值模拟

超声波数据是研究碳酸盐岩储层孔隙结构的重要资料,超声波响应可用来反演孔隙结构.本文从声波波动理论出发,以裂缝模型为研究对象,开展超声波数值模拟研究.结果表明:随着裂缝孔隙度的增加,岩石声波衰减系数总体呈上升趋势,但孔隙度增长方式不同,衰减系数的递增函数规律亦不同;随着裂缝延伸方向与声波激发方向的夹角增大,岩石声波的衰减系数线性增加;衰减系数随着裂缝密度增大呈幂函数规律递增;利用数值模拟的方法能避免人为误差、节约实验成本,为裂缝结构的岩石声波实验研究拓展了思路.     

随机振动下大跨度钢管混凝土柱结构抗震性能测试方法

由地震等自然灾害引发的等级多变强随机振动会对大跨度钢管混凝土柱结构产生较大的破坏,造成相关建筑全结构寿命周期性衰减。提出一种随机振动下大跨度钢管混凝土柱结构的抗震性测试方法,在等级多变强随机振动的情况下,设计测试模型,利用信号的协方差矩阵将振动信号与噪声进行分离,通过计算振动信号的强度、后验密度及权值系数等对振动信号进行预处理,获取单一寿命衰减参数;在此基础上引入粒子群算法,求解大跨度钢管混凝土柱结构寿命衰减抑制周期,判断其抗震性。实验结果表明,按照大跨度钢管混凝土柱结构寿命衰减抑制周期的判断方法,可实现对相关建筑结构在等级多变强随机振动下的抗震性测试。     

地球内核顶部300km速度和衰减各向异性的区域变化

衰减结构是地球内核的重要性质,它可以与地球内核的速度结构结合,对内核的形成和演化机制提供更全面的信息.本文系统收集了1991年到2014年全球、区域和临时地震台网的PKPDF和PKPBC数据,研究了澳大利亚、非洲和太平洋中部下方内核顶部300km的速度和衰减各向异性结构.速度结果表明,澳大利亚下方内核的速度没有明显的各向异性,但是非洲和太平洋中部下方的内核具有明显的各向异性,且非洲的速度各向异性强于太平洋中部.同时,相对于AK135模型,澳大利亚的平均速度快0.5%,而非洲和太平洋中部的平均速度与参考模型没有明显差异.对于内核的衰减结构,我们得到以下结果:1)在东西方向,内核顶部200km左右的区域,澳大利亚的衰减最强(Q值在400左右),非洲和太平洋中部的Q值分别在600和500左右.2)澳大利亚下方的内核衰减没有明显的各向异性,非洲和太平洋中部下方的内核衰减存在明显的各向异性.此外,内核在非洲地区的衰减各向异性强于太平洋中部的各向异性.3)最后,内核中三个区域的速度和衰减具有良好的相关性,即高/低速对应于高/低衰减.考虑到以上结果以及三个区域的位置,我们认为内核顶部的速度和衰减结构都存在区域变化,而不是简单的半球变化.这种区域变化很可能是由于核幔边界热结构的不均一性和内核耦合,使得内核顶部的不同区域在形成过程中受不同的变形影响,从而形成铁晶体不同的生长和排列,引发了不同的各向异性特征.     

川滇分区地震烈度衰减特征研究

考虑到不同区域地震烈度衰减规律的差异性,本文通过分析川滇地区地震空间分布、震害及烈度分布特征,搜集并整理了1900年以来川滇地区的140个5级以上地震案例,利用联合椭圆衰减模型,结合川滇地区的地质构造特征,建立了川滇分区地震烈度衰减关系。对比结果表明：不同区域的地震烈度衰减存在显著差异,尤其是在M=5和M=7级时区域差别明显;同时,与已有成果的对比结果也可看出,滇西地区在M=7级时近场烈度明显偏低,而川西北及滇中地区在M=5级时虽与中国西部地区基本一致,但也均低于其它分区。上述结果对川滇地区地震灾害快速评估和地震应急具有重要参考价值。     

Modeling of Wide-Angle Seismic Attributes Using the Gaussian Beam Method

In this study, observed seismic attributes from shot gather 11 of the SAREX experiment are used to derive a preliminary velocity and attenuation model for the northern end of the profile in southern Alberta. Shot gather 11 was selected because of its prominent Pn arrivals and good signal to noise ratio. The 2-D Gaussian beam method was used to perform the modeling of the seismic attributes including travel times, peak envelope amplitudes and pulse instantaneous frequencies for selected phases. The preliminary model was obtained from the seismic attributes from shot gather 11 starting from prior tomographic results. The amplitudes and instantaneous frequencies were used to constrain the velocity and attenuation structure, with the amplitudes being more sensitive to the velocity gradients and the instantaneous frequencies more sensitive to the attenuation structure. The resulting velocity model has a velocity discontinuity between the upper and lower crust, and lower velocity gradients in the upper and lower crust compared to earlier studies. The attenuation model has Q _p ^-1 values between 0.011 and 0.004 in the upper crust, 0.0019 in the lower crust and a laterally variable Q _p ^-1 in the upper mantle. The Q _p ^-1 values are similar to those found in Archean terranes from other studies. Although the results from a single gather are non-unique, the initial model derived here provides a self-consistent starting point for a more complete seismic attribute inversion for the velocity and attenuation structure.