Topographic eddies in temporally varying oceanic flows

Abstract

In this paper we examine the behaviour of oceanic unsteady flow impinging on isolated topography by means of numerical simulation. The ocean model is quasigeostrophic and forced by an oscillatory mean flow. The fluid domain is of the channel type and open-boundary numerical conditions are used to represent downstream and upstream flow.

In certain cases, vortex shedding, either cyclonic or anticyclonic, is observed in the lee of obstacles. Such shedding can be explained as the consequence of both an enhanced process of vorticity dissipation over the topography which locally affects the balance of potential vorticity on the advective timescale, and a periodic dominance of advective effects which sweep the fluid particles trapped on the seamount. For refined resolution and smallest viscosity the model will predict flows in which the shed eddies are coherent structures with closed streamlines.

The model suggests a mechanism by which topographically generated eddies may be swept away from a seamount in the ocean.     

带暗柱Z形短柱抗震性能试验研究

提出了带暗的Z形短柱。通过3根Z形短柱抗震性能的试验研究,分析比较了Z形柱在两个工程轴受力方向的承载力、刚度、延性、滞回曲线和破坏特征,分析了暗柱对提高Z形短柱抗震能力的作用。试验表明加设暗柱后可明显提高Z形截面短柱的抗震性能。     

设置芯柱-构造柱混凝土砌块墙体抗震剪切承载力计算

本文收集了国内大量的混凝土小型空心砌块墙片试验资料,通过研究芯柱一构造柱混凝土小型空心砌块组合砌体受力特征及影响抗震剪切承载力的主要因素,结合理论计算分析,提出了抗震剪切承载力的通用计算公式。该公式既适用于芯柱-构造柱混凝土小砌块墙体,又适用于只设置芯柱或构造柱砌块墙体结构。通过试验值与计算值的比较,证明本文所提出通用公式的准确性。     

Buoyancy-driven perturbations in a rapidly rotating,electrically conducting fluid: part I – flow and magnetic field

The steady velocity, perturbation pressure and perturbation magnetic field, driven by an isolated buoyant parcel of Gaussian shape in a rapidly rotating, unconfined, incompressible electrically conducting fluid in the presence of an imposed uniform magnetic field, are obtained by means of the Fourier transform in the limit of small Ekman number. Lorentz and inertial forces are neglected. The solution requires at most evaluation of a single integral and is found in closed form in some spatial regions. The solution has structure on two disparate scales: on the scale of the buoyant parcel and on the scale of the Taylor column, which is elongated in the direction of the rotation axis. The detailed structures of the flow and pressure depend linearly on the relative orientation of gravity and rotation, with the solution for arbitrary orientation being a linear combination of two limiting cases in which these vectors are colinear (polar case) and perpendicular (equatorial case). The perturbation magnetic field depends additionally on the relative orientation of the imposed magnetic field, and three limiting cases of interest are presented in which gravity and rotation are colinear (polar–toroidal case), gravity and imposed field are colinear (equatorial–radial case) and all three are mutually perpendicular (equatorial–toroidal case). Visualization and analysis of the velocity and perturbation magnetic field vectors are facilitated by dividing these vector fields into geostrophic and ageostrophic protions. In all cases, the geostrophic and ageostrophic portions have different structure on the Taylor-column scale. The buoyancy force is balanced by a pressure force in the polar case and by a flux of momentum in the equatorial case. The pressure force and momentum flux do not decay in strength with increasing axial distance. Far from the parcel, the axial mass flux varies as the inverse one-third power of distance from the parcel. The velocity has a single geostrophic vortex in the polar case and two vortices in the equatorial case. The perturbation magnetic field has two, four and one geostrophic vortices in the polar–toroidal, equatorial–radial and equatorial–toroidal cases, respectively. To facilitate comparison of the present results with numerical simulations carried out in a finite domain, a set of boundary conditions are developed, with may be applied at a finite distance from the parcel.     

异形截面钢骨混凝土柱抗震性能试验研究

通过1／4缩尺的3根异形截面钢骨混凝土柱和1根圆形截面钢骨混凝土柱的抗震性能试验研究，分析比较了各试件的承载力、延性、滞回特性和破坏特征。用基于平截面假定的条带法计算了试件承载力，计算结果与实测值符合较好。     

混凝土框架柱抗剪承载力计算公式的可靠度分析探讨

通过试验研究，提出了基于能力设计法的框架柱塑性铰区抗剪承载力计算公式，并对此进行了可靠度分析。定量分析了该计算公式的可靠指标与剪跨比、配箍率等因素的关系。同时针对目前我国现行规范抗剪承载力计算的可靠度指标偏低较多的情况，该建议公式对不同抗震要求的构件提出了不同的可靠指标，既考虑了我国设计习惯，又体现了能力设计法的要求，充分考虑了安全性的要求，对工程应用具有较大的参考价值。论文的主要研究成果已被《混凝土结构设计规范》(GB50010-2002)吸收。     

钢筋混凝土抗震框架柱截面尺寸控制因素分析

通过大量算例分析，探讨了轴压比、层间弹性位移角、最大纵筋配筋率、最小抗剪截面等因素对抗震框架柱截面尺寸的影响规律，并比较了新旧规范间截面尺寸控制因素的差别。     

中高层钢筋混凝土异形柱框架结构弹塑性时程分析

用杆模型编制了钢筋混凝土异形柱框架结构的弹塑性时程分析程序FEANT。采用该程序对一中高层大开间钢筋混凝土异形柱框架结构振动台试验模型进行了计算分析，计算值与试验值吻合较好，能满足工程需要。     

带交叉筋十字形短柱抗震性能试验研究

在提出带暗柱异形柱基础上，进一步提出带交叉筋异形柱这一设计方法，通过3根十字形短柱抗震性能的试验研究，分析比较了普通十字形柱，带暗柱十字形柱和带交叉筋十字形柱的性能，试验表明加配交叉钢筋可明显提高十字形短柱的抗震性能。     

Rocking instability of free-standing statues atop slender viscoelastic columns under ground motion

The highly complex rocking response of free-standing statues atop multi-drum columns underground excitation resulting in insuperable difficulties for obtaining reliable solution is reexamined analytically. This is achieved after simulating the columns by monolithic viscoelastic cantilevers having structural damping, based on experiments, equivalent to the energy dissipation due to impact and sliding of multi-drum columns. Subsequently, the conditions of rocking (overturning) instability of free-standing rigid blocks (representing the statues) after their uplift from the top surface of the laterally vibrating cantilevers, are established, including overturning with or without impact. Attention focuses on the minimum amplitude ground acceleration which leads to an escaped motion through the vanishing of the angular velocity and acceleration. Maximization of such a minimum amplitude (implying stabilization) of the rigid block is obtained by seeking the optimum combination of values of the slenderness ratio of the column and its height. Analytically derived results based on linearised analyses are in excellent agreement with those obtained via nonlinear numerical analyses.     

Seismic vulnerability of reinforced concrete buildings with discontinuity in columns

Irregular reinforced concrete (RC) buildings constitute a significant portion of the existing housing stock. A common type of irregularity is in the form of discontinuity in the vertical framing elements, which can exacerbate their seismic vulnerability. The design guidelines available in seismic design codes essentially cater to only regular buildings, and the safety of such buildings, even when the other guidelines of the codes are followed, is doubtful. This article evaluates the vulnerability of RC frame buildings with discontinuity in columns designed for modern seismic codes, in the form of seismic collapse capacity, collapse resistance against maximum earthquake demand level, and failure mechanism. The adequacy and limitations of the provisions of the seismic design codes are evaluated for such buildings. Analysis results show that the sequential analysis of buildings considering the construction staged effects, considerably affects the design and hence the collapse failure mechanism of even low- and mid-rise buildings. The results also underline the importance of strong column–weak beam design in the seismic performance of the floating column buildings. The vertical component of ground motion is also observed to be relatively more crucial in floating column buildings.     

节段拼装桥墩抗震性能研究进展

预制拼装桥墩由于其良好的力学性能和施工优势,在国外曾有不少工程实践和研究.但是国内针对节段拼装桥墩抗震性能的研究还是空白,明显滞后于工程实践,不能满足工程建设的需要.因此,本文对节段拼装桥墩的应用、接缝分类及其力学特性、试验研究和理论研究方面的情况进行了总结,并指出了存在问题和进一步研究的方向.     

Sensitivity of the dynamics of volcanic eruption columns to their shape

This paper presents a one-dimensional steady-state model to investigate the sensitivity of the dynamics of sustained eruption columns to radius variations with height due to thermal expansion of the entrained air, and decreases in atmospheric pressure with height. In contrast to a number of previous models using an equation known as the entrainment assumption, the new model is based on similarity arguments to derive an equation set equivalent to the model proposed by Woods [Bull Volcanol 50:169–193, 1988]. This approach allows investigation of the effect of gas compressibility on the entrainment rate of ambient air, which has been little examined for a system in which a decrease in pressure significantly affects the density stratification of a compressible fluid. The new model provides results that include two end members: one in which the volume change within the eruption columns affects only the radial expansion without changing the vertical motion, and the other is the converse. The Woods [Bull Volcanol 50:169–193, 1988] model can be regarded as being between those two end members. The range of uncertainty arises because the extremely high temperature of discharged materials from a volcanic vent, and the exceptional terminal height of the eruption columns, allow significant expansion of the gas component in the eruption columns, making them behave differently from common turbulent plumes. This study indicates that the maximum height of the eruption columns is affected considerably by this uncertainty, particularly when the eruption columns extend above a height of 10 km, at which the pressure is about one-fourth the pressure at the ground surface. Column collapse may also be suppressed in wider parameter ranges than previously estimated. However, the uncertainty can be reduced by measuring column radii through a vertical profile during actual volcanic eruptions. Accordingly, this paper suggests that appropriate observation of eruption column shapes is essential for improving our understanding of the dynamics of eruption columns.     

纤维加固混凝土圆截面短柱抗震性能试验研究

通过对3根抗剪不足的混凝土圆截面短柱的拟静力试验,不仅验证了横向包裹的碳纤维布能提高短柱的抗剪承载力,改善混凝土的变形性能,从而提高短柱的抗震性能,同时验证了具有一定破损的短柱经碳纤维布强约束加固后,同样具有良好的抗震性能。文章最后对碳纤维布加固短柱的延性提高机理进行了分析。     

Experimental evaluation on seismic performance of sandwich box columns

This paper presents experimental information on the behaviour of sandwich box columns subjected to combined bending and axial loading. The sandwich box columns consisted of double thin-walled steel tubes with concrete between them. Owing to the interaction between steel and concrete, the composite members performed in a ductile manner during testing. Test results show that high strength/mass ratio characteristics were maintained, and the goal of obtaining significant member ductility was also achieved. The contribution of concrete to member performance was found to be more significant for members with higher steel width/thickness ratios. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

型钢混凝土柱恢复力模型试验研究

开展了6个1/2比例的型钢混凝土(SRC)框架柱试件的低周反复加载试验.重点考虑轴压力系数和配箍特征值对型钢混凝土柱变形性能和滞回特征的影响.在试验研究基础上,分析了滞回曲线特征,并确定了恢复力模型的滞回规则.通过对试验结果的回归分析确定了卸载刚度和反复加载下的强度退化率,主要考虑参数包括位移延性比和轴压力系数.恢复力模型的骨架曲线由弹性段、强化段和强度退化段组成三线形骨架曲线.骨架曲线采用基于截面条带法和按实验数据的统计回归分析方法确定,其强化段和强度退化段均考虑了轴压力系数的影响.从而建立了能够考虑轴压力系数对滞回特性影响的型钢混凝土柱剪力-侧移恢复力模型.     

水泥土桩复合地基动力效应研究进展

全面总结了水泥土桩复合地基动力特性的研究成果,包括:水泥土及其水泥土复合体的动力特性;水泥土桩复合地基与结构动力相互作用的地震效应;水泥土桩处理液化地基的作用机理、设计原则、设计方法及其处治效果检测方法。最后,提出了几点建议。     

Dynamic performance of angle-steel concrete columns under low cyclic loading-Ⅱ： parametric study

Tests of nine angle-steel concrete column （ASCC） specimens under low cyclic loading are described in a companion paper （Zheng and Ji, 2008）. In this paper, the skeleton curves from the numerical simulation are presented, and show good agreement with the test results. Furthermore, parametric studies are conducted to explore the influence of factors such as the axial compression ratio, shear steel plate ratio, steel ratio, prismatic concrete compression strength, yield strength of angle steel and shear span ratio, etc., on the monotonic load-displacement curves of the ASCCs. Based on a statistical analysis of the calculated results, hysteretic models for load-displacement and moment-curvature are proposed, which agree well with the test results. Finally, some suggestions concerning the conformation of ASCCs are proposed, which could be useful in engineering practice.     

高轴压碳化混凝土框架柱抗震试验研究

分别采用新浇混凝土试件和经碳化处理过的混凝土试件,对高轴压下的耐烦化和未碳化混凝土框架柱进行了低周反复荷载作用下的对比试验。通过试验研究,对碳化钢筋混凝土框架的抗震性能进行了分析。     

Stiffened steel box columns. Part 1: Cyclic behaviour

This paper aims to study the cyclic inelastic behaviour of stiffened steel box columns failed by local and overall interaction instability under a constant compressive axial force and cyclic lateral loading. Such columns find broad application in steel bridge piers. The columns are of box sections with longitudinal stiffeners. In the analysis, a modified two‐surface plasticity model developed at Nagoya University is employed to model material non‐linearity. For comparison, analyses using classical isotropic‐ and kinematic‐hardening models are also carried out. Hysteretic curves and buckling modes obtained from analysis using the two‐surface model and classical models are compared with experimental results. Moreover, the progression of deformation from occurrence of local buckling to structural failure is discussed in detail. The comparisons show that the use of an accurate plasticity model is quite important in the prediction of both the cyclic inelastic behaviour and failure characteristic of steel box columns failed by coupled local and overall instability. It is found that the modified two‐surface model is a satisfactory model in predicting the cyclic hysteretic behaviour of both the thin‐ and thick‐walled steel box columns. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.