Effects of Lugol's iodine solution and formalin on cell volume of three bloom-forming dinoflagellates

Fixatives are traditionally used in marine ecosystem research.The bias introduced by fixatives on the dimensions of plankton cells may lead to an overestimation or underestimation of the carbon biomass.To determine the impact of traditional fixatives on dinoflagellates during short-and long-term fixation,we analyzed the degree of change in three bloom-forming dinoflagellates(Prorocentrum micans,Scrippsiella trochoidea and Noctiluca scintillans) brought about by Lugol's iodine solution(hereafter Lugol's) and formalin.The fixation effects were species-specific.P.micans cell volume showed no significant change following long-term preservation,and S.trochoidea swelled by approximately 8.06% in Lugol's and by 20.97% in formalin as a percentage of the live cell volume,respectively.N.scintillans shrank significantly in both fixatives.The volume change due to formalin in N.scintillans was not concentration-dependent,whereas the volume shrinkage of N.scintillans cells fixed with Lugol's at a concentration of 2% was nearly six-fold that in cells fixed with Lugol's at a concentration of 0.6%-0.8%.To better estimate the volume of N.scintillans fixed in formalin at a concentration of 5%,we suggest that the conversion relationship was as follows:volume of live cell=volume of intact fixed cell/0.61.Apart from size change,damage induced by fixatives on N.scintillans was obvious.Lugol's is not a suitable fixative for N.scintillans due to high frequency of broken cells.Accurate carbon biomass estimate of N.scintillans should be performed on live samples.These findings help to improve the estimate of phytoplankton cell volume and carbon biomass in marine ecosystem.     

Seasonal phenology of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans(Macartney) in Jiaozhou Bay and adjacent coastal Yellow Sea,China

Seasonal variations in numerical abundance, cell diameter and population carbon biomass of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans were studied for 10 years from 2004 to 2013 in Jiaozhou Bay and adjacent coastal Yellow Sea, China, and their ecological functions were evaluated. In both areas, N. scintillans occurred throughout the year and demonstrated an essentially similar seasonality; the cell abundance increased rapidly from the winter minimum to an annual peak in late spring and early summer, and decreased gradually toward the autumn-winter minimum. The peak abundance differed by years, and there was no consistent trend in long-term numerical variations. The cell diameter also showed a seasonal fluctuation, being larger in spring and early summer than the other seasons. Estimated carbon biomass of N. scintillans population reached to a peak as high as 90.3 mg C/m~3, and occasionally exceed over phytoplankton and copepod biomass. Our results demonstrate that N. scintillans in northwestern Yellow Sea displays the seasonal phenology almost identical to the populations in other temperate regions, and play important trophic roles as a heterotroph to interact with sympatric phytoplankton and copepods.     

Cell cycles and proliferation patterns in Haematococcus pluvialis

Most studies on Haematococcus pluvialis have been focused on cell growth and astaxanthin accumulation;far less attention has been paid to cell cycles and proliferation patterns.The purpose of this study was to clarify cell cycles and proliferation patterns in H.pluvialis microscopically using a camera and video recorder system.The complicated life history of H.pluvial i s can be divided into two stages:the motile stage and the non-motile stage.All the cells can be classifi ed into forms as follows:motile cell,nonmotile cell,zoospore and aplanospore.The main cell proliferation,both in the motile phase and non-motile phase in H.pluvialis,is by asexual reproduction.Under normal growth conditions,a motile cell usually produces two,sometimes four,and exceptionally eight zoospores.Under unfavorable conditions,the motile cell loses its fl agella and transforms into a non-motile cell,and the non-motile cell usually produces 2,4 or 8 aplanospores,and occasionally 20–32 aplanospores,which further develop into non-motile cells.Under suitable conditions,the non-motile cell is also able to release zoospores.The larger non-motile cells produce more than 16 zoospores,and the smaller ones produce 4 or 8 zoospores.Vegetative reproduction is by direct cell division in the motile phase and by occasional cell budding in the non-motile phase.There is,as yet,no convincing direct evidence for sexual reproduction.     

NEW OBSERVATIONS ON THE MEIOTIC PROCESS IN THE MARINE DINOFLAGELLATE NOCTILUCA SCINTILIANS （NOCTILUCALES, DINOPHYCEAE）

The meiotic process in Noctiluca scintillans were observed under light microscope.Some abnormal cell divisions, incompletely separated “zoospores” and the changes of the zoospores are described in this paper. Together with the fmdings of field samplings and the previous results by other researchers, the process of meiosis in N. scintillans was supposed to be a pathway to reduce the extra high density of NH3-N within the cell in order to ensure normal population growth.     

APPLICATION OF CLAYS TO REMOVAL OF RED TIDE ORGANISMS Ⅱ.COAGULATION OF DIFFERENT SPECIES OF RED TIDE ORGANISMS WITH MONTMORILLONITE AND EFFECT OF CLAY PRETREATMENT

Study on the coagulation of four species of red tide organisms(Nitzschia pungens,Skeletonema costatum,Prorocentrum minimum and Noctiluca scintillans)with montmorillonite,and the effect ofmontmorillonite pretreatment on the coagulation shows that the capability for montmorillonite to coagu-late with them is in the order:N.pungens>S.costatum>P.minimum>N.scintillans.Thecoagulation is discussed from the aspects of the structure,shape,size,movement,habit,etc.of differ-ent species and the results are explained theoretically.The experimental results also indicate that the treat-ment of montmorillonite with acid can enhance its coagulating capability.This is due to the fact that Al(OH_2)_6~(+3),exchanged from the clay lattice by hydrogen ion H~+,forms hydroxy-aluminum polymers on thesurface of the montmorillonite.The hydroxy-aluminum polymers positively charge and increase the positivecharacteristic of the clay surface,and also serves as a bridge between adjacent surfaces of particles.Thesetwo functions enhance     

Zooplankton community structure,abundance and biovolume in Jiaozhou Bay and the adjacent coastal Yellow Sea during summers of 2005–2012: relationships with increasing water temperature

Zooplankton abundance, biovolume and taxonomic composition in Jiaozhou Bay and the adjacent coastal Yellow Sea were evaluated using ZooScan measurement of samples collected by net towing every August from 2005 to 2012. Zooplankton abundance and biovolume ranged from 1 938.5 to 24 800 ind./m~3 and 70.8 to 1 480.1 mm~3/m~3 in Jiaozhou Bay and 73.1 to 16 814.3 ind./m~3 and 19.6 to 640.7 mm~3/m~3 in the coastal Yellow Sea. Copepods were the most abundant group in both regions, followed by N octiluca scintillans and appendicularians in Jiaohzou Bay, and chaetognaths and N octiluca scintillans in adjacent coastal Yellow Sea. Over the study period, the most conspicuous hydrographic change was an increase in water temperature. Meanwhile, a general decrease in zooplankton abundance was observed, particularly in copepod populations. Based on redundancy analysis(RDA), the warming trend was the key environmental factor influencing to decrease of copepod abundance. The proportion of small-sized copepods increased while the mean size of all copepods decreased, in significant correlation with water temperature. Our results indicate that zooplankton, particularly copepods, are highly sensitive to change in water temperature, which is consistent with predicted impacts of warming on aquatic ectotherms. Due to their dominance in the zooplankton, the decline in copepod size and abundance could lead to an unfavourable decrease in energy availability for predators, particularly planktivorous fish.     

Geographical distribution of red and green Noctiluca scintillans

The dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans is one of the most important and abundant red tide organisms and it is distributed world-wide. It occurs in two forms. Red Noctiluca is heterotrophic and fills the role of one of the microzooplankton grazers in the foodweb. In contrast, green Noctiluca contains a photosynthetic symbiont Pedinomonas noctilucae (a prasinophyte), but it also feeds on other plankton when the food supply is abundant. In this review, we document the global distribution of these two forms and include the first maps of their global distribution. Red Noctiluca occurs widely in the temperate to sub-tropical coastal regions of the world. It occurs over a wide temperature range of about 10°C to 25°C and at higher salinities (generally not in estuaries). It is particularly abundant in high productivity areas such as upwelling or eutrophic areas where diatoms dominate since they are its preferred food source. Green Noctiluca is much more restricted to a temperature range of 25°C-30°C and mainly occurs in tropical waters of Southeast Asia, Bay of Bengal (east coast of India), in the eastern, western and northern Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, and recently it has become very abundant in the Gulf of Oman. Red and green Noctiluca do overlap in their distribution in the eastern, northern and western Arabian Sea with a seasonal shift from green Noctiluca in the cooler winter convective mixing, higher productivity season, to red Noctiluca in the more oligotrophic warmer summer season.     

Spatial-temporal variation of phytoplankton community structure in Jiaozhou Bay,China

To better understand the spatial-temporal variation in phytoplankton community structure and its controlling factors in Jiaozhou Bay,Qingdao,North China,four seasonal sampling were carried out in 2017.The phytoplankton community structure and various environmental parameters were examined.The phytoplankton community in the bay was composed of mainly diatoms and dinoflagellates,and several other species of Chrysophyta were also observed.Diatoms were the most dominant phytoplankton group throughout the year,except in spring and winter,when Noctiluca scintillans was co-dominant.High Si/N ratios in summer and fall reflect the high dominance of diatoms in the two seasons.Temporally,the phytoplankton cell abundance peaked in summer,due mainly to the high temperatures and nutrient concentrations in summer.Spatially,the phytoplankton cell abundance was higher in the northern part of the bay than in the other parts of the bay in four seasons.The diatom cell abundances show significant positive correlations with the nutrient concentrations,while the dinoflagellate cell abundances show no correlation or a negative correlation with the nutrient concentrations but a significant positive correlation with the stratification index.This discrepancy was mainly due to the different survival strategies between diatoms and dinoflagellates.The Shannon-Wiener diversity index(H')values in the bay ranged from 0.08 to 4.18,which fell in the range reported in historical studies.The distribution pattern of H' values was quite different from that of chlorophyll a,indicating that the phytoplankton community structure might have high biomass with a low diversity index.Compared with historical studies,we believe that the dominant phytoplankton species have been changed in recent years due mainly to the changing environment in the Jiaozhou Bay in recent 30 years.     

传统“珍珠水解液”的工艺改进研究

用双酶法改进传统的“珍珠水解液”的生产工艺,以珍珠层粉脱钙后所得的壳角蛋白、及经脱腥后的珠母贝全脏器为原料,经打浆、双酶水鲜、过滤、脱色、灌封、杀菌后,得水解液制品。经氨基酸分析仪测定,水解液中游离氨基酸总量≥２,５００ｍｇ／１００ｍｌ;其中必需氨基酸含量≥９００ｍｇ／１００ｍｌ;牛磺酸含量≥２３０ｍｇ／１００ｍｌ。     

宽礁膜的人工育苗及栽培

对宽礁膜室内人工育苗和栽培的主要技术进行了初步研究,包括海区栽培、游孢子萌发、生长及苗网的运输与保存、日常管理等。并利用全人工育苗网帘进行了宽礁膜的海区栽培生产,干品单产达691.5 kg/km2。     

秦岭泥盆系铅锌成矿带中闪锌矿的标型特征

秦岭泥盆系铅锌成矿带中闪锌矿微量元素特征表明矿床属海底喷气成矿，成矿流体温度为低温．矿床可划分沉积和热液改造两大成矿期，以前者为主．沉积作用形成的闪锌矿富Ｇａ、Ｇｅ、Ｃｄ，浅色，晶胞参数小；后期热液改造形成的闪锌矿富Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｉｎ、Ｓｅ，色深，晶胞参数大．     

Molecular identification and culture observation on <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acrochaete leptochaete</Emphasis> (Chaetophoraceae,Chlorophyta) from China

Acrochaete leptochaete (Huber) Nielsen (Chaetophoraceae, Chlorophyta) was isolated from the macroalgae Chaetomorpha collected from intertidal pools in Rongcheng, Shandong, China. 18S rDNA combined with ITS regions were used to ascertain the morphological identification of the isolated material. Based on the unialgal culture, asexual reproduction and growth characteristics of A. leptochaete were investigated over wide ranges of temperature and irradiance. Results revealed that asexual reproduction of A. leptochaete could be realized by biflagellate zoospores. The zoospores germinated directly to give self- replicating generations. Zoospore germination was bipolar. A temperature range from 13-21°C and a lower irradiance of 36 μmol/(m2·s) were most favorable for the growth of A. leptochaete. Thallus organization, an important taxonomic criterion for the genus Acrochaete, was affected markedly by temperature and irradiance. Our results extend the knowledge about the species’ general biology and its morphological plasticity. For classification and identification of a simple microphytic algae like A. leptochaete, which are traditionally placed in the class Chaetophoraceae, we propose that molecular tools associated with culture observations are applied.     

Early development of Costaria costata (C. Agardh) Saunders and cultivation trials

Costaria costata (C. Agardh) Saunders is one of common kelps distributed in many coastal areas worldwide; however, in China, no reports have been made on cultivation of the genus. To investigate potential cultivation of the species in the northern part of China, trials on isolation and preservation of the gametophytes were conducted using C. costata from Korea; growth and development of the gametophytes were observed. We showed that at 10±1°C, 60 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹ and 12:12 h (L:D), freshly released zoospores settled down within 1 hour, and then developed into the primary cell during the following 2 days. After a vegetative growth phase lasting 6–8 days, female gametophytes became 3–4 times larger in diameter than that of the primary cell, but still remained at a unicellular stage, while male gametophytes divided into 4–10 cells with only a slight change in size. Fertilization occurred within 10 days after the zoospores were released from the sporangia, and the apical and basal tissues of the juvenile sporophyte divided and differentiated into the blade and stipe. Temperature and irradiance influenced gametophytic vegetative growth and developmental patterns. Generally, low irradiance (15 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹ and 30 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹) was unfavorable to the induction of fertility, but it enhanced female gametophyte division. The optimal conditions for vegetative growth were 15°C and 30 μmol m⁻²s⁻¹. After transplantation of the juvenile seedlings and after eight months cultivation, the harvested mature blade reached 194 cm in length and 32.7 cm in width. Our study proves that it is feasible to implement propagation and large scale cultivation of C. costata in northern China.     

基于GIS的单元簇遗传建模及其在区域矿产预测中的应用

论述一种GIS支持下的基于"单元簇”概念和遗传建模的多源地学信息综合分析方法及在多目标矿产预测中的应用.在以往矿产定量预测中,根据随机抽样思想进行单元划分,对空间信息利用不够充分.用单元的空间组合("单元簇”)代替单元作为定量类比的基本单位,从而能较好实现地质变量值及其所反映的局部地质空间结构的定量类比;将单元作为GIS区图元,利用GIS空间分析功能实现对单元及单元簇的管理和操作;以已知样品判对率最大为适应值计算准则,用遗传算法建立线性判别函数,可快速有效地实现多目标矿产定位预测.以新疆康古尔塔格地区金矿预测实例说明了其应用效果.     

Effects of blue light on gametophyte development of Laminaria japonica (Laminariales, Phaeophyta)

Laminaria gametophyte was greatly influenced by light in its growth and development. Using light-emitting diodes (LED) as blue and red light sources, we analyzed the light effect on gametophytes development ofLaminaria japonica Aresch. The gametophytes were obtained from zoospores collected in April, May, July, 2003 and September, 2004. We found that the growth of gametophytes was stimulated by increasing intensity of blue light (BL) and red light (RL) illumination, of which BL was obviously stronger than that of RL. The fertilization of gametophytes depended largely on BL, and only sufficient BL illumination could take the reproductive effect. In addition, we noticed that there was a significant difference in light responses for gametophytes developed from zoospore collected in different times. For zoospores released in April, under BL₁ (73.90 μmol photons/m·s), the unicellular female gametophytes and multi-cellular male gametophytes produced eggs and sperms respectively, and further developed towards sporophytes. However, for gametophytes developed in May, July or September, they became multi-cellular and never formed oogonia or antheridia. It is believed that theLaminaria sporangium maturation stage could affect the gametophytes reaction to BL under laboratory culture conditions. Therefore, cryptochrome- or phototropin-like BL photoreceptors is probably involved in BL-induced development ofLaminaria gametophytes. This research was supported by the NSFC (No.40376049) and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (The Invitation Fellowship for Research in Japan 2002).     

Sexual fusion and life history of Scytosiphon lomentaria (Scytosiphonaceae, Phaeophyceae) in Dalian, china

Morphology and life history of a brown alga Scytosiphon lomentaria (Lyngbye) Link (Scytosiphonaceae, Phaeophyceae) were investigated from 2005 to 2009 in the coastal waters of Dalian, China. The erect thalli collected in the field were tubular, hollow, and commonly constricted at intervals. Ascocysts were presented. Plurilocular gametangia, which were positioned in continuous sori on the erect thallus surface, produced biflagellar gametes. Gametophytes were dioecious and gametes were nearly isogamous. Gametes fusion occurred in three types. Type one, female and male gametes fused directly while swimming; type two, female gamete settled first, with which a male one contacted and fused rapidly; type three, while settling adjacently, a male gamete’s entire protoplast moved slowly into the previously settled female one, with only an empty cell membrane left. In culture zygotes developed into crustose sporophytes that formed unilocular sporangia. Biflagellar zoospores developed into erect thalli that formed plurilocular gametangia. The results indicated that a periodical heteromorphic alternation history with haploid gametophyte generation and diploid sporophyte generation exists in S. lomentaria of the Dalian populations.     

陶湾群层序及时代研究

陶湾群分布于洛南—栾川一带,分三个自然段出露。本文描述了各地段陶湾群代表性剖面,论述了层序划分和区域对比。文中依据地层接触关系、古生物资料以及同位素地质年龄,确定陶湾群的时代为奥陶纪。     

鲁中南上前寒武系土门群的时代归属问题

本文通过对鲁中南上前寒武系土门群地质特征的研究,确定了土门群各组的时代归属,并应用数学地质方法划分了化学地层,进而通过苏皖北部和辽南上前寒武系的对比,阐明了晚前寒武纪华北地块东南缘的古构造环境。     

强力侵位花岗岩体与金矿的关系——以丹东三股流岩体为例

辽宁丹东五龙金矿、四道沟金矿位于五龙背—大堡花岗岩体与三股流花岗岩体之间,成矿作用与三股流岩体密切。据分析,这两个岩体的岩浆来源相同,岩石化学性质相似,岩体侵位时间相当,且同处于丹东北东向韧性剪切带内,但由于岩体侵位时受控的局部构造环境不同,导致岩体以不同的方式侵位。三股流岩体在韧性推覆剪切带发展演化过程中沿剪切面理以气球膨胀式强力侵位;而五龙背—大堡岩体则是沿该剪切带晚期发育的北西向脆性张裂面被动侵位。不同方式侵位的岩体具有不同的成岩环境,从而在一定程度上控制岩浆气水溶液的分离和聚集。强力侵位的花岗岩体在成岩过程中具有较好的封闭条件,因此可能有利于成矿热液的分泌、聚集和保存,而被动侵位的花岗岩体则不具备这种有利的成矿条件。     

鲁西太古代徂徠山杂岩体花岗质岩石成因探讨

鲁西太古代徂徕山杂岩体主要由片麻状花岗岩和钾长花岗岩构成,此外尚发育少量小规模的中粗粒、细粒闪长岩。本文着重讨论花岗质岩石的成因。徂徕山杂岩体岩石地球化学研究表明,片麻状花岗岩为深源(下地壳)花岗质岩浆侵位结晶的产物;钾长花岗岩是片麻状花岗岩在区域变质作用过程中部分熔融形成的,两者具有密切的成因联系。