西北太平洋副热带高压的不同指数及其与中国东部夏季降水关系的探讨

本文利用再分析资料与台站降水资料,比较了不同副高指数的变化特征,分析了不同指数与中国东部夏季降水的关系及相应环流变化。结果表明,副高指数可分为三类:绝对强度指数、相对强度指数和南北指数。绝对强度指数有上升趋势,对应5870 gpm等值线向西的扩张;相对强度指数有下降趋势,对应扰动位势0线的缩小;南北指数无明显趋势变化,表现为副高脊线基本围绕25°N振荡。不同副高指数对应的环流与降水异常表明,绝对强度指数虽然不能较好的描述副高局地的涡度变化,但其与东亚EAP（East Asia–Pacific,东亚—太平洋）型遥相关关系较好,在这种情况下,该指数与长江流域降水存在高相关,指数正异常时,华北偏干,长江中下游水汽辐合降水增加;反之降水型相反。相对强度指数能较好的描述副高局地的涡度变化,但其与EAP型遥相关关系较弱,因此相对强度指数与降水关系较弱,指数正异常时,降水中心仅出现在长江中游;反之,受异常偏北风影响,我国降水体现为北旱南涝。南北指数对副高局地的涡度变化以及EAP型遥相关都有较好表征,该指数与长江以南以及华北的降水有较好的相关性,指数正异常时,水汽大量向北运输,造成华北多雨而长江干旱;反之,相反的环流型使雨带移至华南。     

2016年江淮梅雨特征分析

该文应用NCEP/NCAR逐日2.5°×2.5°再分析资料、中国1 089个测站的24 h降水资料以及NOAA 2°×2°月平均的SST资料,对2016年梅雨期降水、大尺度环流、水汽输送流函数和势函数及相对应的非辐散分量和辐散分量以及海温异常特征进行分析,结果发现2016年梅雨期降水较常年偏多约40%,且降水区域更偏向长江流域附近,梅雨期间所示特征与其相应环流背景、水汽输送及源汇以及海温异常信号有密不可分的关系：①梅雨期间副高逐渐北抬,后期副高脊线较常年显著偏北约7°,东西进退较明显;②高层南亚高压异常偏东;③江淮附近是水汽辐合的大值区;④由于SSTA（海表面温度异常）等因素影响,江淮附近的汇入气流显著增强。这些原因为该年梅雨提供有利的背景条件,是造成降水偏多,降水区域略偏北的主要因素。     

关于西太平洋副热带高压的重直环流结构和年际变动特征及其机制研究

本文采用1998年南海季风试验期间的高质量高分辨资料和美国NCEP提供的40年再分析资料以及相关的海温和副高参数资料,研究了西太平洋副热带高压的垂直环流结构和年际变动特征及其与东亚副热带夏季风和外强迫的关系,发现在月平均图上,西太平洋副高中心（或脊线）附近看不到下沉气流,但在侯平均图和日平均图上线附近的若干区域下沉流明显,这表明西太平洋副高的准定常和瞬变部分的环流结构特征有显著不同,在副高北侧东亚副热带季风雨带上有暴雨发生时,其凝结潜热激发的经圈环流对相应经度上的副高脊线附近的下沉气流有显著贡献,分析表明,脊线附近高（低）空的下沉气流分别来自副高北（南侧）,表明副高是中高续和低纬度系统相互连结的纽带,相关统计指出,夏季西太平洋副高的三个参数（面积,强度和脊线纬度）与长江中下游降水存在很高的相关,降水偏多（少）,副高面积偏大（小）,强度偏强（弱）,脊线偏南（北）,这说明与降水相应的凝结潜热对副高的年际异常有重要影响,近海海曙和东亚海陆热力差指数与夏季长江中下游降水和 副高三参数均存在显著的相关,这表明东亚经向和纬向海南热力差是影响副热带夏季降水和西太平副高年际变化的基本因子,数值试验结果指出,近海海温异常所形成的感热加热能在其侧激发一个宾反气施环流,从而影响副高的强度（面积）的南北位置。     

黄河中游夏季降水异常的先兆特征和预测方法

本文利用黄河中游61站降水资料,分析了其变化规律和同期及前期环境场特征,并建立了夏季降水预测模型。研究发现：黄河中游夏季降水具有显著的年际变化特征,显著周期在3年左右;黄河中游夏季降水主要受到同期东亚高空急流、西太平洋副热带高压(以下简称副高)以及贝加尔湖附近低槽的影响,当急流和副高偏强（弱）偏北（南）、贝加尔湖附近高度场偏低（高）时,黄河中游降水偏多（少）。另外,前期秋季南方涛动指数、北非副热带高压（20°W~60°E）、南海副热带高压（100°~120°E）、北半球副高强度及北半球极涡强度发生异常时,对夏季环流产生影响,从而影响黄河中游夏季降水,据此,建立预测模型。评估发现该模型具有较强的预测能力,可用于黄河中游夏季降水的定量预测。     

资料

2006年9月500hPa环流指数、环流特征量资料国家气候中心气候预测室国家气候中心气候预测室环流指数西太平洋副热带高压东亚槽极涡平均月候平均123456积指数面度指数强伸脊点西线位置脊界位置北均位置平均强度平经中度心位纬置度强亚欧地区IZIM1.330.581.320.521.210.741.350.691.150.561.120.531.810.46亚洲地区IZIM1.480.531.250.581.140.901.690.511.280.431.290.392.200.343040952427132324110E85N12006年9月亚洲地区逐日500hPa西风环流指数及副热带高压脊线(120°E、130°E、140°E)位置中央气象台中2006年9月亚洲地区逐日500hPa…     

新书架

国家气候中心气候预测室环流指数西太平洋副热带高压东亚槽极涡月平均候平均123456中心位置经度纬度强度亚欧地区IZ IM0.680.820.130.390.400.641.151.140.851.040.830.910.740.77亚洲地区IZ IM0.480.78-0.330.450.100.730.721.210.600.770.750.851.060.68183711516201449370°W70°N42005年12月500hPa环流指数、环流特征量资料$国家气候中心气候预测室     

夏季东亚大气遥相关型变化特征及其与长江中下游旱涝的关系

用 ５００ ｈ Ｐａ 高度场资料及中国 １６０ 个站的月平均降水资料,采用 Ｅ Ｏ Ｆ、合成分析和奇异谱分析等方法,分析了长江中下游旱涝年夏季降水与同期东亚大气环流的关系,结果表明长江中下游旱涝与 ５００ ｈ Ｐａ 高度场东亚太平洋遥相关型（ Ｅ Ａ Ｐ）关系密切, Ｅ Ａ Ｐ指数能较好地反映夏季 ５００ ｈ Ｐａ 高度场的配置及长江中下游降水。文中重点讨论了 Ｅ Ａ Ｐ指数的振荡周期及高低指数年西太平洋副高的变化特征。 Ｅ Ａ Ｐ指数 ３～６ 年、准两年及年代际变化反映了长江中下游旱涝的年际变化及年代际变化趋势。 Ｅ Ａ Ｐ高指数年（对应涝年）,西太平洋副热带高压为纬向型,随季节南北移动较缓慢,副高位置偏南偏西,并且强度偏强;而 Ｅ Ａ Ｐ低指数年（对应旱年）,西太平洋副高呈经向型,随季节由西南向东北移动较迅速,副高偏东偏北,并且强度偏弱。     

资料

2007年4月500hPa环流指数、环流特征量资料国家气候中心气候系统诊断预测室环流指数西太平洋副热带高压东亚槽极涡平均月候平均123456积指数面度指数强伸脊点西线位置脊界位置北均位置平均强度平经中度心位纬置度强度亚欧地区IzI m1.120.701.180.541.160.870.780.721.040.591.010.931.540.54亚洲地区IzI m1.050.641.170.440.600.790.730.510.880.631.041.031.900.41245295141915418020°E85°N92007年4月亚洲地区逐日500hPa西风环流指数及副热带高压脊线(120°E、130°E、140°E)位置中央气象台中期预报科日12345678910111213141516171…     

资料

2006年12月500hPa环流指数、环流特征量资料国家气候中心气候系统诊断预测室环流指数西太平洋副热带高压东亚槽极涡平均月候平均123456积指数面度指数强伸脊点西线位置脊界位置北均位置平均强度平经中度心位纬置度强度亚欧地区IzI m1.650.751.450.811.700.621.850.521.860.661.410.881.631.01亚洲地区IzI m1.560.691.110.791.570.681.550.681.820.581.650.531.630.94256790162114110970°W75°N-22006年12月亚洲地区逐日500hPa西风环流指数及副热带高压脊线(120°E、130°E、140°E)位置中央气象台中期预报科日12345678910111213141516…     

2006年11月500hPa环流指数、环流特征量资料

环流指数西太平洋副热带高压东亚槽极涡平均月候平均123456积指数面度指数强伸脊点西线位置脊界位置北均位置平均强度平经中度心位纬置度强度亚欧地区IzI m1.300.841.580.971.381.141.370.731.190.791.180.631.100.79亚洲地区IzI m1.130.771.670.650.931.241.070.931.170.601.120.470.830.741929105172112815580°W80°N42006年11月500hPa环流指数、环流特征量资料$国家气候中心气候系统诊断预测室~~…     

Interannual meridional displacement of the East Asian upper-tropospheric jet stream in summer

On the interannual timescale, the meridional displacement of the East Asian upper-tropospheric jet stream (EAJS) is significantly associated with the rainfall anomalies in East Asia in summer. In this study, using the data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-Department of Energy (NCEP/DOE) reanalysis-2 from 1979 to 2002, the authors investigate the interannual variations of the EAJS‘s meridional displacement in summer and their associations with the variations of the South Asian high (SAH) and the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH), which are dominant circulation features in the upper and lower troposhere, respectively. The result from an EOF analysis shows that the meridional displacement is the most remarkable feature of the interannual variations of the EAJS in each month of summer and in summer as a whole. A composite analysis indicates that the summer (June-July-August, JJA) EAJS index, which is intended to depict the interannual meridional displacement of the EAJS, is not appropriate because the anomalies of the zonal wind at 200 hPa (U200) in July and August only, rather than in June, significantly contribute to the summer EAJS index. Thus, the index for each month in summer is defined according to the location of the EAJS core in each month. Composite analyses based on the monthly indexes show that corresponding to the monthly equatorward displacement of the EAJS, the South Asian high (SAH) extends southeastward clearly in July and August, and the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) withdraws southward in June and August.     

季风指数及其年际变化I·环流强度指数

季风环流可以分解为经向环流和纬向环流。使用NCEP和ECMWF再分析资料,计算亚洲季风区的经向动量环流和纬向动量环流强度的季节内和年际变化,结果表明:对于南亚夏季风和东南亚-西太平洋夏季风,其各自的经向环流和纬向环流的季节内变化和年际变化存在着相当的联系,尤其东南亚-西太平洋夏季风。但南亚夏季风的经向环流和纬向环流的年际变化在不同月份有着不同的关系。对于东亚夏季风,经向环流和纬向环流变化之间的相关在季节内尺度上是线性独立的,而在年际尺度上存在一定的联系。作者指出:这种大尺度上的联系是通过科里奥利力发生作用,并且受热源调节的。同时局地的对流和辐射相互作用则在某种程度上削弱这种联系,导致在不同月份相关程度有所不同。从各季风系统的经向环流之间或纬向环流之间的线性相关看,南亚夏季风,东亚夏季风和东南亚-西太平洋夏季风是相互独立的系统。计算表明,Webster-Yang和Wang-Fan分别提出的南亚夏季风指数在描述纬向环流年际变化上较好,而在经向上勉强令人满意。Wang-Fan提出的描述东南亚-西太平洋夏季风指数,则较好地表示了该区域的经向和纬向环流的年际变化。Goswami提出的季风Hadley环流指数,以及郭其蕴、施能等提出的东亚夏季风指数则较好地描述了相应区域的经向环流圈年际变化,却无法描述相应的纬向环流圈的年际变化。通过计算还表明,NCEP再分析资料和ECMWF再分析资料在1968年以前的南亚季风区和东亚季风区存在着较大的差异。用NCEP再分析资料计算东亚季风区和南亚季风区经向动量环流圈的变率在20世纪60年代较ECMWF的偏大。用NCEP再分析资料计算施能等定义的东亚季风区指数,也较使用ECMWF再分析资料、UCAR的DS010.1及CRU的北半球海平面气压资料计算的偏大。     

春夏季节转换中西太平洋副热带高压东移与大尺度环流和温度场变化关系

分析了由春向夏的季节转换过程中西太平洋副热带高压与大尺度环流和温度场之间的变化关系.结果表明:4月份,西太平洋副热带高压开始表现出向东移动特征,6月份它与向西移动的北美副高在东太平洋120～160 (W区域合并.这一期间,沿15～20 (N之间的纬圈环流同时表现出向东移动特征,该纬圈环流的上升支位于南海-西太平洋暖池一带,下沉支主要位于东太平洋180 (～120 (W区域.伴随上述变化,位于北半球太平洋的局地Hadley环流在纬向随时间表现出东强西弱变化特点.西太平洋副高向东移动与15～20 (N之间的纬圈环流和130 (W东太平洋局地Hadley环流在15～25 (N上空交汇、下沉密切相关.在由春向夏季节转换中,大气和海表温度关于赤道季节转换速率沿纬向表现出东慢西快差异,上述变化为西太平洋副热带高压的向东移动提供了有利的气候背景.     

Impact of the western North Pacific subtropical high on the East Asian monsoon precipitation and the Indian Ocean precipitation in the boreal summertime

The western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) is a crucial component of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) system and significantly influences the precipitation in East Asia. In this study, distinguished role of WNPSH on the EASM and Indian Ocean monsoon (IOM) are investigated. Based on the boreal summer mean field of 850-hPa geopotential height and its interannual variability, the WNPSH index (WNPSHI) is defined by the areaaveraged geopotential height over the region [110°–150°E, 15°–30°N]. The WNPSHI is significantly related to the precipitation over the East Asian monsoon (EAM) region [105°–150°E, 30°–40°N] and IOM region [70°–105°E, 5°–15°N]. Rainfalls over these two regions have good correlation with WNPSH developments and the geopotential height fields at 850 hPa related to the EAM precipitation and IOM precipitation have remarkably different teleconnection patterns in boreal summer. These features exhibit that EAM and IOM precipitations have different type of development processes associated with different type of WNPSH each other. Focusing on the relationships among the EAM precipitation, IOM precipitation, and the WNPSH variabilities, we assume that WNPSH and EAM precipitation are usually fluctuated simultaneously through the sea surface temperature (SST)-subtropical ridge-monsoon rainfall feedback, whereas the IOM precipitation varies through the different process. To clarify the relationships among WNPSH, EAM, and IOM, two cases are selected. The first one is the case that all of WNPSH, EAM, and IOM are in phase (WE(+)I(+)), and the second one is the case that WNPSH and EAM are in phase and WNPSH/EAM and IOM is out of phase (WE(+)I(?)). These two cases are connected to the thermal forcing associated with SST anomalies over the eastern Pacific and Indian Ocean. This different thermal forcing induces the change in circulation fields, and then anomalous circulation fields influence the moisture convergence over Asian monsoon regions interactively. Therefore, the monsoon rainfall may be changed according to the thermal conditions over the tropics.     

Interdecadal Change in the Interannual Variation of the Western Edge of theWestern North Pacific Subtropical High During Early Summer and the Influenceof Tropical Sea Surface Temperature

This study reveals that the interannual variability of the western edge of the western North Pacific (WNP) subtropical high (WNPSH) in early summer experienced an interdecadal decrease around 1990. Correspondingly, the zonal movement of the WNPSH and the zonal extension of the high-pressure anomaly over the WNP (WNPHA) in abnormal years possess smaller ranges after 1990. The different influences of the tropical SSTAs are important for this interdecadal change, which exhibit slow El Ni?o decaying pattern before 1990 while rapid transformation from El Ni?o to La Ni?a after 1990. The early summer tropical SSTAs and the relevant atmospheric circulation anomalies present obvious interdecadal differences. Before 1990, the warm SSTAs over the northern Indian Ocean and southern South China Sea favor the WNPHA through eastward-propagating Kelvin wave and meridional-vertical circulation, respectively. Meanwhile, the warm SSTA over the tropical central Pacific induces anomalous ascent to its northwest through the Gill response, which could strengthen the anomalous descent over the WNP through meridional-vertical circulation and further favor the eastward extension of the WNPHA to central Pacific. After 1990, the warm SSTAs over the Maritime Continent and northern Indian Ocean cause the WNPHA through meridional-vertical and zonal-vertical circulation, respectively. Overall, the anomalous warm SSTs and ascent and the resultant anomalous descent over the WNP are located more westward and southward after 1990 than before 1990. Consequently, the WNPHA features narrower zonal range and less eastward extension after 1990, corresponding to the interdecadal decease in the interannual variability of the western edge of the WNPSH. On the other hand, the dominant oscillation period of ENSO experienced an interdecadal reduction around 1990, contributing to the change of the El Ni?o SSTA associated with the anomalous WNPSH from slow decaying type to rapid transformation type.     

Northern East Asian low and its impact on the interannual variation of East Asian summer rainfall

The strength of the East Asian summer monsoon and associated rainfall has been linked to the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH) and the lower-tropospheric low pressure system over continental East Asia (EA). In contrast to the large number of studies devoted to the WNPSH, little is known about the variability of the East Asian continental low. The present study delineates the East Asian continental low using 850-hPa geopotential height. Since the low is centered over northern EA (NEA), we refer to it as the NEA low (NEAL). We show that the intensity of the NEAL has large interannual variation, with a dominant period of 2–4 years. An enhanced NEAL exhibits a barotropic structure throughout the whole troposphere, which accelerates the summer-mean upper-tropospheric westerly jet and lower-tropospheric monsoon westerly to its south. We carefully identify the anomalous NEAL-induced rainfall anomalies by removal of the tropical heating effects. An enhanced NEAL not only increases rainfall locally in northern Northeast China, but also shifts the East Asian subtropical front northward, causing above-normal rainfall extending eastward from the Huai River valley across central-northern Japan and below-normal rainfall in South China. The northward shift of the East Asian subtropical front is attributed to the following processes without change in the WNPSH: an enhanced NEAL increases meridional pressure gradients and the monsoon westerly along the East Asian subtropical front, which in turn induces a cyclonic shear vorticity anomaly to its northern side. The associated Ekman pumping induces moisture flux convergence that shifts the East Asian subtropical front northward. In addition, the frequent occurrence of synoptic cut-off lows is found to be associated with an enhanced NEAL. Wave activity analysis indicates that the interannual intensity change of the NEAL is significantly associated with the extratropical Polar Eurasian teleconnection, in addition to the forcing of the tropical WNP heating.     

Different Configurations of Interannual Variability of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High and East Asian Westerly Jet in Summer

This study investigates the circulation and precipitation anomalies associated with different configurations of the western North Pacific subtropical high(WNPSH) and the East Asian westerly jet(EAJ) in summer on interannual timescales. The in-phase configuration of the WNPSH and EAJ is characterized by the westward(eastward) extension of the WNPSH and the southward(northward) shift of the EAJ, which is consistent with the general correspondence between their variations. The out-of-phase configuration includes the residual cases. We find that the in-phase configuration manifests itself as a typical meridional teleconnection. For instance, there is an anticyclonic(cyclonic) anomaly over the tropical western North Pacific and a cyclonic(anticyclonic) anomaly over the mid-latitudes of East Asia in the lower troposphere. These circulation anomalies are more conducive to rainfall anomalies over the Yangtze River basin and south Japan than are the individual WNPSH or EAJ. By contrast, for the out-of-phase configuration, the mid-latitude cyclonic(anticyclonic) anomaly is absent, and the lower-tropospheric circulation anomalies feature an anticyclonic(cyclonic)anomaly with a large meridional extension. Correspondingly, significant rainfall anomalies move northward to North China and the northern Korean Peninsula. Further results indicate that the out-of-phase configuration is associated with the developing phase of ENSO, with strong and significant sea surface temperature(SST) anomalies in the tropical central and eastern Pacific which occur simultaneously during summer and persist into the following winter. This is sharply different from the in-phase configuration, for which the tropical SSTs are not a necessity.     

Decadal Change in the Influence of the Western North Pacific Subtropical High on Summer Rainfall over the Yangtze River Basin in the Late 1970s

It is well known that on the interannual timescale, the westward extension of the western North Pacific subtropical high(WNPSH) results in enhanced rainfall over the Yangtze River basin(YRB) in summer, and vice versa. This study identifies that this correspondence experiences a decadal change in the late 1970 s. That is, the WNPSH significantly affects YRB precipitation(YRBP) after the late 1970 s(P2) but not before the late 1970 s(P1). It is found that enhanced interannual variability of the WNPSH favors its effect on YRB rainfall in P2. On the other hand, after removing the strong WNPSH cases in P2 and making the WNPSH variability equivalent to that in P1, the WNPSH can still significantly affect YRB rainfall, suggesting that the WNPSH variability is not the only factor that affects the WNPSH–YRBP relationship. Further results indicate that the change in basic state of thermal conditions in the tropical WNP provides a favorable background for the enhanced WNPSH–YRBP relationship. In P2, the lower-tropospheric atmosphere in the tropical WNP gets warmer and wetter, and thus the meridional gradient of climatological equivalent potential temperature over the YRB is enhanced. As a result, the WNPSH-related circulation anomalies can more effectively induce YRB rainfall anomalies through affecting the meridional gradient of equivalent potential temperature over the YRB.     

Baseline predictability of daily east Asian summer monsoon circulation indices

The nonlinear local Lyapunov exponent (NLLE) method is adopted to quantitatively determine the predictability limit of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) intensity indices on a synoptic timescale. The predictability limit of EASM indices varies widely according to the definitions of indices. EASM indices defined by zonal shear have a limit of around 7 days, which is higher than the predictability limit of EASM indices defined by sea level pressure (SLP) difference and meridional wind shear (about 5 days). The initial error of EASM indices defined by SLP difference and meridional wind shear shows a faster growth than indices defined by zonal wind shear. Furthermore, the indices defined by zonal wind shear appear to fluctuate at lower frequencies, whereas the indices defined by SLP difference and meridional wind shear generally fluctuate at higher frequencies. This result may explain why the daily variability of the EASM indices defined by zonal wind shear tends be more predictable than those defined by SLP difference and meridional wind shear. Analysis of the temporal correlation coefficient (TCC) skill for EASM indices obtained from observations and from NCEP’s Global Ensemble Forecasting System (GEFS) historical weather forecast dataset shows that GEFS has a higher forecast skill for the EASM indices defined by zonal wind shear than for indices defined by SLP difference and meridional wind shear. The predictability limit estimated by the NLLE method is shorter than that in GEFS. In addition, the June-September average TCC skill for different daily EASM indices shows significant interannual variations from 1985 to 2015 in GEFS. However, the TCC for different types of EASM indices does not show coherent interannual fluctuations.     

夏季亚洲对流层中上层温度年际变率的预测水平评估及其在我国东部降水预测中的应用

夏季亚洲对流层温度异常与中国东部夏季降水紧密相关并可能作为降水的有效预报因子。基于欧盟ENSEMBLES计划的季节预测试验耦合模式每年5月1日开始的回报试验，分析了其对1960～2005年夏季亚洲对流层中上层温度（以200～500 hPa厚度替代，简称对流层温度）年际变率的预测结果，发现模式集合平均对夏季亚洲对流层温度年际变率具有较高的预报技巧，可以合理回报其前两个EOF（Empirical Orthogonal Function）主导模态（EOF1、EOF2），只是未能回报出EOF2高纬度的温度异常，模式集合平均预测的第一模态主成分（PC1）和第二模态主成分（PC2）与再分析资料的时间相关系数分别达到0.63和0.77。再分析资料中前两个EOF模态分别由ENSO（El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation）发展年印度夏季降水异常所激发的丝绸之路遥相关波列和ENSO衰减年西北太平洋夏季降水异常对应的太平洋—日本遥相关波列导致。ENSEMBLES计划可以合理预测出相应的海温异常及遥相关波列，进而合理预测出前两个EOF模态。对流层温度PC1和PC2分别表征了欧亚大陆与周围海洋之间的纬向和经向热力对比异常，模式对由PC1的预报技巧远高于前人定义的纬向热力对比的东亚夏季风指数，对前人定义的经向热力对比指数的预测技巧与PC2相当。将PC1和前人定义的经向热力对比指数作为预报因子，建立了中国夏季降水的动力—统计降尺度预测模型，交叉检验的结果表明该预报模型显著提高了东北和长江流域上游夏季降水的预报技巧。本文提出的亚洲对流层温度年际变率的EOF1及PC1，既能较好表征纬向热力对比与中国东部夏季降水显著相关，又能被模式合理预测，可以作为我国中高纬度地区，特别是东北地区降水的重要预测因子之一。