夏季吉林省雷暴的时空分布特征

本文应用1951-2005年吉林省50个观测站的雷暴日资料,分析吉林省雷暴时空分布特征发现：（1）吉林省雷暴日数总体年平均32．034d／a,主要发生在5-9月,其中7月最多,6月其次;（2）全省逐年平均雷暴日数呈逐渐减少的趋势,白城东部、松原地区、白山东部以及延边东北部递减尤为明显;（3）5-9月大于10站次雷暴日数、平均雷暴日数、大于10个站次雷暴日数平均趋势、雷暴日数变化趋势等参数的空间分布结构基本相似,呈东西向两头少,中间多;（4）对比5-9月逐年平均雷暴日数和大于10站次逐年平均雷暴日数的趋势系数,5、6月均为增多的趋势,8、9月均为较少的趋势;而前者7月为减少的趋势,后者7月为增加的趋势。     

克拉玛依1971－2008年雷暴、闪电日气候特征分析

利用克拉玛依气象站1971-2008年的地面气象观测资料,分析了克拉玛依雷暴、闪电的年际、季节和日变化气候特征.总结了雷暴出现的起止时间和持续时间的分布特点.结果显示,38a克拉玛依雷暴日年平均26.2d,闪电日年平均22.2d.20世纪70年代至今克拉玛依雷暴、闪电日均呈持续递减趋势.雷暴每天较集中出现的时间为13:00-21:00,持续时间以0.5h以内的短时性雷暴为主.     

一次强雷暴过程的闪电特征分析

对2006年6月25日焦作地区强雷暴天气分析表明，东北低涡后部西北急流出口区与地面冷锋的耦合是造成本次过程的直接影响系统。针对该过程伴随的强烈闪电现象，通过研究卫星云图和雷达回波特征，结合XDD03A型闪电定位仪对闪电过程的重现，探索强雷暴天气形势下对流云不同部位的闪电分布以及雷暴不同生命期所对应天气现象的闪电分布特征。     

雷暴闪电活动特征研究进展

从一般雷暴、灾害性雷暴和台风的闪电活动特征以及雷暴闪电尺度特征四个方面对相关研究进行梳理.一般雷暴通常具有正常极性电荷结构,云/地闪比例在3左右(中纬度地区),地闪中正地闪占比为10％左右,负地闪位置往往更集中于对流区.灾害性雷暴倾向具有活跃的云闪,低比例的地闪,易出现反极性电荷结构,正地闪比例偏高.闪电活动与灾害性天...     

西天山地区雷暴和闪电特征

利用西天山地区14个气象站1960-2010年雷暴资料和新疆雷电监测网2008年观测资料,分析了西天山地区雷暴和闪电变化特征。结果表明：西天山地区年平均雷暴日数分布呈东西多,南北少的形势。该区域年平均雷暴日数在17.3～85.5 d之间,并以2.7 d/10 a的速率减少。西天山地区雷暴日数的年变化呈单峰型,并在6-7月达到最大值。整个区域以正闪为主,正闪占总闪的比例达66%。该区域闪电电流强度在-130~+63 kA之间,负闪强度大于正闪强度。     

近30年西藏地区雷暴变化特征

利用西藏地区38个观测站点1979-2008年雷暴资料,采用旋转EOF分析、合成分析、小波分析及趋势分析等统计方法对西藏地区雷暴的时空变化规律进行了研究.结果表明:两藏地区以午后短时热力性雷暴为主,雷暴平均总次数存在准15年的周期变化,年雷暴平均总次数呈逐年减少趋势,2000年以后这种趋势更为明显.雷暴持续期变短,但也...     

冰雹与雷暴大风的云对地闪电特征

利用京津冀中尺度试验基地三站闪电定位资料,对1989-1992年20个冰雹大风实例进行了分析。发现云对地闪电(简称地闪)活动表现为一次冰雹大风天气过程。且正的云对地闪电(简称正闪)占绝对优势,而负的云对地闪电(简称负闪)则与强降水相关。其开始发生时间与雷雨同步,比冰雹平均提前25min左右,出现在雹云前进方向右侧(下风方)10-50km.当正闪发生在雹云后部时是冰雹发生与加强阶段,而闪电密集区与云体重叠时是冰雹过程强盛阶段,当位于云体的前方且散开时是冰雹减弱消亡阶段。这个特征对超短期预报具有指示意义。     

一次强雷暴过程的闪电特征分析

对2006年6月25日焦作地区强雷暴天气分析表明,东北低涡后部西北急流出口区与地面冷锋的耦合是造成本次过程的直接影响系统。针对该过程伴随的强烈闪电现象,通过研究卫星云图和雷达回波特征,结合XDD03A型闪电定位仪对闪电过程的重现,探索强雷暴天气形势下对流云不同部位的闪电分布以及雷暴不同生命期所对应天气现象的闪电分布特征。     

雷山县近50a雷暴特征统计分析

该文对雷山县1960—2009年近50 a间雷暴气象观测资料进行了统计分析,结果表明：近50 a来雷山县平均雷暴日为45.7 d,呈高—低—高变化,且整体呈上升趋势变化,上升率为0.397 d/10 a;雷暴主要集中在4—8月份,其中又以7月份为最大,12月份最小,4—8月发生的雷暴天数占总数的92.16%;最近10 a雷暴日平均为48.3 d,占历年总雷暴数的21.4%,距历年平均雷暴日多2.6 d;白天各时次（08—20时）几乎每个时次内均有雷暴发生,主要发生14—15时,平均6.9个雷暴日。     

THE CHARACTERISTICS OF TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF TROPICAL CYCLONE FREQUENCIES OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND ITS AFFECTING OCEANIC FACTORS IN THE PAST 50 YEARS

The characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution of tropical cyclone frequencies over the South China Sea areas and its affecting factors in the past 50yrs are analyzed based on typhoon data that provided by CMA and Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA). The results show that the tropical cyclone frequencies from June to October show concentrated geographic distribution, for they mainly distribute over the SCS area from 15 - 20 °N. The characteristics present significant interdecadal changes. The impact of oceanic factors on the tropical cyclone frequencies in the SCS area is mainly realized by La Ni(n)a and La Ni(n)a-like events before 1975 but mainly by El Ni(n)o and El Nifo-like events after 1975.     

THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MOISTURE BUDGETS OVER ASIAN AND AUSTRALIAN MONSOON REGIONS

Apparent moisture sink and water vapor transport flux are calculated by using NCAR/NCEP reanalyzed daily data for water vapor and wind fields at various levels from 1980 to 1989.With the aid of EOF analysis method,temporal and spatial characteristics of moisture budgets over Asian and Australian monsoon regions are studied.The results show that there is apparent seasonal transition of moistrue sink and water vapor transport between Asian monsoon region and Australian monsoon region.In winter,the Asian monsoon region is a moisture source,in which three cross-equatorial water vapor transport channels in the “continent bridge“,at 80°E and 40°E～50° transport water vapor to the Australian monsoon region and southern Indian Ocean which are moistrue sinks.In summer,Australian Monsoon region anmd southern Indian Ocean are moistrue sources and by the three cross-equatorial transport channels water vapor is transport to the Asian monsoon region which is a moisture sink.In spring and autumn,ITCZ is the main moisture sink and there is no apparent water vapor transport between Asian monsoon region and Australian monsoon region.     

THE TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MOISTURE BUDGETS OVER ASIAN AND AUSTRALIAN MONSOON REGIONS

Apparent moisture sink and water vapor transport flux are calculated by using NCAR/NCEP reanalyzed daily data for water vapor and wind fields at various levels from 1980 to 1989. With the aid of EOF analysis method, temporal and spatial characteristics of moisture budgets over Asian and Australian monsoon regions are studied. The results show that there is apparent seasonal transition of moisture sink and water vapor transport between Asian monsoon region and Australian monsoon region. In winter, the Asian monsoon region is a moisture source, in which three cross-equatorial water vapor transport channels in the "continent bridge". at 80°E and 40°E ～ 50°E transport water vapor to the Australian monsoon region and southern Indian Ocean which are moisture sinks. In summer, Australian monsoon region and southern Indian Ocean are moisture sources and by the three cross-equatorial transport channels water vapor is transport to the Asian monsoon region which is a moisture sink. In spring and autumn, ITCZ is the main moisture sink and there is no apparent water vapor transport between Asian monsoon region and Australian monsoon region.     

SPATIOTEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS AND VARIATION TRENDS OF HIERARCHICAL PRECIPITATION IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE OVER THE PAST 50 YEARS

The climatic characteristics of the precipitation in Guangdong province over the past 50 years were analyzed based on the daily rainfall datasets of 86 stations from 1961 to 2010. The rainfall was divided into five categories according to its intensity, and their spatiotemporal characteristics and variation trends were investigated. The annual rainfall amount was within 1,500 to 2,000 mm over most parts of Guangdong, but substantial differences of rainfall amount and rainy days were found among different parts of the province. There were many rainy days in the dry seasons (October to March), but the daily rainfall amounts are small. The rainy seasons (April to September) have not only many rainy days but also heavy daily rainfall amounts. The spatial distributions of light rainy days (1 mm 100 mm) are generally concentrated in three regions, Qingyuan, Yangjiang, and Haifeng/Lufeng. The average rainfall amount for rainy days increases form the north to the south of Guangdong, while decreasing as the rainfall intensity increases. The contributions from light, moderate and heavy rain to the total rainfall decreases form the north to the south. The annual rainy days show a decreasing trend in the past 50 years. The light rainy days decreased significantly while the heavy, rainstorm and downpour rainy days increased slightly. The annual total rainfall amount increased over the past 50 years, which was contributed by heavy, rainstorm and downpour rains, while the contribution from light and moderate rains decreased.     

近50年南海热带气旋时空分布特征及其海洋影响因子

用中国气象局组织整编的《台风年鉴》资料和全球近表层简易海洋数据同化(SODA)资料,研究了近50年南海海域生成和经过的热带气旋位置点频数的时空分布特征及其海洋影响因子。结果表明,6～10月的热带气旋位置点频数表现出明显的地理分布集聚性特征,主要分布在南海15～22°N海域,并有明显的年代际变化特征。在1975年以前,海洋因子对南海海域生成和经过的热带气旋位置点频数的影响主要以La Nia和类La Nia事件为主,1975年之后以El Nio和类El Nio事件为主。     

亚澳季风区水汽收支时空分布特征

用1980～1989年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料计算了亚澳季风区视水汽汇并分析了其水汽收支时空分布特征。结果表明,该研究范围水汽收支的典型空间分布型为南北型,即南半球澳大利亚季风区与北半球亚洲季风区相反的分布形势,而且这种分布形势有明显的季节变化。冬季北半球亚洲季风区为水汽源,110～135 E之间大陆桥附近、80 E附近及40～50 E之间的三支越赤道水汽输送通道将北半球水汽输送到南半球澳大利亚季风区及南印度洋,成为水汽汇,夏季南半球澳大利亚季风区和南印度洋为水汽源,上述三支越赤道水汽输送通道实现与夏季反向的水汽输送,将水汽由南半球输送到北半球亚洲季风区,此时亚洲季风区为水汽汇。春季和秋季赤道辐合带为主要的水汽汇,亚澳季风区无明显越赤道水汽输送。     

中国西北地区和蒙古国40年气温时空特征及其变化趋势

利用我国西北地区及蒙古国共５９个台站（作ＥＯＦ分析时取２５个站）１９５１￣１９９０年逐月平均气温资料，采用ＥＯＦ方法分析了该地区４０年来气温场不同季节的空间分布特征及其随时间变化的规律。分析发现气温场的空间分布主要有三种类型：（１）全区一致型，（２）南北差异型，（３）东西差异型；各月、季、年的变化周期主要集中在三个时段：２￣４年，５￣８年和１０￣１３年；夏季以短周期为主，冬季和年主要是长周期。气温     

南北极海冰的时空变化特征

本文分析了南北极海冰多年平均覆盖资料，给出南北极海冰的年内变化特征，极地海冰最多最少月份的空间分布。计算了２月及９月海冰年际变化方差分布，并对２月及９月南北极海冰７个分区域覆盖面积作了ＥＯＦ分解，为进行南北极海冰影响全球气候的数值试验提供了海冰变化的空间配置     

CLIMATOLOGICAL VARIATION FEATURES OF TYPHOON PRECIPITATION INFLUENCING FUJIAN FOR THE PAST 46 YEARS

The results of an analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution of typhoon precipitation influencing Fujian from 1960 to 2005 show that typhoon precipitation in Fujian province occurs from May to November, with the most in August. There has been a decreasing trend since 1960. Typhoon precipitation gradually decreases from the coastal region to the northwestern mainland of Fujian and the maximum typhoon precipitation occurs in the northeast and the south of Fujian. Typhoon torrential rain is one of the extreme rainfall events in Fujian. High frequencies of typhoon torrential rain occur in the coastal and southwest regions of the province. With the impact of Fujian’s terrain, typhoon precipitation occurs more easily to the east of the mountains than to the west. Atmospheric circulation at 500 hPa over Asia and sea surface temperature anomalies of the equatorial eastern Pacific are analyzed, with the finding that they are closely connected with the anomaly of typhoon precipitation influencing Fujian, possibly mainly by modulating the northbound track of typhoons via changing the atmosphere circulation to lead to the anomaly of typhoon precipitation over the province.     

雷暴云电结构与闪电关系初探

利用雷暴云偶极性电结构理论,结合卫星和雷达资料分析了不同荷电结构下地面电场。结果表明:当正电荷中心高度越高、负电荷中心高度越低,形成的地面负电场越大,越有利于地闪的形成;负地闪发生后或云砧下方,地面电场成正极性,易引发正地闪;地闪分布与雷达回波、卫星云图中雷暴云位置基本一致,结合雷达和卫星资料可初步判断正/负地闪发生位置。