我国斜发沸石、丝光沸石的阳离子类型和硅铝比

本文根据大量样品数据,提出划分沸石离子类型的主、次阳离子原则和单离子类型原则。进而对我国几十个矿点的大量随机样品进行分类,结果形成Ca、K、Na三个系列,K-Ca.Ca-K等12种离子类型。同时弄清了我国沸石的特点是以各种Ca型为主,以各种K型居其次。     

我国斜发沸石、丝光沸石的阳离子类型和硅铝比

 本文根据大量样品数据,提出划分沸石离子类型的主、次阳离子原则和单离子类型原则。进而对我国几十个矿点的大量随机样品进行分类,结果形成Ca、K、Na三个系列,K-Ca.Ca-K等12种离子类型。同时弄清了我国沸石的特点是以各种Ca型为主,以各种K型居其次。     

天然沸石作为阳离子交换剂在环境保护中的应用

本文叙述了在环境保护中利用天然沸石的研究动态。综述由４部分构成。第一部分介绍能在工业领域内应用的阳离子交换流程以及这些流程赖以建立的原理。第二部分讨论城市和工业污水除ＮＨ＾＋４，报道了主要大型工厂的工作成果以及最重要和最新的实验数据。     

阳离子交换容量和烷基链链数对有机蒙脱石性能的影响

已有研究表明影响有机蒙脱石性能的因素很多,除了有机改性剂的特性外,蒙脱石的晶体化学特征也是不容忽视的因素。为了探讨烷基链链数和阳离子交换容量与有机蒙脱石性能之间的关系,本文选择3种不同阳离子交换容量的蒙脱石为主体,4种季铵盐阳离子改性剂十八烷基三甲基溴化铵(S18)、双-十八烷基二甲基溴化铵(D18)、十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(S12)和双-十二烷基二甲基溴化铵(D12)为客体,在不同添加量条件下(0.2、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、4.0CEC)制备了多个系列的有机蒙脱石,并用XRD、TG-DTG等手段对产物进行表征。实验结果表明,阳离子交换容量与层间柱撑高度之间不存在明显的相关性,但对表面活性剂在蒙脱石上的吸附量有显著的影响,吸附量随着阳离子交换容量的增加而增加。双链表面活性剂对蒙脱石层的撑开能力比单链更强,在层间具有更复杂的自组装过程,导致其热分解过程更为复杂。     

氯化铵-乙醇法测定蛭石的阳离子交换容量

采用氯化铵-乙醇法测定了蛭石精矿的阳离子交换容量。实验结果表明:氯化铵-乙醇法测定蛭石精矿的阳离子交换容量时,必须使蛭石充分润湿分散,以利于NH₄⁺与蛭石层间阳离子的充分交换。甲醛法滴定NH₄⁺含量时,必须消除甲酸的影响,并且不加热待滴定液可以获得较准确的测试结果。实验测得蛭石精矿的阳离子交换容量为60.8824×10^-3mol/100 g。     

斜发沸石和丝光沸石的吸水性能

用离子交换、酸和碱处理斜发沸石来提高它的吸水能力没有取得明显效果。测得的斜发沸石、丝光沸石吸附水的等温线具有非线性特征,但25℃的等温线在水蒸气分压高于2400Pa 时,斜发沸石、丝光沸石和有粘合剂的合成分子筛的吸水量随着分压的升高而增加。这是由于样品中含有粘土矿物产生水蒸气的毛细凝聚作用而引起的。根据沸石的吸附热和水的蒸发热,用沸石作为吸附剂和水作为工质能建立一个高效的沸石太阳能利用体系。     

含蛭石晶层间层矿物的可交换性阳离子及交换容量研究

对采自新疆尉犁蛭石矿、河南灵宝-陕西潼关蛭石矿的工业蛭石矿物样品进行了可交换性阳离子与交换容量研究，发现新疆尉犁蛭石矿金云母-蛭石中可交换性阳离子主要为Na^ 和Ca^2 ，其次为Mg^2 、K^ 、Ba^2 和Sr^2 ；而河南灵宝-陕西潼关蛭石矿工业蛭石样品的可交换性阳离子主要为Ca^2 和Mg^2 ，其次为Na^ 、K^ 等。金云母-蛭石和绿泥石-蛭石间层矿物的阳离子交换容量随间层结构中蛭石晶层的含量增加而增大，一般在56．92～98．95mmol／100g之间，仅为蛭石最大阳离子交换容量的一半。金云母-蛭石样品阳离子交换容量大小与K2O含量呈负相关关系，与(Na2O CaO)含量呈正相关关系。     

CEC前处理系统—凯氏定氮仪快速测定土壤中的阳离子交换量

土壤阳离子交换量是指土壤胶体能够吸附的各种阳离子的总量,是反映土壤缓冲能力和保肥能力的重要指标,也是土壤环境评价等工作中必须分析的指标。传统的乙酸铵交换法(林业标准(LY/T 1243—1999))因其稳定性好、缓冲性强、重复性好而在我国土壤和农化实验室应用较为广泛,但在大批量土壤分析时仍然存在步骤繁琐、耗时长、效率低等不足。为了克服这些不足,本文结合前人的研究,分别从离心、蒸馏、滴定3大步骤对标准方法进行优化,利用CEC前处理系统对样品进行EDTA-乙酸铵溶液置换、乙醇清洗,通过全自动凯氏定氮仪对置换的铵根离子进行测定,从而计算CEC值;详细探讨了测定过程中乙酸铵搅拌时间、乙醇用量、凯氏定氮仪蒸馏时间对测定结果的影响,综合建立并优化了CEC前处理系统—凯氏定氮仪测定土壤中的阳离子交换量的分析方法。实验结果表明,在最佳的置换时间、乙醇用量及蒸馏时间等条件下,一批样品(100件)的测定时间仅需8 h,极大地提高了工作效率,与传统方法相比时间缩短了近85%。方法经国家一级土壤成分分析标准物质验证,测定值与认定值相符,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)均小于2%。该方法分析效率高、操作简单,极大地减少了人工操作可能带来的误差,提高了测定结果的准确度,适用于大批量土壤的阳离子交换量的测定。     

Separation of Clay Minerals from Host Sediments Using Cation Exchange Resins

Classic physical and chemical treatments applied to separating clay minerals from the host sediments are often difficult or aggressive for clay minerals. A technique using cation exchange resins (amberlite IRC-50H and amberlite IR-120) is used to separate clay minerals from the host sediments. The technique is based on the exchange of cations in the minerals that may be associated clay minerals in sediments, such as Ca and Mg from dolomite; Ca from calcite, gypsum and francolite with cations carried by resin radicals. The associated minerals such as gypsum, calcite, dolomite and francolite are removed in descending order. Separation of clay minerals using cation exchange resins is less aggressive than that by other classic treatments. The efficiency of amberlite IRC-50H in the removal of associated minerals is greater than that of amberlite IR-120.     

Indirect estimation of the swelling percent and a new classification of soils depending on liquid limit and cation exchange capacity

This paper describes the dependence of the swell percent (%S) on the soil properties, namely, liquid limit (LL) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). This study provides the statistical model that can be used to obtain an indirect estimation of %S due to CEC and LL. According to the coefficient of correlation (R² = 0.91), VAF (91.5%) and RMSE (0.727) indices, multiple regression model has a high prediction performance. Although CEC values play an important role in the swelling behaviour of clayey soils, there is no universally accepted simple quantitative swelling potential classification at present. In this paper, a new swelling potential classification and graph, having four respective zones indicating the low, moderate, high, very high swelling potential, was also developed and proposed. This classification will serve to the engineers in order to evaluate the expansivity of the soils, in practice.     

A spectrophotometric measurement of soil cation exchange capacity based on cobaltihexamine chloride absorbance

Among numerous methods for cation exchange capacity (CEC) determination for soils and sediments, the cobaltihexamine chloride method is frequently used due to its ability to measure CEC at soil pH. After exchange with Co(NH₃)₆³⁺ ions, CEC is estimated via the measurement of the Co remaining in solution. The modified method proposed allows a more rapid determination of CEC based on the measurement of the absorbance at 472 nm of the cobaltihexamine chloride solution before and after exchange. This method has been applied to various soil's horizons from four sites, selected to cover a wide range of CEC and pH values. The model obtained allows one to calculate CEC from absorbance at 472 nm with 95% confidence intervals. As CEC is of relevant meaning in agronomical and environmental purposes, and more recently in ecotoxicological studies, this modified method can be proposed as a rapid test for CEC evaluation.     

Structural evolution of zeolite levyne under hydrostatic and non-hydrostatic pressure: geometric modelling

This is an exploratory study on the high-pressure (HP) structural evolution of a zeolitic framework (with LEV topology) on the basis of geometric modelling and previously published accurate unit-cell constants measured by means of single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The geometric simulations for 11 P values from 0 to 5 GPa gives more insight into the HP-behaviour of levyne, showing that the anomalous elastic behaviour of this zeolite observed under hydrostatic conditions at low P (P<1 GPa) is due to a double change in the compressional mechanism. Since the geometric simulation is not restricted to using the experimentally determined cell parameters, simulations of uniaxial compression along the [001] direction and of compression in the (001) plane have been performed, shedding more light on the compression mechanisms under non-hydrostatic regimes, which are difficult to access experimentally. The mechanisms associated with compressions along different axes provide insight into the hydrostatic compression mechanisms leading to the anomalous elastic behaviour.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

The mechanism of cation and oxygen isotope exchange in alkali feldspars under hydrothermal conditions

The mechanism of re-equilibration of albite in a hydrothermal fluid has been investigated experimentally using natural albite crystals in an aqueous KCl solution enriched in ¹⁸O at 600°C and 2 kbars pressure. The reaction is pseudomorphic and produces a rim of K-feldspar with a sharp interface on a nanoscale which moves into the parent albite with increasing reaction time. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) diffraction contrast and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) show that the K-feldspar has a very high defect concentration and a disordered Al, Si distribution, compared to the parent albite. Raman spectroscopy shows a frequency shift of the Si-O-Si bending vibration from ~476 cm⁻¹ in K-feldspar formed in normal ¹⁶O aqueous solution to ~457 cm⁻¹ in the K-feldspar formed in ¹⁸O-enriched solution, reflecting a mass-related frequency shift due to a high enrichment of ¹⁸O in the K-feldspar silicate framework. Raman mapping of the spatial distribution of the frequency shift, and hence ¹⁸O content, compared with major element distribution maps, show a 1:1 correspondence between the reaction rim formed by the replacement of albite by K-feldspar, and the oxygen isotope re-equilibration. The textural and chemical characteristics as well as the kinetics of the replacement of albite by K-feldspar are consistent with an interface-coupled dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism.     

伊犁盆地盆-山构造演化及流体演化与砂岩型铀矿成矿的关系

本文以伊犁盆地地层及构造分布格局为背景,分析研究了盆地盆-山构造演化及流体演化与砂岩型铀矿的成矿关系,认为伊犁盆地砂岩型铀矿成矿存在铀的预富集、预演化及进一步演化、叠加富集等阶段.     

页岩气赋存动态演化模式及含气性定量评价

与常规天然气相比,页岩气具有特殊的赋存形式,并且吸附、游离和溶解三种赋存形式的含量差别较大。为评价不同沉积环境、不同成熟度下页岩气赋存形式及其含气能力的差异性,选取了鄂尔多斯盆地延长组低成熟页岩和四川盆地龙马溪组高成熟页岩样品进行对比研究。通过对这些样品开展镜质体反射率测定、TOC含量分析、场发射扫描电镜观察、低温氮气吸附、甲烷等温吸附等实验,定性分析了页岩气在孔隙空间中的赋存状态及赋存机理,定量计算了不同赋存状态页岩气的含量,并结合不同页岩的热演化程度、孔隙空间变化特征和含气量变化规律,建立了页岩气赋存形式动态演化模型。研究结果表明,不同热演化阶段,页岩气的赋存形式差异较大。对低成熟的延长组页岩而言,吸附气含量约占58%,游离气占32%,溶解气占10%,具有"吸附气为主,游离气次之,溶解气不可忽略"的特征;而对高过成熟的龙马溪组页岩而言,游离气含量约占51%,吸附气含量占48%,溶解气仅占1%,具有"游离气和吸附气共同主导"的特征。随着热成熟度的增加,生成的页岩气首先满足页岩表面的饱和吸附和部分溶解,再以游离态的形式存在于孔隙之中,最后吸附气和游离气处于动态平衡,该过程分别对应吸附、孔隙充填、裂缝充填和聚集成藏四个赋存演化阶段。结合页岩气藏的生产特征认为,延长组页岩气是吸附气占主导的气藏,总体产气量较低,初始产能较低,随着成熟度增加,稳产时间相对较长;而龙马溪组页岩气是吸附气和游离气共同主导的气藏,总体产气量较高,初始产能大,稳产期相对较长,气藏潜力较大。     

离子交换水钠锰矿矿物学特征及高温相变研究

以MnSO₄为原料,以空气为氧化剂在碱性条件下合成K型水钠锰矿,并进行离子交换实验。能谱结果显示:Ba²⁺、Pb²⁺、NH⁺₄和Ag⁺能够全部置换层间的K;而Li⁺、Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺、Ni²⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、Na⁺和Cd²⁺离子交换样品仍残留1%～3%的K。XRD和红外光谱结果显示,除Ag离子交换样品外,其它样品均保留了水钠锰矿的层状结构,但是离子交换过程中,矿物结晶度以及锰氧八面体的有序度均有一定程度的变化。差热-热重结果显示,离子交换样品在150～250℃和500～700℃有显著的物相变化和结构调整。层间离子半径和性质决定了高温相变产物。在650℃煅烧后,K⁺、Ba²⁺、Na⁺、Pb²⁺和Ag⁺等大半径离子交换样品生成具有(2×2)型或(3×3)型孔道矿物;而小半径离子不足以支撑水钠锰矿的层状结构,高温时发生分解生成低价态锰氧化物,其中Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、Cd²⁺和Zn²⁺离子交换样品分解生成黑锰矿,Cu²⁺、Ni²⁺、Li⁺和NH⁺₄离子交换样品则分解生成方铁锰矿。